Gas Detection Limits. Proven quality.

Transcription

1 Gas Detection Limits Proven quality.

2 About LumaSense Technologies LumaSense Technologies is a global leader in providing quality sensor instrumentation to the industrial, semiconductor, energy and medical markets. LumaSense Technologies focuses, through the well known INNOVA Systems and Instruments, on activities in the fields of Gas Analysis and Indoor Climate Measurements. Two elements characterize the company well measuring techniques and system solutions. Quality and service are key issues of the company and assured through skilled personnel and a highly qualified development team with decade of experience. Microphone technology is an important tool in measuring gases through the use of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy also known as PAS. This is a unique technique offering the customer an outstanding degree of measurement stability with exceptional sensitivity. The LumaSense applications engineering department continually works to improve the PAS technique and to test its applications in new areas. This is how the knowledge accumulated at LumaSense is used to meet the needs of our customers. Product development is always based on customer needs for specific solutions. Consequently, customers are an integral part of the development process. Not until we deliver user-friendly solutions that meet the customers requirements for quick, efficient and reliable solutions to problems, do we at LumaSense consider the job done! LumaSense s past, thus, bears witness to our never ending efforts at meeting the application demands of our customers. We feel confident that you, too, will benefit from the expertise we have built in this field. Our INNOVA products offer a number of measuring instruments and system solutions to determine the concentration of gases and vapors in air, for evaluation of ventilation and thermal comfort in indoor environments, vehicles and for leak monitoring of pressurized vessels or tubes. Ask for the LumaSense catalogues or look at our homepages or Our know-how is the key to customer confidence! Ask us we may have the solution to YOUR problem! Capitol Copenhagen Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA Tel Fax Energivej 30, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark Tel Fax P/N

3 Since most gases have characteristic infrared absorption spectra, infrared spectroscopy is an excellent monitoring tool. LumaSense has a selection of INNOVA gas-monitors exploring this technique to provide a very stable and sensitive detection limits Infrared Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy (PAS). The selectivity of any infrared detection method is enhanced by selective irradiation with light of the desired wavelength. The range of optical filters is designed to provide you with the best options for choosing the optimal light wavelength range for the specific monitoring need. Photoacoustic Field Gas-Monitor INNOVA 1412 is capable of simultaneous monitoring up to five component gases and water vapor in any air sample. The monitor is well suited and very efficient in both short and long time monitoring applications. At short time monitoring, it is the portability, has minimal warm-up time and built-in data storage capability. In long time monitoring the PAS system is especially stable, and the multipoint sampling option and the data handling features should be highlighted. The INNOVA 1412 can be configured to perform almost any kind of monitoring task. A special optical filter is permanently installed and enables water vapor contribution to be measured separately during each measurement cycle. The instrument is, thus, able to compensate for water vapor interference. Any other gas, which is known to be present in the ambient air, can be compensated for in a similar way. By installing an optical filter to selectively measure the concentration of the interfering gas, the user can set up the 1412 to compensate for the interfering gas contribution. Photoacoustic Multi-gas Monitor INNOVA 1314 has the same specifications as the 1412 instrument, but it is housed in a rugged box that fits in a standard 19 inches rack. Included with the 1412 and the 1314 instrument is user software. The software displays measurement data in a table or a graphical window and it uses a SQL 2005 database giving online access to measurement data from Microsoft Excel. PHOTOACOUSTIC FIELD GAS-MONITOR INNOVA 1412 PHOTOACOUSTIC MULTI-GAS MONITOR INNOVA 1314

4 PAS SYSTEM USED IN THE INNOVA INSTRUMENTS

5 UNIT OF IR-SOURCE WITH ELLIPSOID MIRROR UNIT OF PAS MEASUREMENT CELL

6 Infrared spectra The C H fundamental stretching vibration frequencies are always in the region from 3.2 to 3.6 μm. The infrared spectra for Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, Sevoflurane in that region is shown in the figure below. Halothane Enflurane Isoflurane Desflurane Sevoflurane

7 The optical filters Optical filters used in INNOVA instruments display different characteristics, while sharing a basic design. Each filter comprises three separate infrared elements; a narrow-band pass element, a short-wave pass element and a wide-band pass element. The narrow-band pass element has very specific transmission characteristics. These are further defined by short-wave pass and wide-band pass elements, which prevent transmission of light at other wavelengths; as a result the optical filters have low leakage characteristics. The narrow-band pass filter determines the center wavelength and bandwidth of the optical filter, and, thus, which gases can be detected. The ranges of optical filters span the entire fingerprint region (700 to 1350 cm -1 ) plus the region between 2000 and 3000 cm -1 (see Fig. 1 and Table 3). The gap in the infrared spectrum between 1350 cm -1 and 2000 cm -1 is due to strong water absorption. This region is only suited for monitoring water vapor. In the Table 3 the specifications for the 27 optical filters is summarized. The bandwidth is given as a percentage of the filter center wavelength. For example, the bandwidth of UA0987 becomes 3.4μm x 60% = 0.204μm. Fig. 1 and Table 3 contain 4 special filters: SB0527 is the standard filter for measurement of water vapor. The detection limit for this filter is 50 ppm. UA6010 is a high sensitive filter for measurement of water vapor. The detection limit for this filter is 0.1 ppm. The main application is measurement of humidity in pure gases. UA6009 is a high sensitive filter for measurement of Carbon dioxide. The detection limit for this filter is 7 ppb. The main application is measurement of Carbon dioxide in pure gases. UA6008 is a dedicated filter for measurement of mustard gas. The detection limit for this filter is 0.1 ppm. Choosing a filter: Immunity to interfering species is perhaps the most important consideration in any gas detection application. Careful consideration of potential interference is therefore essential. Depending on the concentration and type of interfering gases and on the measurement range required, different filters may be selected in different applications in order to measure the same gas. Table 3. Filter specifications Optical filter Filter Centre Number μm cm -1 Bandwidth % UA UA UA UA UA UA UA SB UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA UA Dimensions: Diameter Height Operating Temperature Relative Humidity Storage Temperature mm 5.15 mm -20 C to +70 C 0% to 95% RH -25 C to +70 C All LumaSense optical filters comply with MIL-SC-48497A requirements.

8 Wavenumber/wavelength and bandwidth Wavenumber (cm- 1 ) Wavelength (μm) Fig. 1 Centre wavelength and half-power bandwidths of the optical filters

9 Information about this chart: For each gas/vapor in the table below, one or more optical filters and corresponding detection limits are listed. The interference caused by water vapor and carbon dioxide in ambient air is a problem inherent in all infrared methods of detection. The extent of this interference is dependent on the optical filter used. Some optical filters are more sensitive to these substances than others, and color-coding has been introduced to illustrate the sensitivity of the filters (details are given below). Color coding of the optical filters used in the chart These optical filters are sensitive to water vapor. In these regions of the infrared spectrum, water vapor interferes heavily with all infrared technologies. However, the unique water compensation algorithm of the INNOVA gas monitors minimizes this effect, thus, expanding the usable range of infrared measurements. These optical filters are sensitive to Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide interference can, however, be compensated for when using the 1412 and 1314 instruments. An optical filter can be installed in the monitors to measure the level of carbon dioxide and the instruments can then automatically compensate for the interference. These optical filters are not affected by interference from Carbon dioxide and water vapor. If a gas is measured in clean ambient air using one of these optical filters, the listed detection limit will not be affected by the presence of Carbon dioxide or water vapor, except if these are present in very high concentrations. Notification used in the chart: Bold = Measured detection limit verified by LumaSense laboratory in Denmark. Normal = Calculated detection limit. Detection limit: The minimum concentration of a substance that produces an observable response. For the INNOVA gas monitors, the observable response is equal to twice the noise signal on the measured concentrations when monitoring in dry air. Sample Integration Time (SIT): To optimize each measurement task, providing faster response time or lower detection limits, the Photoacoustic Multi-gas Monitor - INNOVA 1314 and the Photoacoustic Field Gas-Monitor INNOVA 1412 have the option of adjusting the SIT between 0.5 and 50 seconds. SIT DLF Table 1. Detection Limit Factor as a function of Sample Integration Time The DLF is the Detection Limit Factor. To get the detection limit at a given SIT one has to multiply the detection limit in the chart with the corresponding DLF: Detection limit = Detection limit in chart x DLF RELATIVE STRENGTH OF ABSORPTION BAND vw = very week w = week m = medium s = strong vs = very strong For more information look at the example on the back of this chart. Dynamic range: The 1412 and 1314 instruments have very wide dynamic ranges of up to five orders of magnitude. This means that the measurement range is from the detection limit of a gas up to 100,000 times the detection limit at 5 SIT. Note: This chart should only be used as a guide when choosing an optical filter for a specific measurement task. If more than one infrared absorbing gas is present in the air being monitored, this will frequently affect the choice of optical filter. Consequently, it is recommended that the local LumaSense representative is contacted for help in choosing the optimum filter configuration.

