INFLUENCE OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON FRUIT FLY TRAP CATCHES INDHARWAD, KARNATAKA

Transcription

1 Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Vol. 12, NO.2 pp (2006) INFLUENCE OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON FRUIT FLY TRAP CATCHES INDHARWAD, KARNATAKA CH. RAVIKUMAR and SHASHIDHAR VIRAKTAMATH Department ofagricultural Entomology, University ofagricultural Sciences Dharwad , Karnataka, India ABSTRACT: Studies were made on the fruit fly population dynamics and influence of weather parameters in guava and mango orchards at Dharwad (Karnataka, South India) from July 2004 to June 2005 by using methyl eugenol traps. Fruit fly population was observed throughout the year in both guava and mango orchards. In guava orchard, population of Bactrocera correcta peaked during first week of July in 2004 and fourth week ofmay in B. dorsalis had three peaks in 2004 during first weekofjuly, second and fourth weekof November while in 2005, the population peaked during second week ofmarch and May. Population of B. zonata showed one majorpeak in 2004 during second week ofnovember and two peaks in 2005 during third week ofapril and May. In mango orchard, B. correcta had one peak each in 2004 and 2005 during first week of July and second week of May, respectively. B. dorsalis had two peaks in 2004 during first week ofjuly and third week ofnovemberwhile in 2005, it showed one peak during third week ofmay. In 2004, B. zonata hadone peakduring fourth weekofseptemberwhile in2005, it had three peaks during third weekof March, second week ofapril and fourth week of May. In guava, B. correcta and B. zonata had significant positive correlation with temperature, while B. dorsalis had significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity and rainfall. In mango, B. correcta had highly significant positive correlation with minimum temperature and relative humidity. B. dorsalis and B. zonata had highly significant positive correlation with temperature and negative correlation with afternoon relative humidity... INTRODUCTION Among the various tropical fruits, guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) the apple of tropics, is the fourth most important fruit crop in India, with an area of 1.60 lakh hectares, and production of lakh tonnes while mango (Mangifera indica Lin.) the king of fruits, accounts for 38 per cent of the area and 23 per cent of the output of all fruits in the country. (Anonymous, 2004). Fruit flies are the important pests of these fruits causing heavy economic losses (Narayanan and Batra, 1960; Verghese et ai., 2002). Three species of fruit flies namely Bactrocera correcta Bezzi, B. dorsalis (Hendel) and B. zonata Saunders occur in guava and mango fruits in northern Karnataka (Suresh Babu and Viraktamath, 2003; Rajitha and Viraktamath, 2005). In an order to develop effective management practices, a through knowledge of population dynamics of the fruit flies in guava and mango orchards is essential so that locality specific forecasting models can be developed. Hence, studies were made on fruit fly population dynamics in guava and mango orchards at Dharwad (Karnataka, South India) and the results are presented in this paper. 143

