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1 REFERENCES Adams ME Hiorns MP Wilcox DT (2006): Combining MDCT Micturating Cystography and Excretory Urography for 3D Imaging of Cloacal Malformation. American Journal of Roentgenology; 187: Aslam A Grier DJ Duncan AW (1998). The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative assessment of norectal anomalies. Pediatr Surge international; 14: Beets-Tan R Morren GL Beets GL et al Measurement of anal sphincter muscles: EndoanalUS Endoanal MR Imaging or phased-array MR imaging? A sstudy with healthy volunteers. Radiology 220: Chang RW Andreoli MS Ziegler MM (2004). Imperforate anus. Encyclopedia of gastroenterology; Cho S Moore SP Fangman T (2001). One hundred three consecutive patients with anorectal malformations and their associated anomalies. Arch Pediatr and Adolesc Med; 155: Colaiacomo MC Masselli G Polettini E (2009). Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor: a pictorial review. Radiographics; doi: /rg.e35 Cremin B J (1971). The radiological assessment of anorectal anomalies. Clin Radiol; 22: Currarino G (1996). The various types of anorectal fistula in male imperforate anus. Pediatr Radiol; 26:

2 DeSouza NM Gilderdale DJ Maclver DK et al High-resolution MR imaging of the anal sphincter in children: A pilot study using endoanal receiver coils. AJR; 169: DeSouza NM Ward HC Williams AD et al Transanal MR imaging after repair of anorectal anomalies in children: Appearances in pull-through versus posterior sagittal reconstructions. AJR; 173: Dobben AC Felt-Bersma RJ ten Kat FJ et al (2008). Cross-Sectional imaging of the anal sphincter in fecal incontinence. AJR 190: Dujovny N Quiros RM Saclarides T J (2004). Anorectal anatomy and embryology. Surg Oncol Clin N Am; 13: Fielding JR (2002). Practical MR imaging of pelvic floor weakness. Radiographics; 22: Fukuya T Honda H Kubota M et al (1993). Postoperative MRI evaluation of anorectal malformation with clinical correlation. Pediatr Radiol 23: Gordon P (2004). Anatomy and physiology of anorectum. In: Fazio V Church JM Delaney CP (eds). Current therapy in colon and rectal surgery 2 nd ed. London Elsevier. Grebe P Kreitner KF Kersjes W et al. (2002). MRT zur operationsplanung bei analatresien. RoFo; 159: Haber H Seitz G Warmann S W et al. (2007). Transperineal sonography for determination of the type of imperforate anus. AJR; 189: Han T Kim I Kim W (2003). Imperforate Anus: US Determination of the type with infracoccygeal approach. Radiology; 228:

3 Holliday J Saxon R Lufkin RB et al. (1985). Anatomic correlations of magnetic resonance images with cadaver cryosections. Radiographics; 5: Holschneider A Hutson J Pena A et al. (2005). Preliminary report on the international conference for the development of standards for the treatment of anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg; 40: Holschneider AM Scharbatke H (2006). Persistent cloaca clinical aspects In: Hutson JM Holschneider AM (eds). Anorectal malformations in children Embryology diagnosis surgical treatment and follow-up. Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Verlag. Husberg B Rosenborg M Frencker B (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging of anal sphincters after reconstruction of high or intermediate anorectal anomalies with posterior sagittal anorectoplast and fistula-preserving technique. J Pediatr Surg; 32: Hussain SM Stoker J Laméris JS (1995). Anal sphincter complex: endoanal MR imaging of normal anatomy. Radiology 1995; 197: Ichijo c Kaneyama K Hayashi Y et al (2008). Midterm postoperative clinicoradiologic analysis of surgery for high/ intermediate-type imperforate anus: prospective comparative study between laparoscopy assisted and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. J Pediatr Surg 43: Ichijoa C Kaneyamaa K Hayashia Y et al (2008). Midterm postoperative clinicoradiologic analysis of surgery for high/intermediate-type imperforate anus: prospective comparative study between laparoscopy-assisted and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. J Pediatr Surg ; 43:

4 Jaramillo D Lebowitz RL Hendren WH (1990). The cloacal malformations: radiologic findings and imaging recommendation. Radiology 177: Jones NM Humphreys MS Goodman TR et al (2003). The value of anal endosonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging following the repair of anorectal malformations. Pediatr Radiol; 33: /full#f1 /full#f11 /full#f5 67

5 /full#f7 Kohda E Fujioka M Ikawa H et al (1985). Congenital anorectal anomaly: CT evaluation. Radiology; 157: KrauB J and Schropp c (2006). Tethered spinal cord in patients with anorectal malformation In: Hutson JM Holschneider AM (eds). Anorectal malformations in children Embryology diagnosis surgical treatment and follow-up. Berlin Heidelberg Springer- Verlag. Kumar GA Bhuvnesh G (2005). Imaging of congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract. Indian J Pediatr; 72(5): Lau ST Caty MG (2006). Hindgut abnormalities. Surg Clin N Am; 86: Levitt MA Patel M Rodriguez G et al (1997). The tethered spinal cord in patients with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr surg; 32: Levitt MA Patel M Rodriguez G et al (1997).The tethered spinal cord in patients with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg; 32: Long FR Hunter JV Mahboubi S et al. (1996). Tethered Cord and Associated vertebral anomalies in Children and Infants with Imperforate Anus: Evaluation with MR Imaging and Plain Radiography. Radiology 200: Maclone D Marca F (1997). The tethered spinal cord: Diagnosis significance and management. Sem Pediatr Neurol; 4:

6 Martucciello G Torre M Belloni E et al. (2004). Currarino syndrome: Proposal of a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol J Pediatr Surg; 39 (9): McHugh K (1998). The role of radiology in children with anorectal anomalies; with particular emphasis on MRI. Eur J Radiol; 26: Moreira H Wexner SD (2004). Anatomy and physiology of the colon and rectum. In: Fazio V Church JM Delaney CP (eds). Current therapy in colon and rectal surgery 2 nd ed. London Elsevier. Nievelstein RA Vos A Valk J (1998). MR imaging of anorectal malformations and associated anomalies. Pediatr Radiol; 8: /full#f6 Pena A (1992). Atlas of Surgical Management of Anorectal malformations.''springer-verlag New York Pena A (1995). Anorectal malformations. Sem Pediatr Surg; 4: Pushpinder S Khera1 Hesham A Badawi2 Ahmed H Afifi2 1 Department of Clinical Radiology Al Sabah Hospital Kuwait City Kuwait (2011)2 Department of Radiology Medical Research Institute Alexandria University Egypt. Rintala R & Pakarinen M Imperforate anus: long and short term outcome. Sem Pediatr Surg; 17: Rintala RJ (1996). Anorectal malformations Management and outcome. Sem neonatol; 1:

7 Roos JE Weishaupt D Wildermuth S (2002). Experience of 4 Years with open MR defecography: Pictorial Review of anorectal anatomy and Disease. Radiographics; 22: Rossi A Biancheri R Cama A (2004). Imaging in spine and spinal cord malformations. Euro J Radiol; 50: Saranovic D Barisic G Krivokapic Z et al (2007). Endoanal ultrasound evaluation of anorectal diseases and disorders: Technique indications results and limitations. Euro J Radiol; 61: Sato Y Pringle K C Bergman R et al. (1988). Congenital anorectal anomalies: MR imaging. Radiology; 168: Sorantin E Robl T Lindbichler F et al (2008). MRI of neonatal spine and spinal canal. EJR ; 68: Stoker J Halligan S Bartram CI (2001). Pelvic floor imaging: state of the art. Radiology; 218:

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