Scientific Papers of the R.I.F.G. Pitesti, Vol. XXV, 2009

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1 RYNAXYPYR A NOUĂ ALTERNATIVĂ PENTRU COMBATEREA VIERMELUI MERELOR (CYDIA POMONELLA) ÎN LIVEZILE DE MĂR DIN ROMÂNIA RYNAXYPYR A NEW ALTERNATIVE TO CONTOL CODLING MOTH (CYDIA POMONELLA) IN ROMANIAN ORCHARDS Mihaela Sumedrea 1, Florin Cristian Marin 1, Georgeta Teodorescu 1, Aurel Paul- Bădescu 1, IonSăvulescu 2 1 Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti, Romania 2 DuPont Romania SRL, Bucharest Abstract This paper presents the researches carried out during 2006 to reveal particularities related to codling moth biology and to assess the efficacy of two performant products (Rynaxypyr TM 20SC and thiacloprid 480 SC) in control of codling moth, in order to be included into integrated phytoprotection programs of Romanian orchards. The researches were conducted at Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti (Maracineni) Romania and in two other locations that are favorable for apple crop. The studies carried out using AtraPOM pheromone traps, shows that under our country conditions codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) develop two generations, but under very favorable conditions can develop tree generations. Under Romanian climatic conditions, codling moth develop first generation after petal fall, the second one during fruit growing period, and the third one can occur later at the end of August or early in September. The total amount of coddling moth captures in 2006 was high, up to 269 butterflies/trap/season. Two treatments per generation with Rynaxypyr TM 20SC 30 g a.i. /ha/treatment provided a good control of the fruits against the codling moth, ranging between 96.3% for G1 and 98.0% for G2, compared to untreated control variant, where the percentage of healthy fruits was between 52.8% and 73.1%. Rynaxypyr TM 20SC can be used to reduce the damages produced by codling moth and to manage its resistance to other class of insecticides. Cuvinte cheie: viermele merelor, insecticide, rynaxypyr TM, măr Keywords: codling moth, insecticide, rynaxypyr TM, apple 1. Introduction Romania is one of the European countries where many fruit species met their requirements, providing a wide range of fruits for local consumption, processing and export. In our country, fruit growing is an important branch of the agriculture sector, a traditional activity of the peoples living in countryside area and important source of incomes as well. The fruit growing area, estimated at ha is located mainly on hilly regions, inside and outside the Carpathian Mountains, on a wide range of soils and climatic conditions, providing more than t fruits per year, especially plums, apples, cherries, pears and walnuts in shell (FAOSTAT, ). The diversity of the soils and climatic conditions and their diversity are also very favorable to a wide range of pests and diseases that can generate economical looses for Romanian fruit production sector. The latest estimations reveal that in absence of appropriate orchard phytoprotection technologies these losses can reach more than 1100 Euro/ha/year. More over, during the last years many research teams reported pest resistance to organophosporous, carbamate and piretroid insecticides (Sauphanor et al., 2000, Mota-Sanchez et al., 2007). Under such conditions nowadays there is a strong need to find new alternatives in order to limit the damages produced by fruit key pests, aiming at better protection of the farmers, consumers and the environment. Many results with a new active ingredient rynaxypyr TM having an innovative mode of action, were reported (Bassi A., et al., 2007; Cordova et al., 2006; Knight and Flexner, 2007). The Rynaxypyr TM mode of action of is activation of insect ryanodine receptors. This stimulates release of calcium from the larva muscles, causing impaired muscle regulation, paralysis and finally the insect death. This work goal was to reveal particularities related to codling moth biology and to assess the efficacy of two performant products (Rynaxypyr TM 20SC and thiacloprid 480 SC) in control of codling moth, in order to include it as soon as possible into integrated phytoprotection programs of Romanian orchards. 2. Material and methods Researches were conducted by the Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti (Maracineni) Romania in three locations, which are very favorable for apple crop. The biological material consisted in 'Jonathan' and 'Idared' cultivars, grafted on M106 rootstocks, years old, and planted in an 115

