Ethnobotanical Studies of Useful Trees of District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

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1 BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 2014, 60 (1), PKISSN (Print) ISSN X (On-Line) Ethnobotanical Studies of Useful Trees of District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir *MUHAMMAD 1 AJAIB & ZAHEER-UD-DIN KHAN 1 Department of Botany, GC University Lahore ABSTRACT The ethnobotanical studies on trees of District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir revealed traditional uses of 50 tree species, belonging to 39 genera and 24 families with Moraceae, the most common family having 9 species. Among these, gymnosperms were represented by a single species of family Pinaceae, while rests of 47 tree species were dicot and 2 monocot species representing Angiosperms. Almost all the tree species were found having multi-usages especially medicinal and fuel. The most common usages of trees were medicinal, fuel and fodder/forage. Overexploitation, deforestation, browsing, house-thatching, fuel wood are major biotic interferences which causes severe decline of tree resource. The phenological studies showed that 65% of the tree species flowered during the months of February to June in spring or summer season, whereas 34% tree species flowered from the month of August onward or in winter season. Key words: Trees, Ethnobotany, District Kotli, Azad Kashmir, Phenology. INTRODUCTION People living close to their flora, depend on them or its products for their needs such as food, forage/fodder for their cattle, housing, timber, fuel, furniture, agricultural tools, protection of fields from erosion, household utensils, fences, medicines, ornamental and religious purposes. These people are suffering rapid cultural, social and economic changes. These people have a great understanding of the properties of their local flora because of particular intuitive and inherited interaction with them. Ethnobotany, an interaction of people and plants is meant for recording the unique knowledge of plant wealth and for searching new resources of herbal drugs, edible plants, and other aspects of plants. The major benefits of ethnobotany are preservation and improvement in traditional knowledge, community development, conservation and development of wild crop species and the endangered useful plants (Ajaib et al., 2010, 2012 & 2014). Pakistan is rich in plant resources, particularly the medicinal plants (Ali et al., 2001). More than 6,000 species of higher plants are recognized and established here. At least 1,000 medicinal plant species are reported from Pakistan of which 500 species are commonly used in health care practice and 350 are traded for billions of rupees to the national and international markets. Most of the medicinal plants available in the market or supplied directly to the pharmaceutical industries are extracted from the rural forests (Baquar, 1989; Hanif et al., 2013). Fuel-wood consumption in Pakistan is more than 565 million cubic meters per year and constantly increasing. A preliminary survey showed that more than 70% of the people all over the tribal area use timber as fuel wood; 10% use animal dung cakes for domestic use; 10% use natural gas, 4% use kerosene oil and less than 4% use electricity. These people have no alternative but to cut these plants to cook their meals (Shinwari et al., 1995). Ajaib et al. (2010) carried out the ethnobotanical study of useful shrubs of District Kotli, Azad Kashmir and reported 38 species of 36 genera belonging to 25 families. Most of the shrubs were found useful in everyday life of local inhabitants as medicinal, fuel, shelter, fodder/forage and in making agricultural tools, most of the shrubs were noticed having more than one ethnobotanical uses. District Kotli is divided into Kotli, Khuiratta, Fatehpur, Sehnsa and Nikyal Tehsils. The average height of District Kotli is 1000 m. It is bounded on the eastern side by Occupied Kashmir, Western side by Rawalpindi (Pakistan), Southern side by Mirpur and Northern side by District Poonch. The population is million, according to census Its area is 1862 sq.km. The investigated area lies between longitude 73 6 to 74 7 East and latitude to North (Topo sheet No. 43 G /15). The annual rainfall of District Kotli is mm, maximum during July and August, i.e mm and mm, respectively, while low during winter. Thus average monthly rainfall is mm. Humidity is low during the day time as compared to night. January, February, August and September are more humid months than May and June (Ajaib et al., 2010). *Correspondence author: <majaibchaudhry@yahoo.com> [

