Management of Bentgrass Cultivars for Improved Resistance to Microdochium Patch under Climate Change Conditions

Transcription

1 Turfgrass Field Day June 21, 2017 Management of Bentgrass Cultivars for Improved Resistance to Microdochium Patch under Climate Change Conditions Sara Stricker 1, Dr. T. Hsiang 1, Dr. A. Bertrand 2 1 University of Guelph, Guelph 2 Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Québec City 1

2 2 About us

3 Where we come from Québec City Guelph Toronto 3

4 Climate Change Predictions of future climate change: Increases in greenhouse gasses Increase Earth's average temperature Influence precipitation patterns Reduce ice and snow cover Increase the frequency, intensity, and/or duration of extreme events Shift ecosystem characteristics Impact plant diseases? 4

5 Engabreen Glacier

6 Engabreen Glacier

7 Engabreen Glacier

8 Engabreen Glacier

9 Better living conditions 9

10 CO 2 Concentration (ppmv) Projections of CO 2 Concentrations Highest emissions pathway Lowest emissions pathway Year

11 Annual mean air temperature Projected changes in global temperatures under two emissions pathways + 2 C C + 9 C + 7 C ( C) 11

12 Microdochium nivale Hosts include barley, oats wheat, and coolseason turfgrasses Pink Snow Mold after snowmelt Fusarium Patch/Microdochium Patch 12 Guelph Turfgrass Institute, 2015

13 Life Cycle of Microdochium nivale Pink-white mycelium Large bleached patches Conidia or mycelium infect new hosts Under snow cover pink snow mold symptoms develop Microdochium patch symptoms may occur 13 Conidia or mycelium inoculate new hosts Microdochium patch symptoms may occur Adapted from Tronsmo et al., 2001 Oversummers as spores and mycelium in soil and thatch Adapted from Tronsmo et al. 2001

14 14 Stricker, 2016

15 15 Hsiang, 2007

16 Current control methods Synthetic pesticides Minimizing thatch Discouraging fall succulent growth In the winter, prevent exposure to cold winds Development of naturally resistant plants Biocontrol agent (Typhula phacorrhiza) Biostimulants (potassium phosphite) Resistance Activators 16

17 Canadian pesticide regulations Canadian pesticide regulations more vigorous than those in USA Ontario s Cosmetic Pesticide Ban, 2009 Prohibits use of pesticides in public spaces and for personal use (sports fields exempted) Quebec s Pesticide Code, 2006 prohibits the use of more than 100 pesticide products registered for use in the rest of Canada Québec golf courses that apply pesticides are required to submit a pesticide reduction plan every three years. 17

18 Resistance Activators A synthetic chemical that is non-toxic to plants and fungi that, when applied to a plant, activates natural resistance responses The plant defences become primed before the pathogen is present Induced Systemic Resistance 18

19 19 Civitas + Harmonizer Developed by Petro-Canada Food-grade isoparaffins Pigment dispersal product containing chelated copper Civitas increases the expression of resistance genes for efficacious control of diseases caused by: Microdochium nivale Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (Cortes et al. 2010)

20 Induced Systemic Resistance First discovered with rhizobacteria Using a plant s natural resistance responses against: Abiotic stresses Insects Diseases Speed of recognition and response is key 20

21 Induced Systemic Resistance Systemic resistance via the application of Civitas + Harmonizer New plant tissue is protected systemically 21

22 Main Questions How will disease severity of bentgrass cultivars be affected by climate change? Specifically increased CO 2 How will the efficacy of Civitas + Harmonizer be affected by elevated CO 2? 22