2 experimental orchard with a density of 675 trees/ha. The trial was organized in 4 replicates of 5 apple trees/variants, in a randomized block design. Pest flight dynamic was monitored with AtraPOM (E8 E10 - dodecadienin acetate) pheromone traps supplied by Romanian Research and Development Institute "Raluca Ripan", Cluj-Napoca. The captures were assessed twice per week. The product Rynaxypyr TM 20SC at a rate 30 g a.i. /ha/treatment (conc. 0.01%) was supplied by DuPont Romania. The standard variant was thiacloprid 480SC at 144 g a.i. /ha/treatment (conc. 0.02%). The volume of solution was calculated at 2.2 L/tree. The products were applied with a STIHL 400SR equipment, by spraying the trees up to the leaves best coverage. Two sprays for each generation of codling moth were applied "at warning", after petal fall and during the period of fruit growing (May-August) at the maximum flight of the codling moths. The evaluation were carried out in June, 20 days after the treatments for first generation (G1) and prior to harvest for the second generation (G2), counting the fallen fruits and fruits remained in the trees, and the percentage of fruits infested with codling moth larvae was determined. The products effectiveness was calculated according to Abbot s formula: E% = [1-(T/M)] X 100 Where: T = percent of damaged (infested) fruits in treated plots; M = percent of damaged (infested) fruits in untreated control. 3. Results and discussions In our country, fruit growing is an important branch of agriculture, a traditional activity of the people living in countryside area in consecrated fruit growing areas and centers. Romania still plays an important role in Europe and Middle East apple market with ha apples crop (Fig. 1). In absence of well elaborated phytoprotection programs, the loss caused by key pest and diseases can be estimated to 1100 Euro/ha/year or more. Codling moth is one of the major pests. In favorable climatic conditions, the moth can develop 2-3 generations and can damage up to 80% of apples, which practically cannot be stored or marketed (Teodorescu et al, 2003 a,b). In order to control codling moth, on the Romanian market were used organophosporus, carbamate, piretroids, mixtures and some metamorphose inhibitors (Fig.2). The studies carried out using AtraPOM pheromone traps, revels that under climatic conditions of 2006 year, codling moth developed three generations: first generation emerges after petal fall, the second one lasts over fruit growing period and the third one can occur in late August to early September (Fig. 3). The maximum of the moths flight in the untreated variants was recorded in the weeks 20 (15-21 May), 30 (24-30 July) and 38 (18-24 September) and the mean number of butterflies /trap /week were 19.5, 26.0, and 16,5 respectively (fig. 3). The total amount of coddling moth captures in 2006 was high, up to 269 butterflies /trap /season. (Fig. 4). Under such conditions, the assessment of the efficacy of two performant products (Rynaxypyr TM 20SC vs. thiacloprid 480 SC) in control of codling moth was done separately. In variant with two treatment in spring (BBCH 70-74) with Rynaxypyr TM 20SC at a rate of 30 g a.i. /ha /treatment an excellent control against first generation of codling moth was obtained (Fig. 5). The percent of healthy fruits ranged between 97.9 and 98%. Also very good control of the G1 was obtained in the variant treated twice with thiacloprid 480 SC 144g a.i. /ha/treatment where the percent of healthy fruits was between 97.0 and 97.7%. Comparative, in untreated control variant the percent of healthy fruits was between 66.4 and 85.1%. The assessment of the figure 6 reveals that two treatments with Rynaxypyr TM 20SC at a rate of 30 g a.i. /ha /treatment applied 3-4 days after maximum flight of the moth and 7 days after this moment provided a very good control against the second generation of codling moth; the percentage of healthy fruits ranged between 96.3 and 98.6%. Also very good control of the G2 was obtained in the variant treated twice with thiacloprid 480 SC 144g a.i. /ha/treatment where the percent of healthy fruits was between 95.8 and 98.0%. Comparative, in untreated control variant the percent of healthy fruits was between 52.8 and 72.1% (Fig. 7). As a general overview Rynaxypyr TM 20SC provided a good control of the protected fruits against the codling moth ranging between 96.3% for G1 and 98.0% for G2, compared to untreated control variant, where the percent of healthy fruits was between 52.8% and 73.1% (Fig. 8). The Rynaxypyr TM 20SC mechanism of action - activation of insect ryanodine receptors - is very effective, different from the other active ingredients like thiacloprid 480 g/l (nicotinic acetyl coline antagonist), spinosad 240 g/ (nicotinic acetylcoline receptor allosteric activator), novaluron 100 EC (inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis), which permit to use it as a new alternative in phytoprotection programs of the Romanian apple orchards. 4. Conclusions 1. Rynaxypyr TM 20SC has provided an excellent efficacy and long-lasting period to control the apple codling moth ranging between 96.3% for G1 and 98.0%. 116