2 64 M. AJAIB & Z. KHAN BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) MATERIALS AND METHODS The socioeconomic and ethnobotanical profile of the people of 20 villages was studied, on the basis of plant resources. Information about the plants surrounding these villages was collected from the local inhabitants of these villages. The information collected from the local people included local names, local uses, parts used, occurrence, marketing. The plants of District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir were classified according to their economic value in that area (medicinal, fodder, vegetables, thatching, food, fuel wood) through interviewing to different people and filling in questionnaire from drug dealers, shopkeepers, timber dealers, fuel wood sellers, local hakims and farmers. Priority was given to local elderly people and Hakims who had a lot of information about the plants and their traditional uses. Plant specimens collected from the area were dried, pressed and mounted properly on standard herbarium sheets. They were identified with the help of available literature comprising: Parker (1921), Stewart (1972), Ali & Nasir ( ), Nasir & Ali ( ) Nasir & Rafiq (1995) and Ali & Qaisar ( ). The plant specimens were submitted to Dr. Sultan Ahmad Herbarium (SAH), GC University, Lahore, Pakistan with their voucher numbers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 50 tree species belonging to 24 families of 39 genera were collected with Moraceae as the most common family having 9 species, Mimosaceae with 4 species, Meliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Ulmaceae 3 species each; Boraginaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Papilionaceae, Palmae, Rhamnaceae and Tiliaceae with 2 species each, while other 14 families had one species each. The local inhabitants used these plants to treat various ailments such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, scabies, antiseptic cough, kidney infection, leprosy, gonorrhea, throat irritation, tumor, skin diseases, toothache, etc. Most of the trees were found being used as medicinal and fuel along with other miscellaneous uses such as fodder, food, thatching, agricultural tools, house construction, honey bee keeping, furniture, household utensils, sports goods, fencing and vegetable. The record of phenological studies revealed that 65.71% of the tree species flowered during the months of February to June in spring or summer season, whereas 34.29% tree species flowered from the month of August onward or in the winter season. The tree species having ethnobotanical importance with flowering period were documented and details are given in Table 1. The present study provides information about the medicinal and miscellaneous uses of 50 recorded tree species of Kotli. Many tree species are claimed to be quite effective as tonic, blood purifier, anthelmetic, antispasmatic, purgative, repellent, diuretic, muswak, laxative, bio-fertilizer, etc. The traditional use of plants for curing various diseases and health problems is one of the major utilities. documented traditional knowledge about the medicinal plants used to treat a range of health problems including hydrophobia, dysentery, earache, epilepsy, eye and liver complaints, fever, hair loss, snake bites, toothache and many other ailments in various parts of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan has been documented by Nadkarni (1954), Chopra et al. (1949), Behl and Srivastava (2002), Sharma (2003), Ahmad (2007), Ibrar et al. (2007), Khan et al. 2011, Zareen et al Similarly, ethnobotanical studies of some trees such as Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Bauhinia variegata L., Butea monosperma O. Ktz., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and Mangifera indica L. were reported by Sardar and Khan (2009). They recorded trees as being used by local inhabitants by various purposes such as fuel, fodder, furniture, timber, medicinal and vegetable in Shakagarh, District Narowal, Pakistan. Phenological behavior of Plants was recorded from February to June and July to January, This study indicates a relationship between climate and growing period of plants and this type of study is essential for regeneration, conservation and aforestation. The vegetation varied in different altitudes in a zone. The present study shows that the growing season started from February where few trees initiated vegetative growth. The majority of trees species flowered from February to June. The flowering reaches to the peak during April. The phenological studies by Quershi et al. (2007) reported similar findings in Sudhan Gully and Ganga Chotti Hills, District Bagh, Azad Kashmir.

