The benefits of using seafood processing waste as a soil amendment in potato production

Transcription

1 The benefits of using seafood processing waste as a soil amendment in potato production Rick D. Peters Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada Compost Council of Canada Charlottetown, PE September 19-21, 2011

2 Chitin and Chitosan In Nature Insects and Arachnids Marine Invertebrates Fungi and Algae

3 Chitin and Chitosan - Structure Chitin non-toxic, biodegradable, naturallyoccurring polysaccharide second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose Chitosan N-deacetylated form of chitin derived from chitin by deacetylation

4 Source:

5 Source:

6 Shellfish Processing Waste 14 35% chitin on a dry weight basis 2-4% N

7 Applications Health Care wound dressing and healing surgical sutures opthamology orthopedics pharmaceuticals cosmetics Waste Treatment removal of metal ions purify drinking water pools and spas product separation and recovery Food and Beverages preservative/stabilizer anticholesterol and fatbinding flavours and tastes Agriculture insecticides fungicides seed, in-furrow, foliar and post-harvest treatments

8 Possible mechanisms of disease control: antimicrobial properties stimulation of host resistance mechanisms enhance complement of beneficial bacteria and fungi - chitinolytic species - competitive effects - direct antibiosis

9 Antimicrobial Effects fungicidal properties of chitosan oligomers (Allan and Hadwiger 1979) - reduced growth of fungi except those with chitosan as a major cell wall component bacteriostatic activity (Wang 1992) interferes with plasma membrane function; inhibits mrna synthesis

10 Stimulation of Host Resistance chitin/chitosan components of fungal pathogens host recognition responses inducers of PR genes chitinases, chitosanases, glucanases (Fajardo et al. 1998) elicits phytoalexin formation (6-methoxymellein in carrots Reddy et al. 1999; pisatin in peas Kendsra and Hadwiger 1984) induces the production of antifungal hydrolases (Hirano 1999) enhanced PAL activity: a key enzyme in the synthesis of phenolic compounds (Romanazzi et al. 2002) salicylic acid (Sathiyabama and Balasubramanian 1998) hypersensitive response (glucols, phenols, lignins, callose synthesis Benhamou et al. 1994) stimulates the accumulation of signal molecules jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species and protein kinases which play a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways length and quality of oligomers plays a role

11 Successful disease control reports: common scab of potato grey mold of fruits blue mold of fruits Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato green mold of citrus downy mildew of grapes powdery mildew Only a handful of registered products available.

12 Objectives: To determine if lobster waste used as a soil amendment is an effective source of plant nutrition and biological control method for soilborne fungi pathogenic to potatoes To determine if disease suppression is related to the complex of soil organisms

13 Making a seafood based compost, with moderate N release ability Lay down 12 inch bed of straw Add shell waste Cover with wet sawdust

14 Seafood Compost -next step Add second layer of shell waste Add wet partially decomposed straw Turn for mixing 2x

15 Seafood 35 days 44 C, with good odour and texture Day 12 no heat, added water and more waste Turned twice weekly for aeration

16 Raw Product Compost

17 Field Trial Establishment

18 Methodology Cultivar: Superior (cut seed for planting) Field Treatment: A. raw lobster waste B. compost C. conventional fertilizer (control) Application: Banded or Broadcast Field Design: 4 replications, 6 plots/rep

19 Emergence

20 ph - September Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer (control) 5.1b 5.1b 5.7c Raw lobster waste 5.4ab 4.9b 6.0b Composted lobster waste 6.0a 5.7a 6.5a

21 Chlorophyll Meter - August

22 Chlorophyll Meter - August Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer (control) 36.5b na 40.0a Raw lobster waste 40.4a na 40.4a Composted lobster waste 33.7c na 35.8b

23 Rhizoctonia stem canker and black scurf

24 Mean number of diseased stolons - JULY 2002 Treatment/ Application INF B 2003 INF 2004 B INF B Fertilizer a 7.1a 16.4a 15.3ab Raw na Compost ab 7.6a 13.5ab 14.3b b 8.7a 7.3b 21.0a

25 Mean severity of black scurf (% of tuber surface covered) 2002 Treatment/ Application INF 2003 INF B Synthetic Fertilizer 5.0a 5.7a (control) Raw lobster waste 3.0b Composted lobster 3.9ab 5.0a waste na B

26 Total Yield (t/ha) Banded Treatment Broadcast Compost 20.9b 18.5a 19.6b 17.6a Fertilizer 29.5a 21.9a 25.5ab 19.8a Raw 6.6c 24.3a 30.0a 19.9a

27 % Ca in tuber tissue Compost 0.18 a 0.22 b Fertilizer 0.14 b 0.21 b Raw 0.20 a 0.27 a Treatment

28 Bacteria CFUs (x 107)/ g dry soil on TSA Treatment Synthetic Fertilizer (control) Raw lobster waste Composted lobster waste Mean 2.39a 0.56b 0.89b

29 Microorganism Growth on Chitin-Amended Medium

30 Bacteria CFUs (x 107)/ g dry soil on Chitin-Amended Medium Treatment Mean Synthetic Fertilizer b Raw lobster waste a Composted 2.16 lobster waste a Mean 1.67a 0.26c 0.78b

31 Fungi CFUs (x 107)/ g dry soil on Chitin-Amended Medium Treatment Mean Synthetic Fertilizer b Raw lobster waste a Composted lobster waste a Mean 0.80a 0.12c 0.34b

32 Challenge Inoculations 1 4 Scale

33 Challenge Inoculations Fusarium sambucinum Compost Fertilizer Raw 3.54 c 3.83 a 3.75 b

34 Challenge Inoculations Rhizoctonia solani Compost Fertilizer Raw 3.39 b 3.77 a 3.72 a

35 Transmission of biocontrol agents to tubers?

36 Summary Lobster Waste source of nutrition for plant growth increased Ca in tubers enhanced communities of beneficial soil microorganisms - chitinolytic species - direct antibiosis soil-borne disease suppression organic production

37 Acknowledgments John MacLeod, AAFC, Plant Nutrition Brian Murray

38 Acknowledgments Tony Sturz, PEI Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture April Driscoll Carol Banks Albert Coffin Karen Connolly

39 Acknowledgments Rick Peters, AAFC, Vegetable Pathology Roger Henry Kathryn Drake Anne MacPhail Michelle MacDonald

40 Thank you! For more information: Contact Rick Peters: Web site: