Micronutrient Malnutrition (Miller and Welch, 2013)

Transcription

1 The Effects of Plant-Based Prebiotics on Iron Bioavailability, Beneficial Bacteria Populations, and Intestinal Functionality through Intra-Amniotic Administration Jessica Cho

2 Micronutrient Malnutrition (Miller and Welch, 2013) Diet lacking in adequate vitamins and minerals 1/3-1/2 world population

3 Causes of Deficiency

4 Prebiotics Non-digestible carbohydrates/fibers Serve as raw material for gut bacteria and other microbes to utilize for energy Stimulates the growth of specific species of gut bacteria (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, etc.) Bifidobacteria lactobacilli (Tako et al., 2014), (Schrezenmeir and Vrese, 2001)

5 Beneficial Effects of Prebiotics (Tako et. al, 2013), (Cummings and Macfarlane, 2002), (Gibson and Roberfroid, 2010) Increase production of short chain fatty acids Increase uptake of certain minerals such as Fe and Zn Decrease pro-inflammatory immune factors Increase good bacteria in the gut Improved bowel regularity

6 Microvilli cover surface of epithelium (tissue that lines cavities of surfaces of blood vessels and organs), -enzymes that allow for the absorption of digested nutrients c38/figure4.gif Probiotics-help.com

7 Is the functionality of the brush border membrane, the abundance of bacteria populations, or iron bioavailability altered with the introduction of various prebiotics?

8 Hypotheses H 0 : The intra-amniotic administration of the prebiotics will have no effect on iron bioavailability, gut bacterial growth, or the brush border membrane. H 1 : The intra-amniotic administration of each prebiotic group will increase beneficial bacterial growth. H 2 : The intra-amniotic administration of each prebiotic group will have an effect on the functionality of the brush border membrane.

9 Broiler Chicken Model (Tako et al., 2010) Fast growing time Short incubation time Sensitive for dietary mineral deficiencies >85% homology between gene sequences of human and chicken intestinal DMT-1, DcytB, and Ferroportin

10 Development of the Broiler Chicken

11 Intra-amniotic Administration Procedure (in ovo feeding technique)

12 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

13 Treatment Groups Group # Treatment Vol Medium Staple Crop 1 2% Sorbitol 20mL Saline Lentils (Africa, India) 2 2% Mannitol 20mL Saline Lentils (Africa, India) 3 2% Raffinose 20mL Saline Beans, peas, lentils (Africa, India) 4 0.5% Stachyose 15mL Saline Beans, peas, lentils (Africa, India, S America) 5 2% Curcumin 20mL Oil Curcuma longa turmeric (India and Pakistan) 6 Oil 7 Saline 8 None

14 Procedures 1) Euthanization of 21 day old broiler chicks CO 2 exposure 2) Draw blood Determination of hemoglobin concentrations spectrophotometrically 3) Collection of small intestine (Gene Expression Analysis) RNA extraction using Rneasy Mini Kit RT-PCR used for amplification Gel Electrophoresis band densities measure relative abundance 4) Collection of cecum (Bacterial Analysis) DNA extraction PCR used for amplification Gel electrophoresis band densities 5) Statistical Analysis MANOVA test using JMP software P<0.05

15 Intestinal (cecum) Content Bacterial Genera Analysis Results

16 Positive: beneficial bacteria

17 Positive: harmful bacteria

18 BBM Functionality Reflected by Enzyme Gene Expression Results

19 4 1 Amino Peptidase 3 Sucrase isomaltase 2

20 1 Suggests an increased absorbable/digestive effect on protein at the BBM

21 2 Suggests effect on absorbable/ digestive functionality of BBM

22 3 Suggests increased absorption of sucrose and maltose into intestinal epithelial cells

23 4 Lower expression Increased iron absorption

24 intestinal beneficial bacteria Promotes production of ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) to ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) SCFA production decrease in ph Increase of soluble iron in intestine Increase iron absorption improved iron status

25 Prebiotic Treatment Groups Curcumin Sorbitol Mannitol Stachyose Raffinose Genes and Enzymes at BBM DMT-1, AP, SI, ATPase Suggests Stimulation of the BBM Functionality Possibly enhances its absorptive/ digestive functionality

26 Future Biofortification: development of micronutrient-dense staple crops using traditional breeding practices and modern biotechnology Sorbitol lentil Mannitol lentil Fresh mushrooms Africa India Raffinose Beans, peas, lentils Stachyose Africa India S. America Peas, lentil, and beans Curcumin Curcuma longa Turmeric India and Pakistan

27 Bibliography Ballinger, Anne. "Causes of Iron Deficiency." Causes of Iron Deficiency Web. 25 June Bouis, Howarth, and Ross Welch. Biofortification--A Sustainable Agricultural Strategy for Reducing Micronutrient Malnutrition in the Global South. Crop Science Society of America; 2010; Ho Fitzpatrick, Teresa, Gilles Basset, Patrick Borel, Fernando Carrari, and Dean DellaPenna. Vitamin Deficiencies in Humans: Can Plant Science Help?.The Plant Cell; 2012; Gibson, Glenn, and Marcel Roberfroid. "Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concepts of Prebiotics." The Journal of Nutrition. Print. Gilligan, Daniel. Biofortification, Agricultural Technology Adoption, and Nutrition Policy: Some Lessons and Emerging Challenges. Oxford Journals; 2012; Graham, Robin, Ross Welch, David Saunders, Ivan Oritz-Monasterio, and Howarth Bouis. Nutritious Subsistence Food Systems. Advances in Agronomy; 2012; Kirschner, Chanie. What are Prebiotics and do we Need Them? Mother Nature Network; 2013; 1-3. Micronutrient Deficiency: A Global Challenge to Health. The Journal of Nutrition; 2010; Miller, Dennis, and Ross Welch. Food System Strategies for Preventing Micronutrient Malnutrition. Food Policy. 2013; Pandya-Lorch, Rajul, and Mark Rosegrant. Global Food Security. Nutrition Journal; 2009; Saltzman, Amy, Ekin Birol, Howarth Bouis, Erick Boy, Fabiana De Moura, Yassir Islam, and Wolfgang Pfeiffer. Biofortification: Progress Toward a More Nourishing Future. Global Food Security; 20xx; Sands, David, Cindy Morris, Edward Dratz, and Alice Pilgeram. Elevating Optimal Human Nutrition to a Central Goal of Plant Breeding and Production of Plant-based Foods. Elsevier; 2009; Shergill-Bonner, Rita. Micronutrients. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2013; Tako, Elad, Owen A hoekenga, Leon V Kochian, and Raymond P Glahn. High bioavailability iron maize (Zea mays L.) developed through molecular breeding provides more absorbable iron in vitro (Caco-2 model) and in vivo (Gallus gallus). Nutrition Journal; 2013; Tako, Elad, Raymond P Glahn, Marija Knez, and James CR Stangoulis. The effect of wheat prebiotics on the gut bacterial population and iron status of iron deficient broiler chickens. Nutrition journal; 2014; Tako, Elad, Steve E Beebe, Spencer Reed, Jonathan J Hart, and Raymond P Glahn. Polyphenolic compounds appear to limit the nutritional benefit of biofortified higher iron black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Nutrition Journal; 2014; Tanumihardjo, Sherry, Howarth Bouis, Christine Hotz, J.V. Meenakshi, and Bonnie McClafferty. Biofortification of Staple Crops: An Emerging Strategy to Combat Hidden Hunger. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2008; Underwood, Barbara. Overcoming Micronutrient Deficiencies in Developing Countries: Is there a Role for Agriculture?. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2000;