12 Biology Revision Notes - Term 3
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1 QCE Biology Year 2016 Mark 0.00 Pages 21 Published Jan 24, 2017 Revision Notes - Term 3 By Sophie (1 ATAR)
2 Powered by TCPDF ( Your notes author, Sophie. Sophie achieved an ATAR of 1 in 2016 while attending Shalom Catholic College Currently studying Bachelor of Science at The University of Queensland Achievements: Attended National Youth Science Forum 2016 Biology Subject Prize Chemistry Subject Prize Sophie says: Hi! I am an enthusiastic learner and in Years 11 and 12, I spent a lot of time making revision notes to make sure I was prepared for exams. The way you revise is completely up to you, however, I hope you can get a head start through my notes. Best wishes for your endeavours over the next years, Sophie.
3 Revision Notes Term 3 Page Content 2 Glossary 3 Nucleus, chromosomes, DNA 4 Gametes and meiosis 5 Sex determination, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes and dominance 6 Monohybrid crosses 7 Multiple and lethal alleles, dihybrid corsses 8 Linked genes, genetic recombination 9 Pedigree charts and inheritance patterns 10 Variation in a population 11 Chromosome disorders and genetic counselling Nucleic acids Expressing the genetic code, mutations and chromosome disorders (more) Genetic technology Evolution and natural selection 1
4 Glossary Term Inheritance Chromosome Chromatid Centromere DNA Diploid Haploid Gamete Fertilisation Zygote Homologous Sex chromosome Autosome Mitosis Meiosis Genes Alleles Genotype Phenotype Karyotype Homozygous Heterozygous Punnett Square Identical (twins) Fraternal (twins) Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Codominance Definition The passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next Thread-like structure in the nucleus of the cell that contains genes Segment of chromosome. Each has one until division, then it has two. The connecting section between chromosomes Double-helix strands, make up genes Cell with two sets of chromosomes (somatic human cells 46) 2n Cell with only one set of chromosomes (gamete human cells 23) n Sex cells, sperm and egg The fusion of sperm and egg The first cell of the new being - after fertilisation Describing a chromosome that can be paired with another Chromosome that determines the sex of an individual (XX female, XY male) A chromosome that is not a sex determining chromosome Cell division to produce somatic cells (produces identical cells). Cell division to produce gamete cells Lengths of DNA on chromosomes. Blueprint for a particular trait Different genes for the same trait (e.g. hair colour) The actual allele chosen (e.g. YY) What the genotype trait looks like (e.g. yellow) The number and appearance of chromosomes within a nucleus Purebred (YY or yy) Crossbred or hybrid (Yy) Tool to help understand probabilities involved in inheritance Genetically identical, one ovum, one sperm Genetically different, more than one ova and more than one sperm The action of one allele completely mases the action of the other to determine the trait. The action of one allele does not completely mask the action of the other and neither has dominant control over the trait. The heterozygous offspring is intermediate in phenotype. Both alleles are independently and equally expressed in the offspring 2
5 Introductory genetics Nucleus, chromosomes and DNA Chromosome Chromatid Centromere DNA Genes Thread-like structure in the nucleus of the cell that contains genes Segment of chromosome. Each has one until division, then it has two. The connecting section between chromosomes Double-helix strands, make up genes Lengths of DNA on chromosomes. Blueprint for a particular trait Numbers of chromosomes Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (other species will have different numbers). There are 22 matched pairs and one odd pair made up of either two X chromosomes or an X and a Y chromosome. 3
6 Powered by TCPDF ( Sex chromosome Autosome Karyotype Diploid Haploid Homologous Chromosome that determines the sex of an individual (XX female, XY male) A chromosome that is not a sex determining chromosome The number and appearance of chromosomes within a nucleus Cell with two sets of chromosomes (somatic human cells 46) 2n Cell with only one set of chromosomes (gamete human cells 23) n Describing a chromosome that can be paired with another Gametes and meiosis Gamete Sex cells, sperm and egg Fertilisation The fusion of sperm and egg Zygote The first cell of the new being - after fertilisation Meiosis Cell division to produce gamete cells Mitosis Cell division to produce somatic cells (produces identical cells). The genetic material of the mother and father are passed onto their offspring through the gametes (sperm and egg). Gametes are haploid cells only have one set of chromosomes so that when the nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse at fertilisation, the zygote cell can be diploid. While somatic human cells are produced through mitosis, sex cells are produced through meiosis. 4
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