DETERMINATION OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) INFESTATION IN GUAVA, PEACH AND BITTER GOURD ORCHARDS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA.

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1 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 30, No. 2, 2014 DETERMINATION OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) INFESTATION IN GUAVA, PEACH AND BITTER GOURD ORCHARDS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA. MUHAMMAD QASIM KAKAR 1, FARMAN ULLAH 1, AHMAD UR RAHMAN SALJOQI 1, SAJJAD AHMAD 2 and IJAZ ALI 3 1. Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar - Pakistan. 2. Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar - Pakistan. 3. Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar - Pakistan. *Corresponding author: qasimkakar@aup.edu.pk ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted to determine the level of infestation of fruit flies in various fruits and vegetables in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) during 2010 and Different fruits and vegetables were selected for infestation of fruit fly population in the target area. The experiment was consisted on Peach at Swat, Bitter gourd at Charsadda and Guava at Kohat. The Data regarding infestation caused by fruit flies were recorded at fortnight intervals for Guava and peach orchards whereas for Bitter Gourd, the data were recorded on weekly intervals. Data were recorded on counting healthy and infested fruits and vegetable randomly from each experimental unit at all locations. The trials were laid out in randomized complete block design replicated three times. Finding of the study showed that fruit fly infestations gradually gained from mid April and reached to its peaks in mid August and September whereas the fruit fly infestation dropped from the end of September to mid November in Guava orchards. In case of Peach orchards, fruit fly infestation varied during the study periods in both the years (2010 and 2011). The infestations increased from mid April and gained its peaks in August and thereafter started declined and infestation dropped to the least in month of October, April and May. In similar way, fruit flies infestations in Bitter gourd at Charsadda reached to highest percentage in months of August and from here onward, the infestation drastically decreased and lowest infestation was recorded in month of November. It was concluded that the presence of fruit fly was recorded in all the three orchards throughout their crop seasons and this window is considered a critical one in the management of fruit fly. Key words: Fruit fly, infestation, Bactrocera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Fruits and Vegetables. Citation: Kakar. M. Q., F. Ullah., A. U. R. Saljoqi., S. Ahmad and I.Ali Determination of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation in guava, peach and bitter gourd orchards in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during 2010 and Sarhad J. Agric. 30(2): INTRODUCTION Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most economically important pests attacking fruits worldwide and usually attack commercial fruits (White and Elson-Harris, 1994). They are found in almost everywhere in the world with hosts plants (Mun et al., 2003). They damaged the fruits and losses to fruits throughout the world, known as major pest of horticultural industries (Permalloo, 1989). They have great economic importance in Pakistan due to their heavy losses to fruits at the farm level with estimated loss of 200 million US dollar annually and the small farmers suffer in particular, being the main growers of highly susceptible guava, mango, peach and cucuribits are being unable to afford existing protection measures (Stonehouse et al., 2002). The attack of fruit flies reduces fruit yield and quality. It infests the skin of fruit by inserting ovipositor and lay eggs beneath the skin. The maggot developed inside the fruits and eventually drill their way out for pupation in the soil, and emerge as wing adult to begin the life cycle. The losses caused to fruits by fruit flies varied according to species and the host fruit plant species. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is the most serious pest species because of 5-100% loss to various fruits. Highest loss of 80 percent in guava fruit was reported by Kafi (1986) and Ishtiaque etal. (1999). Similarly Jalaludin et al. (1999) reported 60-80% loss in guava fruit by Bactrocera correcta (Bezzii). The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is another devastating pest species, found most abundantly in most of the ecological regions of Pakistan and causing losses from % in different fruits. The Ber fruit fly (Carpomya vesuviana) may cause % damage to Ber fruit (Kapoor, 1993). The control measures are not practiced in integrated manner. Mostly the chemical control measures are practiced for the management of fruit flies in Pakistan in general and particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Keeping in view the importance of different fruit fly infestation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it is imperative to know about the infestation level in fruits and vegetable growing areas. The present study was conducted with aim to know the percent infestation of different fruit fly species in Guava, Peach and Bitter gourd orchards at Kohat, Swat and Charsadda respectively.