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Studies on population dynamics and influence of weather parameters were made for one calendar year from July, 2004 to June, Traps were prepared by using transparent bottles (500 ml). Each trap had four holes of 20 mm diameter in different directions at the middle region ofthe bottle for entry offruit flies. An iron wire was inserted inside the bottle up to the level ofholes, by piercing through the lid of the bottle and the tip of the wire was twisted to make a loop. The other end of the wire protruding out of the bottle was used for hanging the trap to the trees. A cotton wad charged with 0.4 ml of methyl eugenol and 1 ml ofdichlorvos was placed in the loop of the wire. Six traps spaced at 50 m were set up" separately in guava and mango orchards, of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India which is located at 15 26' North latitude, 75 07' East longitude at an altitude of678 m above mean sea level. These traps were charged with 0.4 ml of methyl eugenol and 1 m1 ofdichlorvos at monthly and fortnightly intervals respectively. The fruit flies were collected and identified to species level at weekly intervals. Meteorological parameters like maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning and afternoon relative humidity and rainfall data were collected from Agromet Advisory Unit of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Correlations were made between weekly trap catches and mean weather parameters like maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning and afternoon relative humidity and rainfall for every standard week. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a. Population dynamics of fruit flies in guava orchard B. correcta had the first major peak during 1st week ofjuly (27 1h standard week) ( fruit flies/trap/week) and two minor peaks during 1st week of October (41 sl standard week) and 2 nd week ofnovember (46 1h standard week) in In 2005, major peaks were observed during last week of May (22 nd standard week) (83.00 fruit flies/trap/week) and 2 nd week of June (24 th standard week) (60.33 fruit flies/trap/week) (Fig. 1). B. dorsalis had three peaks during 1st week ofjuly (27 1h standard week) (62.33 fruit flies/trap/ week), 1st week ofnovember (45 th standard week) ( fruit flies/trap/week) and last week of November (48 th standard weeks) ( fruit flies/ trap/week) in 2004 and two peaks in 2005 during 1st week ofapril and May (14 th and 19 th standard weeks) (42.33 and fruit flies/trap/week, respectively) (Fig. 1). Though population of B. zonata was recorded throughout the year, the catches were relatively low ranging from 0.33 to 6.17 fruit flies. Major peak catches were recorded during 1st week ofnovember (45 1h standard week) of2004 (4.33 fruit flies/trap/week) and 11 th and 20 th standard weeks of2005 (6.17 and 5.00 fruit flies/trap/week respectively) (Fig. 1). When the total number of fruit flies were considered, irrespective of the species, three peaks were observed during 27 th ( fruit flies/ trap/week), 45 1h ( fruit flies/trap/week), 48 1h standardweek ( fruit flies/trap/week) in2004 and 21 st ( fruit flies/trap/week) and 22 nd standardweek ( fruit flies/trap/week) in 2005 (Fig. 1). b. Population dynamics of fruit flies in mango orchard B. correcta had the first major peak with highest captures of fruit flies/trap/week during 1st week of July (27 lh standard week) and two minor peaks during 32 nd and 47 1h standard weeks in 2004 (Fig. 2). In 2005, a major peak was observed (66.50 fruit flies/trap/week) during 1sl week of June (23'd standard week). Two major peaks of B. dorsalis were recorded during 1sl week of July (27 lh standard 144

3 Bactrocera correcta I, \\ 3, D. V. " " " " " 3.

4 - I HI I- Bactrocera correcta 2004 Standard weeks j.. Co I Co!! I- Bactrocera dorsalis 2004 Standard weeks 2005 Bactrocera zonata,... I 1 _ r-... I I \ I \ I./ 'J.... r- \...J "" /'v-j _ "." Standard weeks I "".., 1 1IlO Co l!! '00 I-, Total fruit flies 1\ \. \ /'V\ \ A j \ "' 'v ;- \.. V 21 2t lil tl :n Standard weeks 2005 Fig. 2 : Fruit fly population dynamics in mango orchards during at Dharwad 146