3 VOL. 60 (1) ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF USEFUL TREES 65 Table 1. List of ethnobotanically useful trees with flowering period of District Kotli, AJK Species and Voucher No. 1. Acacia modesta Wall. (SAH 0249) 2. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (SAH 0645) 3. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (SAH 0858) 4. Albizia lebbeck Benth. (SAH 0646) 5. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (SAH 0730) 6. Bauhinia variegata L. (SAH 0620) 7. Bombax ceiba L. (SAH 0607) 8. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L Herit. ex Vent. (SAH 0361) Family Local name Traditional local uses and Flowering period Mimosaceae Plai Gum collected from tree bark is used as tonic. Leaves are used as fodder for goat. Bundles of branches are used for threshing of wheat by oxen. Flowers are used for honey bee collection. Wood is used as fuel; the branches are used for fencing the fields. Fl. Per. March-May. Mimosaceae Kikar Hard wood is durable and is used for the construction of homes, fuel wood and for making agricultural tools. Leaves and legumes are used as fodder for goats and oxen to increase weight. Legume is used as tonic, and for treating dysentery and diabetes. Seeds are also used for making wine. Fl. Per. March-August. Simaroubaceae Jangli Toon Leaves are anthelmintic and repellant. Wood is used as fuel and for making furniture. Bark mixed with milk is used for curing dysentery and diarrhea. Fl. Per. July-August. Mimosaceae Sreeia Seeds are used for curing the severe kidney infection. Leaves provide shade, which is considered as sacred for the treatment of various diseases. Wood is used as fuel wood and for making milk stirrer. Leaves are also palatable and weight increasing in cattle. Fl. Per. April- May. Meliaceae Caesalpiniaceae Bombacaceae Moraceae Neem Katchnar Simbal Jangli Toot Leaves and fruits are dried and make tablets and used for fever, diabetic, blood purification and as tonic. Fl. Per. April- May. Leaves used as fodder. Flower buds are used as vegetable (Saag). Bark is useful for skin diseases and leprosy. Wood is used as fuel, also cultivated as ornamental plant. Fl. Per. Feb.-April. Bark is aphrodisiac, used to soften the tumors. Wood is used for making sports goods such as cricket bats & wickets. Fruit (matures) excretes silky cotton used for making pillows. Fl. Per. December- March. Wood is used as fuel and leaves are moderate palatable for goat. Plant is toxic and cause allergy. Fl. Per. March-August.

4 66 M. AJAIB & Z. KHAN BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 9. Butea monosperma O. Ktz. (SAH 0617) Papilionaceae Chechra, Kamarkas Leaves are palatable for goats and wood is used as fuel wood. Gum is mixed with sugar and milk used as tonic and also given for backache after birth in women. Fl. Per. March-April. 10. Casearia tomentosa Roxb. (SAH 0643) Flacourtiaceae Chella Wood is used as fuel where fruit juice is used for fish poisoning. Fl. Per. March- April. 11. Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Willd. (SAH 0750) 12. Celtis eriocarpa Dcne. (SAH 0657) 13. Citrus medica L. var. acida Brandis (SAH 0304) 14. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (SAH 0282) 15. Ehretia laevis Roxb. (SAH 0904) Meliaceae Toon The wood is used as timber and fuel. The bark is used for the treatment of dysentery and ulcers. Fl. Per. March-April. Ulmaceae Khrick Seeds and leaves are used as fodder for goat and sheep. Wood is used as fuel wood. Bark is ground and mixed to form powder to use for tumor, scabies and other skin diseases. Seeds are also used in dysentery. Fl. Per. February-April. Rutaceae Khatta Used as an ornamental plant and for bordering the fields. Fl. Per. April. Papilionaceae Boraginaceae Tali/Shesham Sakkar Decayed leaves provide excellent bio fertilizer. Wood is used for making furniture especially black wood of old trees. Wood is also used as fuel wood and house construction. Wood boiled with water is used as blood purifier, irritation, tumors and pimples and leprosy. Washing the hair with leaves increase the length of hairs and make them healthy. Ground leaves are bandaged on mammary glands to remove pain. Branches are used as Muswak (Tooth brush) and kill worms in the teeth. Fl. Per. March-May. Leaves, fruit and root extract is used chest infections. Fl. Per. March-April. 16. Ehretia serrata Roxb. Boraginaceae Puna Leaves are used as fodder and wood as fuel. Fl. Per. Sept.-Dec. (Pl. 1q) 17. Engelhardtia colebrookeana Lindl. (SAH 0973) Juglandaceae Samma Wood is used for making furniture where root and leaves used as antiseptic and are rubbed on teeth and gums to make healthy. Fl. Per. March-April. 18. Ficus auriculata Lour. (SAH 0731) Moraceae Tussa Leaves are used as fodder for goat. Fruit is edible and laxative. It soothes the bee sting by simple rubbing on the skin. Wood is hard and used for making household utensils. It is also used as fuel. Fl. Per.