23 CO 2 Growth Chambers Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre Québec City, Québec 23

24 24 Seeding

25 Growth- 20 C day / 15 C night 57wk 25

26 Growth- 15 C day / 10 C night 10 wk 26

27 Sampling 10 wk 27

28 Activator Treatment 10 wk Tissue samples were collected and frozen 1 wk later before inoculation 28

29 Activator Treatment Water C+H C+H Water Water C+H 29

30 Inoculation 11 wk 30

31 Inoculation 11 wk Tissue samples were collected and frozen 1 wk later (12 wk) 31

32 Inoculated Non-Inoculated 32 Water Civitas+Harmonizer 12 wk

33 33 CO 2 Chambers Results-Yellowing Percent yellowing of turfgrass cultivars inoculated with M. nivale by at 400 or 800 ppm CO 2 by Civitas + Harmonizer (C+ H) treatment Percent (%) disease suppression by C+ H Inoculated Non-inoculated Water C + H Water C + H Cultivar Alpha Penncross Leirin T Independence LaBelle Focus * Tyee Mean 69 A 61 AB53 BC 49 C 24 A 22 A 22 A 17 A * indicates significance at p<0.05 between 400 ppm and 800 ppm

34 34 CO 2 Chambers Results-Yellowing Percent yellowing of turfgrass cultivars inoculated with M. nivale by at 400 or 800 ppm CO 2 by Civitas + Harmonizer (C+ H) treatment Water C + H Percent (%) disease suppression by C+ H Cultivar Alpha Penncross Leirin T Independence LaBelle Focus Tyee Mean * indicates significance at p<0.05 between 400 ppm and 800 ppm

35 Results- CO 2 Chambers Varietal Differences in Resistance CO 2 Symptoms C+H Symptoms Differential cultivar response to Civitas + Harmonizer 35 35

36 More Questions Does elevated CO 2 and Civitas + Harmonizer have an impact on free amino acid and soluble sugar composition of grasses? 36

37 37 Waters ACQUITY UPLC analytical system

38 Total amino acid concentration for Independence a Concentration (µmol/gms) b ab bc a c ab a ab ab ab ab ab b Age of grass (wk) water NI 800 water NI 400 civitas NI 800 civitas NI 400 water I 800 water I 400 civitas I 800 civitas I

39 Amino acid concentrations by treatment 5 15 µmol/gms Water Inoculated C+H Inoculated C+H Not-Inoc Water Not- Inoc 39

40 40 CO 2 Chambers Results-Carbohydrates Carbohydrate content (mg/gdw) of creeping bentgrass cultivars under two CO 2 concentrations after 12 weeks of growth 400 ppm 800 ppm Independence Focus Independence Focus Sugar Non Inoc Non Inoc Non Inoc Non Inoc Water Sucrose * Glucose * Fructose Total SS HPF TNC C+H Sucrose * * Glucose Fructose * Total SS HPF TNC * *indicates significance at p<0.05 between NI and I treatments SS= soluble sugars, HPF= high degree of polymerization fructans, TNC= total nonstructural carbohydrates

41 41 CO 2 Chambers Results-Carbohydrates Carbohydrate content (mg/gdw) of creeping bentgrass cultivars under two CO 2 concentrations after 12 weeks of growth 400 ppm 800 ppm Independence Focus Independence Focus Sugar Non Inoc Non Inoc Non Inoc Non Inoc Water Sucrose * Glucose * Fructose Total SS HPF TNC C+H Sucrose * * Glucose Fructose * Total SS HPF TNC * *indicates significance at p<0.05 between NI and I treatments SS= soluble sugars, HPF= high degree of polymerization fructans, TNC= total nonstructural carbohydrates

42 Conclusions Overall decrease in amino acids and carbohydrates over time Increased CO 2 decreases free amino acids This can also decrease total soluble sugars Inoculation decreases free amino acids Effect of sugars is varied Application of Civitas + Harmonizer did not effect amino acid and soluble sugar concentrations 42

43 Future Work Analysis of RNA expression in creeping bentgrass inoculated with M. nivale 43

44 Acknowledgements Funding Petro Canada Canadian Turfgrass Research Foundation Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada People Hsiang Lab Bertrand Lab GTI Staff 44

45 Any Questions? Thank you for your time Takk for tiden din! 45