5 week) ( fruit flies/trap/week) and 3 rd week ofnovember of2004 (47 th standard week) ( fruit flies/trap/week). In 2005, higherpopulations were observed from 3 rd week ofmay to 2 nd week ofjune (89.61 to fruit flies/trap/week) with a major peak of fruit flies/trap/week during 2 nd week ofmay (20 th standard week) (Fig. 2). Chu (1986), Verghese and Sudhadevi (1998), Sushilkumar et al. (1999), Agarwal et al. (1999) and Suresh Babu and Viraktamath (2003). However, Gupta and Bhatia (2000) and Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006b) reported a single peak of B. dorsalis during last week of August (30 th standard week). The population ofb. zonata peaked during 3 rd week ofseptember (39 th standard week) (6.50 fruit flies/trap/week) in An increasing trend in fruit fly catches was observed from 3 rd week of May to 3 rd week of June coinciding with maturing offruits, with a majorpeak of37.67 fruit flies/trap/week during last week of May (2l 5t standard week) (Fig2). When total fruit flies were considered irrespective of the species, two major peaks were observed during 27 th (500.33) and 47 th standard week ( fruit flies/trap/week) in In 2005, higher populations were observed from 3 rd week ofmay to 2 nd week ofjune, with two major peaks during 20 th ( fruit flies/trap/week) and 23 rd standard week ( fruit flies/trap/week) (Fig. 2). Present results on the population dynamics of B. correcta on guava endorse the findings of Jalaluddin et al. (2001) who reported peakactivity during July-August, which coincided with ripening of guava fruits. Similar results are also reported by Suresh Babu and Viraktamath (2003), Viraktamath and Suresh Babu (2004) and Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006a,b) on guava and mango at Dharwad. Population dynamics of B. dorsalis observed on guava is in line with the results of Belavadi (1979), Liu et al. (1985), Clarke et at. (200 1), Viraktamath and Suresh Babu (2004) and Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006a). However, Prasad and Bagle (1978) reported peak catches during March-April and August-September. Similarly, Gupta and Bhatia (2000) reported peak catches during 37 th and 39 th standard weeks. Results obtained in mango orchard, corroborate the findings ofbagle and Prasad (1983), Chiu and Population dynamics of B. zonata on guava in the present studies was similar to the reports ofrajitha and Viraktamath (2006a) who recorded lower catches with peak captures on 45 t \ 11 th and 12 th standard weeks at Dharwad. However, Gupta and Bhatia (2000) and Chaudhary and Jamal (2000) reported peak catches during 37 th and 39 th standard weeks. Such low population of B. zonata obviously indicates that guava is not a preferred host at Dharwad. On mango, the variation in the population followed the same trend as reported by Agarwal and Kumar (1999), Agarwal et al. (1999), Gupta and Bhatia (2000) and Suresh Babu and Viraktamath (2003) and Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006b). However, Anjum et al. (2000) reported peak population during 1 st week of July. Capturing of fruit flies in mango orchards during off-season in the present study was perhaps due to the presence of guava orchard nearby. Methyl eugenol can attract the fruit flies from a distance of 0.8 km (Roomi et al., 1993). c. Influence ofweather parameters on fruit fly catches in guava.. In guava orchard trap catches ofb. correcta had a significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r=0.424**), morning relative humidity (r=0.352*) and afternoon relative humidity (r=0.326*). Weather factors together influenced the trap catches to an extent of 41.1 per cent (Tables 1 and 2). These findings are in accordance with Jalaluddin et al. (2001) who observed the population of B. correcta having a significant positive correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Viraktamath and Suresh Babu (2004) also observed similar relationship. However, Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006a) did not find any relationship with weather parameters. 147

6 Trap catches ofb. dorsalis had a significant negative correlation with rainfall (r= *) and morning relative humidity (r = *). The weather factors together contributed to only 19.1 per cent variation in trap catches (Tables 1 and 2). Shukla and Prasad (1985) also observed a negative correlation between weekly rainfall and captures ofb. dorsalis. However Viraktamath and Suresh Babu (2004) reported positive relationship with minimum temperature and negative with morning relative humidity. Similarly, Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006a) found negative correlation with maximum temperature and positive correlation withminimumtemperature andrelative humidity. Present results are also in contrary to the reports ofgupta and Bhatia (2000), Jalaluddin et at. (2001) and Sarada et at. (2001). Trap catches of B. zonata had high significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.527**) and highly significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity (r= **) and afternoon relative humidity (r=-0.438**). All the weather factors together influenced the trap catches to an extent of 40.5 per cent (Tables 1 and 2). Similar relationship was observed by Agarwal and Kumar (1999) and Viraktamath and Suresh Babu (2004) and Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006a). Table 1. Corlation coefficient(s) of trap catches with weather parameters in guava orchard Fruit fly Temperature (0C) Relative humidity (%) species Maximum Minimum Morning Afternoon Rainfall (mm) B. correcta ** 0.352* 0.326* B. dorsalis * * B. zonata 0.527** ** ** n=52 * Significant at 5% ** Significant at 1% Table 2. Multiple linear regression coefficients of trap catches with weather parameters in guava orchard Fruit fly Intercept Temperature (0C) Relative humidity (%) species Rainfall Maximum Minimum Morning Afternoon (mm) B. correcta * NS NS 1.584** ** 0.411** B. dorsalis NS NS * NS * O.I92 NS R2 B. zonata ** _3.87 NS -5.58* 1.09* 1.66 NS 0.405** NS - Non-significant * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level 148