5 VOL. 60 (1) ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF USEFUL TREES 67 April-August. 19. Ficus palmata Forssk. (SAH 0173) 20. Ficus religiosa L. (SAH 0588) 21. Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Smith. (SAH 0853) Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Phugwara Pipal Joharphal, Kandrol Leaves are used as fodder for goat. Fruit is edible and laxative. It soothes the bee sting by simple rubbing on the skin. Wood is hard and used for making household utensils. It is also used as fuel wood. Fl. Per. May-October. Bark decoction is given in gonorrhea and scabies. Fruit is edible and laxative. Wood is used as fuel. Fl. Per. March-April. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle, goat and sheep. Bark fibre is used to make ropes. Fruit is edible. Fruit and root juice is used for abdominal and bladder diseases. Fl. Per. March-May. 22. Flacourtia indica (Burm.) Merrill. (SAH 0789) 23. Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt (SAH 0776) Flacourtiaceae Euphorbiaceae Kanju, Kakoh Path Geri Fruit is edible and also used as tonic where wood is used as fuel. Fl. Per. March-April. Leaves paste (warm) is excellent wound healer and shoots are used as walking sticks, fruit is edible. Fl. Per. April-June. 24. Grewia asiatica L. (SAH 0343) 25. Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret (SAH 0582) 26. Juglans regia L. (SAH 0852) 27. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill (SAH 0706) 28. Leucaena leucocephala Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Juglandaceae Anacardiaceae Mimosaceae Phalsa Dhaman Khor Kamlai, Vilayti Kikar, Kubabhal Leaves are used as fodder for goat. Leaf paste is applied on pustules. Stem bark is used for making ropes. Fruit is edible, stomachic and cooling agent. Fl. Per. March-August. Leaves are highly palatable for goat. The outer bark and fruit are soaked in water yield a gelatinous material which after drying, is used to make tablets that are used as aphrodisiac. Wood is used as fuel wood. Fl. Per. March-September. Wood is used for making furniture, roots and leaves used as antiseptic. Dried root locally called Sacra is rubbed on teeth to make lips and gums red, healthy and strong. Fruit used as dry fruit. Wood is used as fuel. Leaf decoction is antispasmodic. Fruit also removes stone in gall bladder and aphrodisiac. Fl. Per. February-April. Wood and branches are used as timber and fuel. Fl. Per. March-April. The leaves with pods are used as an excellent fodder for cattle, goat and

6 68 M. AJAIB & Z. KHAN BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) (Lam.) de Wit. (SAH 0487) 29. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)Muell.Arg. (SAH 0509) 30. Melia azedarach (L.) Pers. (SAH 0293) 31. Morus alba L. (SAH 0590) 32. Morus macroura Miq. (SAH 0591) 33. Morus nigra L. (SAH 0854) 34. Morus serrata Roxb. (SAH 0002) 35. Olea ferruginea Royle, (SAH 0555) sheep. Pods and seeds are good tonic. Fl. Per. June-December. Euphorbiaceae Kamella Wood is used as fuel. Dried fruits are powdered, mixed with yogurt and used as purgative and anthelmintic for animals, especially for tape-worms. Fruit powder is used for skin diseases. Young leaves are edible. Fl. Per. March-May. Meliaceae Draik Leaves are palatable for goat. Wood is used as a fuel. Leaves and fruit powder are used as blood purifier, antipyretic and anti-diabetic. Fl. Per. March-April. Moraceae Shehtoot Leaves are palatable and used as fodder for goat and silk worms. Fruit is dried and sold in market as a dry fruit. Fresh fruit ground and used as tonic and throat irritation. Wood is used for making agricultural tools and furniture. Wood is also used as fuel. Fl. Per. April-September Moraceae Shehtoot Leaves are palatable and used as fodder for goat and silk worms. Fruit is dried and sold in market as a dry fruit. Fresh fruit ground and used as tonic and throat irritation. Wood is used for making agricultural tools and furniture. Wood is also used as fuel. Fl. Per. March-April. Moraceae Kal Toot Leaves are used as fodder for goat and silk worms. Fruit is dried and sold in market as a dry fruit. Fresh fruit is ground and used as tonic and for cough and throat irritation. Wood is used for making agricultural tools and furniture. Wood is also used as fuel. Fl. Per. March-July Moraceae Kartut The tree is usually heavily lopped for sheep, goat and silkworm feeding. The plant wood is also used for making furniture, carving and agricultural tools. Fruit is edible and used in cough and throat irritation. Fl. Per. March-May Oleaceae Kao Wood is very hard and used for making sticks and agricultural tools. Wood is also used as fuel wood. Leaves served as fodder for goat and sheep. Leaves decoction is used for toothache and gonorrhea. Leaves are also used for making coffee which is a blood purifier. Bark is used to refresh the mouth and curing mouth infections. The branches are used for Muswak (Tooth brush). Fl. Per. April-May.