3 2. Rynaxypyr TM 20SC is a product with an innovative mode of action, which can successfully be used into design and application of IPM programs. 3. Rynaxypyr TM 20SC can be used to control / reduce the damages produced by codling moth and to manage its resistance to other class of insecticides. References 1. Bassi A., Alber R., Wiles J.A., Rison J.L., Frost N.M., Marmor F.W., Marcon P.C., Chlorantraniliprole: a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide. Proceedings of XVI International Plant Protection Congress 2007, Vol. 1:52-59; 2. Cordova D., Benner E.A., Sacher M.D., Rauh J.J., Sopa J.S., Lahm G.P., Selby TP; Stevenson T.M., Flexner L., Gutteridge S., Rhoades D.F., Wu L., Smith R.M., Tao Y., Anthranilic diamides: A new class of insecticides with a novel mode of action, ryanodine receptor activation. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 84, A.; 3. Drosu Sonica, Teodorescu Georgeta, şi colab. 2007, Studies on the attract and kill method to control the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in Romanian apple orchards, European Society for New Methods in Agricultural Research, XXXVII ESNA Annual Meeting, JINR Dubna, Russia, Book of abstracts ISBN ; 4. Knight A.L., Flexner L., 2007, Disruption of mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) bychlorantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide. Pest Management Science, 63 (2), ; 5. Oprean Ioan, 2006, Insect Feromones. Feromonal traps use manual, Research and Development Institute "Raluca Ripan", Cluj-Napoca, 32pp. - in Romanian; 6. Mota-Sanchez David 1, Wise C. John 1, Vander Poppen R. 2, Gut J. Larry 1, Hollingworth M Robert 1, 2007, Resistance of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), larvae in Michigan to insecticides with different modes of action and the impact on field residual activity, Pest Management Science, abstract, DOI /ps.1576; 7. Sauphanor B., Brosse V., Bouvier J. C., Speich P., Micoud A., Martinet C., 2000, Monitoring resistance to diflubenzuron and deltamethrin in French codling moth populations (Cydia pomonella), Pest management Science ISSN X CODEN PMSCFC, 2000, vol. 56, no1, pp (33 ref.), 8. Tanasković Snežana, Milenković Slobodan, Sretenović Dušica, 2005, Investigation of efficiency of Avaunt SC in control Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Torticidae), Voćarstvo Vol. 39, No. 149, pp , ISSN , Scindeks Beta - abstract; 9. Teodorescu Georgeta, Roman T., Sumedrea Mihaela, 2003, Horticultural Entomology. Specific pests and control methods, Ceres Editure, Bucharest 376 pp., ISBN in Romanian; Teodorescu Georgeta, Trandafirescu M., 2002, Codling moth control (Cydia pomonella L.) using friendly pesticides XXVIth International Horticultura Congress, Toronto (572). 450, , , , , , , ,000 50,000 0 Russian Federation Ukraine Poland Turkey Moldavia Romania Average harvested area [ha] Italy Germany France Belarus Spain Hungary Serbia Georgia Lithuania Portugal Average production [t] Fig. 1. Growing area of the Romanian apple crop Greece Czech Republic United Kingdom Netherlands Bulgaria 117

4 SDA (ha) Neonicotinoide 14% Oil 10% MitesOthers 1% 1% Pyrethroid 33% Oil Organophosforic 17% Organophosforic 24% Fig. 2. Insecticides used in Romania to control apple pests 30 Butterflies/trap /week [average number] Week Fig. 3 Flight dynamic of Cydia pomonella L. male adults (Untreated variants) RIFG, Pitesti, Fig. 4. Codling moth adults captured in AtraPOM pheromone trap (Untreated variants), RIFG Pitesti,

5 Rynaxypyr 20 SC 30 g a.i. /ha Thiacloprid 480 SC 144 g a.i./ha Untreated control Healty fruits [%] Fig. 5. Efficacy of two performant insecticides in controlling the first codling moth generation (assessments at 20 days after treatments) Rynaxypyr 20 SC 30 g a.i. /ha Thiacloprid 480 SC 144 g a.i./ha Untreated control Healty fruits [%] Fig. 6. Efficacy of two performant insecticides in controlling the second codling moth generation (assessments prior to the harvest time) 119

6 Fig. 7 Young apple fruit attacked by codling moth Pitesti, 2006, (untreated control) Fig. 8. Apples crop damaged by codling RIFG moth RIFG Pitesti, 2006 (untreated control) 120