7 Table 3. Correlation coefficient(s) of trap catches with weather parameters in mango orchard Fruit fly Temperature (0C) Relative humidity (%) species Maximum Minimum Morning Afternoon Rainfall (mm) B. correcta ** * 0.365** B. dorsalis 0.322* 0.325* B. zonata 0.730** 0.399** ** n=52 * Significant at 5% ** Significant at 1% Table 4. Multiple linear regression coefficients of trap catches with weather parameters in mango orchard Fruit fly Intercept Temperature (oq Relative humidity (%) species Rainfall Maxinnnn Minimum Morning Afternoon (rum) B. correcta NS _1.81 NS _3.19 NS 1.58 NS -4.78** 0.388** B. dorsalis * NS NS 1.225* * 0.307** B. zonata NS 5.55* 3.54 NS -9.91* 6.14 NS 0.652** NS - Non-significant * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level R2 d. Influence ofweather parameters on fruit fly catches in mango B. correcta had highly significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r=o.354**), moming relative humidity (r=o.341 *) and afternoon relative humidity (r=0.365**). All the weather factors together had influence on the trap catches to an extentof 38.8 per cent (Tables 3 and 4). These results endorse the findings of Agarwal and Kumar (1999), Suresh Babu and Viraktamath (2003) and Rajitha andviraktamath (2006b) There was a significant positive correlation between trap catches ofb. dorsalis with maximum temperature (r=0.322*) and minimumtemperature (r=0.325*). The weather factors together influenced the trap catches to an extent of 30.7 per cent (Tables 3 and 4). Verghese and Sudhadevi (1998) and Gupta and Bhatia (2000) also observed a positive correlation ofb. dorsalis population with maximum and minimum temperature. The captures of B. zonata had a highly significant positive correlation with maximum 149

8 temperature (r=0.730**) and mllllmum temperature (r=0.399**). However all the weather parameters together influenced the trap catches to the tune of 65.2 per cent (Tables 3 and 4). Present results though are in agreement with the reports ofsushilkumar et al. (1997) with respect to temperature, but do not agree with respect to relative humidity. Similarly, Suresh Babu and Viraktamath (2003) found a positive correlation with minimum temperature but Rajitha and Viraktamath (2006b) reported a negative relation with temperature. Varying results of the influence of weather parameters ontrap catches offruit flies have been reported both in guava and mango orchards. Chaudhary and Jamal (2000), Jalaluddin et al. (2001) and Susliilkumaret al. (1997) reported that the population of fruit flies coincided with ripening period of guava and mango fruits. Similarly, Shekharappa et al. (1998), Madhura (2001) and Suresh Babu and Viraktamath (2003) opined that availabilityoffruit crops influence the population fluctuation of fruit flies. Present results also endorse these views. REFERENCES Agarwal, M.L. and Kumar, P., 1999, Effect of weather parameters on population dynamics of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Entomon, 24: Agarwal, M.L., Kumar, P.,. and Kumar, V, 1999, Population suppression of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) by Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera : Tephritidae) in North Bihar. Shashpa, 6: Anjum, S., Razak, M. and Yazdani, S.S., 2000, Studies on seasonal activity and control of fruit flies (Dacus spp.) on mango (Mangifera indica L.) at Faisalabad, Pakistan, Arab Journal ofplant Protection, 18: Anonymous, 2004, Indian Agriculture. Indian Economic Data Research Centre, New Delhi, pp Bagle, B.G. and Prasad, VG., 1983, Effect of weather parameters on population dynamics of oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis Hendel. Journal of Entomological Research, 7: Belavadi, VV, 1979, Bionomics ofthe oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel. (Diptera : Tephritidae) on guava (Psidium guajava L.) and its control by male annihilation. M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, p.95. Chaudhary, M.M.K. and Jamal, Q., 2000, Effect of abiotic factors on population fluctuation of oriental and peach fruit flies at Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal ofzoology, 32: Chiu, H.T. and Chu, Y.I., 1986, The occurrence and injuryofthe oriental fruit fly in the southern Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 28: Clarke, A.R., Allwood, A., Chinajariyawong, A., Drew, R.AJ., Hengsawad, c., Jirasurat, M., Krong, C.K., Kritsaneepaiboon, S. and Vijaysegaran, S., 2001, Seasonal abundance and host use patterns of seven Bactrocera Macquart species (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Thailand and Peninsular, Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin ofzoology. 49: Gupta, D. and Bhatia, R., 2000, Population fluctuations of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. in submountainous mango and guava orchards. Journal ofapplied Horticulture, Lucknow, 2: Jalaluddin, S.M., Natarajan, K. and Sadakathulla, S., 2001, Population fluctuation ofthe guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) in relation to hosts and abiotic factors. Journal ofexperimental Zoology, India, 4: Liu, YC., Chi, H. and Chen, S.H., 1985, The population fluctuation ofthe oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel in Chia-Yi Orchard. Chinese Journal ofentomology, 5:

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