7 VOL. 60 (1) ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF USEFUL TREES Phoenix loureirii Kunth. (SAH 0855) Palmae Khajoor Leaves are used for making mats, handfans and baskets. Leaves are also used for hut thatching and fruit is edible. Fl. Per. April-August. 37. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (SAH 0856) 38. Phylanthus emblica L. (SAH 0637) 39. Pinus roxburghii Sargent (SAH 0430) 40. Punica granatum L. (SAH 0446) Palmae Khajoor Leaves are used for making mats, handfans and baskets. Leaves are also used for hut thatching and fruit is edible. Fl. Per. April-August. Euphorbiaceae Amla Fruit having Vitamin C, extract is used as hair tonic, pickles and vegetable, also used for pile and digestive disorders. Wood is used as fuel. Fl. Per. March-May. Pinaceae Chir Resin is used for tumors and bleeding wounds. Resin is also useful for sever cough. Leaves and bark powder used with cold water useful for dysentery. Wood is fired and smoke is used to repel the mosquitoes and other insects. Leaves and bark are also used as house thatching. Wood is used to make reliable furniture. Seeds are edible and cone is used for fuel purposes. Fl. Per. March- April. Punicaceae Druna Leaves are palatable for goat. Wood is used as fuel wood. Mature dried seeds called Anardana which is used in recipes. Fruit epicarp is also used in cough. The juice of fresh leaves and fruit are given in dysentery. Juice from fruit is tonic. Bark of stem and root are anthelmintic, especially for tape-worms. Fl. Per. April-July. 41. Pyrus pashia Ham. (SAH 0857) Rosaceae Butangi (Kathar) Wood is used as fuel where as leaves are palatable for goat. Fruit is edible, laxative and blood purifier. It is commonly used for grafting purposes. Leaves are also used for dying the hands of women. Fl. Per. March-April. 42. Quercus incana Roxb. (SAH 0267) 43. Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Brandis (SAH 0380) 44. Salix acmophylla Boiss. (SAH 0594) Fagaceae Kathera, Irian The plant provides timber wood, used as fuel, for making agricultural tools, such as sticks and plough. Leaves are used as fodder. Leaves decoction is useful for hemorrhagic septicemia. Fl. Per. April- May. Rhamnaceae Clader Leaves and fruit extract is useful for hemorrhagic septicemia. Fl. Per. July- August. Rutaceae Bains Wood is used for fuel, light furniture and fencing the fields. Fl. Per. Feb.-March.

8 70 M. AJAIB & Z. KHAN BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 45. Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble (SAH 0984) 46. Ulmus wallichiana Planch. (SAH 0859) 47. Vitex negundo L. (SAH 0860) Ulmaceae Mannu Commonly planted for shade. Leaves are palatable for goat and sheep. Fl. Per. Feb.-April. Ulmaceae Kain, Mareen Leaves are used as fodder for goat and sheep. Wood is used for making furniture. Bark is used for digestive problems. Fl. Per. March-April. Verbenaceae Banna The fresh leaves are aromatic, tonic, febrifuge, diuretic and anthelmintic. Dried leaves are smoked for relief of headache. Branches are used as a fuel wood. The flowers are astringent and tonic. Fl. Per. Almost round the year. 48. Wendlandia exerta (Roxb.) DC. (SAH 0443) Rubiaceae Ukan, Pansara Wood is used for thatching and fuel wood. Leaf powder has wound healing properties. Leaves and fruit decoction are useful for amenorrhea, febrifuge and antispasmodic. Fl. Per. March-April. 49. Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (SAH 0598) 50. Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. (SAH 0381) Rutaceae Timbur Wood is used as fuel wood. Ground leaves used for digestion. The fruit is aromatic, carminative and condiment and is used in sauce. Young shoot is useful in gum diseases and used as tooth brushes. Fruit is also used for the treatment of pile. Pile is also cured by keeping its stick in hands. The plant is also used as a hedge plant. Fl. Per. March-April. Rhamnaceae Jand-beri Wood is used as a fuel wood. It is also used in local furniture like beds. The leaves are used for fodder for goat. Fruit is edible, blood purifier and used in indigestion. Fruit and leaves decoction is excellent hair wash. Bark is mixed with milk and honey to use in diarrhea and dysentery. It serves as honey bee species. Fl. Per. June-July. REFERENCES Ahmad, S.S., Medicinal wild plants from Lahore-Islamabad Motorway (M-2), Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 39(2): Ajaib, M., Haider, S.K, Zikrea, A. & Siddiqui, M.F., Ethnobotanical Studies of Herbs of Agra Valley Parachinar, Upper Kurram Agency, Pakistan. Int. J. Biol. Biotech., 11 (1): Ajaib, M., Khan, Z. & Siddiqui, F.M., 2012.Ethnobotanical Study of Useful Climbers/twiners of District Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Int. J. Biol. & Biotech., 9(4): Ajaib, M., Khan, Z., Khan, N. & Wahab, M., Ethnobotanical Studies on useful Shrubs of District Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 42(3): Ali, S.I., Omer, S. & Qaisar, M., Flora of Pakistan: In Mohammad Afzal and Shehzad A Mufti (Eds). Natural History Research in Pakistan. PASTIC, Islamabad. Ali, S.I. & Nasir, Y.J. (Eds), Flora of Pakistan. No Department of Botany, University of Karachi and National Herbarium, PARC, Islamabad.

9 VOL. 60 (1) ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF USEFUL TREES 71 Ali, S.I. & Qaisar, M. (Eds), Flora of Pakistan. No Department of Botany, University of Karachi and National Herbarium, PARC, Islamabad. Baquar, S.R., Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Pakistan. Printas, Karachi, Pakistan. Behl, P.N. & Srivastava, G., Herbs Useful in Dermatological Therapy. CBS Publishers & Distributors, 11 Darya Ganj New Delhi India. 163pp. Chopra, R.N., Badhwar, R.L. & Ghosh, S., Poisonous Plants of India. Vol. I. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Scientific Monograph no. 17. New Delhi, India. 763pp. Hanif, U., Mushtaq, S., Ajaib,M. & Ishtiaq, S., Ethnobotanical studies on some wild plants of head Qadirabad and adjoining areas, Pakistan. Int. J. Phytomed., 5(3): Ibrar, M., Hussain, F. & Sultan, A., Ethnobotanical studies on plant resources of Ranyal hills, District Shangla, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 39(2): Khan, N., Ahmed, M., Shaukat, S.S., Wahab, M., Ajaib, M., Siddiqui, F.M. & Nasir, M., Important Medicinal Plants of Chitral Gol National Park, (CGNP) Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): Nadkarni, A.K Dr. K.M. Nadkarni s Indian Materia Medica. Vol. I (pp. 1319) & Vol. II (pp. 968) Popular Book Depot, Bombay, India. Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (Eds), Flora of Pakistan. No National Herbarium, PARC, Islamabad and Department of Botany, University of Karachi. Nasir, Y.J. & Rafiq, R.A Wild Flowers of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Karachi. Parker, R.N A Forest Flora for the Punjab with Hazara and Delhi. Superintendent, Government Printing, West Pakistan. Qureshi, R.A., Ghufran, M.A., Gilani, S.A., Sultana, K. & Ashraf, M., Ethnobotanical Studies of Selected Medicinal Plants of Sudhan Gully and Ganga Chotti Hills, District Bagh Azad Kashmir. Pak. J. Bot., 39(7): Sardar, A.A. & Khan, Z., Ethnomedicinal Studies on Plant Resources of Tehsil Shakargarh, District Narowal, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 41(1): Sharma, R., Medicinal Plants of India, An Encyclopedia. Daya Publishing House Delhi, India: 302. Shinwari, M.I., Shinwari, Z.K.& Khan, B.A., Ethnobotany of Kaghan Velley (Mansehra). Poceedings of Ethnobotany Workshop, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan: Stewart, R.R., Flora of West Pakistan, An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. E. Nasir and S.I. Ali, (Eds), Department of Botany, University of Karachi. Zareen, A., Khan, Z. & Ajaib, M., Ethnobotanical evaluation of the shrubs of Central Punjab, Pakistan. Biologia (Pakistan), 59(1):

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