2 Muhammad Qasim Kakar, et al. Determination of fruit flies (diptera: tephritidae) infestation in guava 242 MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were carried out to investigate the level of infestation of fruit flies in Guava, Peach and Bitter gourd orchards at Kohat, Swat and Charsadda, respectively. Survey was conducted to study the percent infestation of fruit flies on Peach, Bitter gourd and Guava of their respective ecological regions. The level of infestation was studied by counting healthy and infested/dropped fruits/vegetables randomly. The data regarding infestation caused by fruit flies to Peach and Guava were recorded at fortnight intervals while for Bitter gourd infestation was recorded at weekly interval, by counting healthy and infested/dropped fruits and vegetable randomly from each experimental unit. Data were recorded for two consecutive years i.e, 2010 and 2011 throughout the fruiting season. The total number of fruits and number of infested fruits were counted and converted into percent infestation by the following formula. No. of infested fruits Fruits infestation (%) = x 100 Total number of fruits Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed according to the procedure appropriate randomize complete block design. The significant means were compared by using least significant difference (LSD) test (Jan et al., 2009). Statistix 8.1 package was used for analysis of variance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies were carried out to identify level of fruit fly infestation on different fruits, viz Guava, Bitter gourd and Peach in their respective areas viz, Kohat, Charasada and Swat during 2010 and Fruit fly infestation in Guava during 2010 and 2011 Data regarding fruit fly infestation in Guava orchards at District Kohat are given in Table 1. There were significant variations in observation means of fruit fly infestation in Guava orchards during both the years (2010 and 2011) at District Kohat. Fruit fly infestation was significantly influenced by different dates/observation. Higher fruit fly infestation was recorded in 2010 compared to Two year averaged data revealed that fruit fly infestation gradually increased from April and reached to its peak in mid of August after which it declined again from end of August to mid of November. The higher infestation was observed in mid August (49.67%) followed by early September (45.17%). Fruit flies infestation were intermediate in months of early August, mid September, and October and early November (41%, 42, 35.5%, 26.7% 16.8%, respectively) whereas least fruit flies infestation were recorded at the end of April, beginning of May and mid November (3.0%, 3.8%, 6% and 8.0%, respectively). Table 1. Percent infestation of Guava caused by fruit flies on various dates/observations during 2010 and 2011 at Kohat District Dates Year 2010 Year 2011 Mean 15 th April i 01 st May i 15 th May hi 01 st June g 15 th June f 01 st July e 15 th July d 01 st August c 15 th August a 01 st September b 15 th September c 01 st October d 15 th October e 30 th October f 15 th November gh LSD Mean Means followed by same letter in columns are not significantly different at 5% level of probability. Fruit fly infestation in Peach Orchard during 2010 and 2011 The data pertaining fruit fly infestation in Peach orchards are shown in Table 2. Perusal of the data indicated that infestation of fruit fly in Peach orchards at District Swat was considerably varied amongst various dates/observation during 2010 and Year as source of variance was found insignificant for fruit fly infestation. Comparing infestation during both the years, the higher fruit fly infestation (23.2%) was recorded in

3 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 30, No. 2, as compared to the year 2011 (21.2%). Mean values of the data indicated that the fruit fly had the highest infestation in early August (47%) followed by mid July (41.5%) which was at par with the fruit fly infestation of mid August (38.2%). Fruit fly infestation ranked 3 rd (34%) in early July followed by mid June and early September (25.2 and 25%, respectively), however, the difference was statistically non significant. The least infestation of fruit flies were observed in mid April, early and mid May and mid October (3.5%, 5.8%, 8.2% and 6.2%, respectively) and was statistically similar to each other. Table 2. Percent infestation of Peach caused by fruit flies on various dates/observations during 2010 and 2011 at Swat District Dates Year 2010 Year 2011 Mean 15 th April h 01 st May gh 15 th May g 01 st June e 15 th June d 01 st July c 15 th July b 01 st August a 15 th August b 01 st September d 15 th September e 01 st October f 15 th October gh LSD Mean Means followed by same letter in columns are not significantly different at 5% level of probability. Fruit fly infestation in Bitter gourd during 2010 and 2011 There were significant differences in fruit fly infestation among different dates/observation in Bitter gourd field at District Charsada (Table 3). There were no significant variations between the years (2010 and 2011) for fruit fly infestations in Bitter gourd. Two year averaged data indicated that fruit fly infestation steadily increased from mid April and reached to its maximum peak in mid August and thereafter fruit fly infestation again slowly declined till mid November. The greatest fruit fly infestation (57.3%) was recorded in 3 rd week of August, which was similar to the infestation recorded in 2 nd week of August (56%) followed by 1st week of August (53.8%). The fruit fly infestation occurred in 4 th week of August (50%) was also found non significant to that occurred in 1 st week. The infestation of fruit fly recorded in 4 th week of July ranked 3 rd (45%) which was similar to infestation recorded in 4 th week of the same month (44%). The least infestation of fruit fly was noted in 3 rd and 4 th weeks of April, 1 st week of May, 1 st, 2 nd 3 rd weeks of November (2.8%, 4.2%, 6%, 7.5%, 7.3%,6.5%,5.7%,4.67%, respectively). The differences in fruit fly infestation during those months were found non significant with each others. Fruit flies are serious pests in Pakistan, causing losses, at the farm level, of an estimated 200 million US dollars annually (Stonehouse et al., 1998). Fruit flies posed a significant threat to fruit and vegetable production and to the unimpeded export of fresh fruits and fleshy vegetables throughout the world (Allwood et al., 2001). In the present study, the findings regarding fruit fly seasonal infestation that was monitored at fortnight intervals for Peach and Guava, while weekly for Bitter gourd in the years 2010 and 2011 throughout the cropping cycle in all locations on the respective orchards. The results revealed the severity of fruit fly infestation in the life cycle of crop, which determined the scope of the study and thus one might be aware about the losses and management of the pest for better yield from those orchards. The objectives of the study were to determine the infestation of the pest in the respective orchards was also confirmed. In case of Guava orchards located at Kohat, fruit fly infestations gradually gained from mid April and reached to its peaks in mid August and September whereas the fruit fly infestation dropped from end September to mid November. The increased infestation of fruit flies during 2010 as compared to the year 2011 at Kohat might be due to favorable and conducive prevailing weather conditions in the earlier year as compared to the later year. In case of Peach orchards situated in Swat showed varied infestations of fruit fly during the observation periods in both the years. Again the infestations increased from mid April and gained its peaks in August and thereafter it declined and dropped fruity fly infestation to the least in month of mid October, similar to fruit flies infestation occurred in months of April and May. In similar way, fruit flies infestations in Bitter gourd at Charsadda reached to highest percentage in month of August and from here onward, the infestation drastically decreased and lowest in month of November. The ups and downs in fruit fly infestation during the data recorded periods might be due to variations in weather data and partly because of the stage of the crop. Similar results were reported by Mehmood and Mishkatullah (2007) who found the highest percentage (80%) fruit fly infestation in guava orchards in ripening stage. Likewise, Khan et al. (2003a) and Khan et al. (2003b) also reported a peak of fruit flies catches from last

4 Muhammad Qasim Kakar, et al. Determination of fruit flies (diptera: tephritidae) infestation in guava 244 fortnight of August to first fortnight of September in Shekhupura, Pakistan. Furthermore, many other workers also reported peak activity of fruit flies (B. cucurbitae) during different months of the year when the prevalent climatic condition were favourable. These peaks were from April to July (Kawashita et al., 2004) and mid-june to mid-november (Ramsamy et al., 1987; Liu and Lin, 1993; Zaman 1995). Khattak et al. (1990) and Lee et al. (1992) also observed the inactive period of B. cucurbitae to be from January to March. Table 3. Percent infestation in Bitter gourd by fruit flies on various dates/observations during 2010 and 2011 at Charsadda District Dates year 2010 year 2011 Mean 15 th April v 22 nd April uv 29 th April t-v 01 st May r-u 08 th May q-t 15 th May p-r 22 nd May o-q 29 th May m-o 01 st June mn 08 th June l 15 th June kl 22 nd June j-l 29 th June i-k 01 st July hi 08 th July g 15 th July f 22 nd July e 29 th July d 01 st August bc 08 th August ab 15 th August a 22 nd August cd 29 th August e 01 st September fg 08 th September h 15 th September h-j 22 nd September l 29 th September m 01 st October m-o 08 th October n-p 15 th October q-s 22 nd October r-t 29 th October s-u 01 st November tu 08 th November t-v 15 th November uv LSD Mean Means followed by same letter in columns are not significantly different at 5% level of probability. However, Manzar and Srivastava (2004) reported two peaks (May and October) in cucurbit fields. In similar context, Babu and Viraktamath (2003) recorded two peaks periods i.e. in May and other in October of fruit flies in mango orchards. Our results are in support of Mehmood and Mishkatullah (2007) who found positive relation between higher temperature and fruit fly infestation for three fruit fly species i.e. B. zonata, B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae. Likewise, Kotlar and Bicak (2005) and Singh and Mann (2003) also evaluated that fruit fly population in different orchards strongly varied thought the life cycle of the crop and fluctuation in environmental factors. Similarly, fruit fly infestation and temperature observed to correlate positively was also reported by Shukla and Prasad (1985), Agarwal and Kumar (1999), Jalaluddin et al. (2001), Babu and Viraktamath (2003), Manzar and Srivastava (2004), Chiaradia et al. (2004) and Kotlar and Bicak (2005). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATIONS It was concluded from the study that the fruit fly infestation fluctuate considerably on various dates/observation thought the crop season of the three orchards studied (Guava, Peach and Bitter Gourd). The fruit fly infestation in Guava orchard at Kohat was maximum in mid August and early September. Similarly, fruit fly infestation in Peach orchards at Swat increased from mid April and gained its peaks in August and thereafter declined. In case of Bitter gourd orchard at Charsadda, the infestation of fruit flies reached to highest level in month of August and

5 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 30, No. 2, from there onward, the infestation drastically decreased and lowest in month of November. It was concluded that the presence of fruit flies throughout the crop season and this window is considered a critical in the management of fruit fly. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research reported in this paper is the part of PhD thesis of principal author and sponsored by Higher Education Commission Pakistan and The University of Agriculture Peshawar. REFERENCES Agarwal, M.L., P. Kumar and P. Kumar Effect of weather parameters on population dynamics of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) Entomon. 24(1): Allwoood, A.J., L. Leblanc, E. T. Vueti and R. Bull Fruit fly control methods for pacific countries and territories. Plant protection services, Secretariat of the pacific community, pest advisory leaflet No, 40. Babu, K. S. and S.Viraktamath Species diversity and population dynamics of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango in northern Karnataka. Pest Manag. Econ. Zool. 11: (2) Chiaradia, L. A., J. M. Milanez and R. Dittrich Population fluctuation of fruit flies in citrus orchards in the West of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Ciencia Rulal. 34 (2): Grewal, J. S. and V. C. Kapoor A new collapsible fruit fly trap. Journal of Entomol. Res. 11(2): Ishtiaque A. F.Ullah and S. Alam Efficacy of various insecticides and trap height in Methyl Eugenol baited traps against fruit flies (Bactrocera Spp.) Sarhad J. Agric. 15: Jalaluddin, S.M., K. Natarajan, S. S. Kathulla and S. Balasubramani_yan Discovery of the guava fruitfly Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi). Entomon. 24(2): Jalaluddin, S.M., K. Natarajan, S. S. Kathulla Populatin fluctuation of the guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) in relation to host and abiotic factors. J. Exp. Zool. 4 (2): Jan, M.T., P. Shah, P. A. Hollington, M.J. Khan and Q. Sohail Agriculture Research: Design and Analysis, A Monograph. NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Kafi, A Progress and problems in controlling fruit flies infestation. Paper presented at FAO, RAPA, Bangkock, Kapoor, V. C., Indian fruit flies (Insccta: Diptera: Tephritidae).Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt., India, Pp228. Kawashita, T., G. B. J. P. Rajapakse and K. Tsuruta Population surveys of Bactrocera fruit flies by lure trap in Sri Lanka. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan Issue: No.40: Khan, M. A., M. Ashfaq and A. Khaliq. 2003a. Population of fruit fly species trapped by methyl euginol and cue lure versus infestation in guava orchards. Pak. Entomol. 25 (1): Khan, M. A., M. Ashfaq and A. Khaliq. 2003b. Role of abiotic factors in population and infestation fluctuation of fruit flies in guava orchards of Sheikhupura District. Pak. Entomol.25 (1): Khattak S.U., K. Afsar, N. Hussain, S. K. Khalil and Alamzeb Annual population incidence of Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) in a fruit orchard at Peshwar, Pakistan. Bangladesh J. Zool. 18: Kotlar, A. and L. Bicak The flight dynamics of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae Rossi in dubrovacko-neretvanska country. Pomologia Croatica. Hrvatsko Agronomosko Drustvo, Zagreb, Croatia 11 (1/2): Lee L.W.Y., Y. B. Hwang, C. C. Cheng and J. C. Chang Population fluctuation of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae in North- Eastern Taiwan. Chinese J. Entomol. 12: Liu Y.C. and J. S. Lin The response of melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coq. to the attraction of 10% MC. Plant Prot. Bul. 35: Manzar A. and J. P. Srivastava Population fluctuation of fruit flies Bactrocera spp. Infesting bitter gourd in Central Uttar Pradesh. Prog. Hort. 36 (1): Mehmood, K. and Mishkatullah Population dynamics of three species of genus Bactrocera (Diptera; Tephritidae; Dacinae) in BARI Chakwal (Punjab). Pak. J. Zool. 39 (2):

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