10 Converting concentration units The detection limits listed on this wall chart are given in parts per million by volume (ppm) at 20 C and 1 atmosphere of pressure. These values can be converted into the concentration unit mg/m³ by using equation (1) given in the box below. For a gas at 20 C and at 1 atmosphere of pressure: (1) Concentration (ppm) x Molec. Weight (g/mol) Concentration (mg/m³) = l/mol To convert measured gas concentrations from mg/m³ to ppm (at T C and P atm.): Equation (1) can only be used to convert concentration units of a gas measured at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and at a temperature of 20 C. If the gas is at a pressure of P atmospheres and its temperature is T Kelvin, then the conversion equation becomes: Concentration (mg/m³) x Molar Volume (l/mol) Concentration (ppm) = Molec. Weight (g/mol) To Convert ppm to mg/m³ (at 20 o C and 1 atm.): Reading from the chart, the detection limit at 20 C and 1 atmosphere pressure of Toluene is 0.5 ppm using the UA0974. The molecular weight of Toluene is g/mol. Using equation (1) shown in the box above, the detection limit can be calculated in mg/m³: Detection Limit = 0.5 x = 1.92 mg/m³ Table 2. Molar Volume of an ideal gas at 1 atmosphere of pressure at different temperatures Where: Molec. Weight = molecular weight of the substance (in g/mol). This can be found in the Detection Limit Chart. Molar Volume = is the volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at a specified temperature and pressure. Table 2 lists the molar volume of a gas at various temperatures and 1 atmosphere of pressure. Its value at a temperature of T K and a pressure of P atmosphere can be calculated from the following equation: Molar Volume = RT Where: T = temperature of the gas in K P R = Gas Constant = x 10 ² liter atm. K ¹ mole ¹ P = pressure of the gas in atmospheres Temperature ( C) Molar Volume (l/mol) Calculation of detection limits for different SIT settings To calculate the detection limit at Sample Integration Times (SIT) other than 5 seconds, the following equation must be used: Detection limit = Detection limit in chart x DLF The factor DLF can be read in Table 1. Example: Reading from the chart the detection limit for Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) using the optical filter UA0988 is ppm. Calculating the detection limit using SIT of 0.5 second and 50 seconds gives the following result: Detection limit SF 6 (SIT of 0.5) = ppm x 3.2 = ppm Detection limit SF 6 (SIT of 50) = ppm x 0.3 = ppm

11 Detection limits in part per million at 20 0 C, 1 atmosphere pressure and SIT=5 sec. Name Bruttoformula Molec.- weight Optical filter number Centre wavelenght (in micrometer) Centre wavenumber (in cm -1 ) Acetaldehyde C 2H 4O 44, Acetic acid C 2H 4O Acetic anhydride C 4H 6O Acetone C 3H 6O Acetonitrile C 2H 3N w 2.5 Acetophenone C 8H 8O Acetylene C 2H Acrolein C 3H 4O m Acrylonitrile C 3H 3N Allylchloride C 3H 5Cl Aminobutane C 4H 11N Aminoethane C 2H 7N Aminoethanol C 2H 7NO m m s s Aminomethane CH 5N Aminopropane C 3H 9N s m m m Ammonia NH Aniline C 6H 7N Arsine AsH Benzene C 6H Benzylchloride / α-chlorotoluene C 7H 7Cl Biphenyl C 12H m w Bis-1-methyl ethyl ether C 6H 14O s s s s Bis-2-chlor ethyl ether C 4H 8Cl 2O Borontrifluoride BF Bromoethane C 2H 5Br m s s s Bromomethane CH 3Br ,3-Butadiene C 4H Butane C 4H Butanethiol / Butyl mercaptan C 4H 10S s s m Butanoic acid C 4H 8O Butanol C 4H 10O Butanol C 4H 10O s m m m Butanone / Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) C 4H 8O Butenal / Crotonaldehyde C 4H 6O m m s s 0.2 s 2-Butoxyethanol C 6H 14O n-butyl acetate C 6H 12O sec-butyl acetate C 6H 12O s s s m tert-butyl acetate C 6H 12O s s s Butyl acrylate C 7H 12O tert-butyl alcohol / tert-butanol C 4H 10O n-butyl glycidyl ether C 7H 14O s s m Butylglycol C 4H 10O s s s m Butyraldehyde C 4H 8O s s 1 Caprolactam C 6H 11NO s/m m m Carbon dioxide CO Carbon disulphide CS Carbon monoxide CO Carbonylchloride / Phosgene COCl Carbonylsulphide COS Chlorobenzene C 6H 5Cl

12 Name Bruttoformula Molec.- weight Chloroethane C 2H 5Cl Chloroethanol C 2H 5ClO m m m m m Chloroform CHCl Chloromethane CH 3Cl Chloro-1-nitropropane C 3H 6ClNO m m m m Chloropicrin / Trichloronitromethane CCl 3NO w s α-chlorotoluene / Benzylchloride C 7H 7Cl m-cresol / 3-Methylphenol C 7H 8O Crotonaldehyde / 2-Butenal C 4H 6O m m s 0.2 s Cumene / Isopropylbenzene C 9H m m 0.7 m Cyanogen bromide BrCN Cyclohexane C 6H Cyclohexanol C 6H 12O s s m Cyclohexanone C 6H 10O s 0.2 m Cyclohexene C 6H n-decane C 10H Decene C 10H Desflurane C 3H 2F 6O m Deuterium oxide D 2O s s Diamine / Hydrazine N 2H Diaminoethane C 2H 8N Diborane B 2H o-dichlorobenzene / 1,2-Dichlorobenzene C 6H 4Cl m-dichlorobenzene / 1,3-Dichlorobenzene C 6H 4Cl p-dichlorobenzene / 1,4-Dichlorobenzene C 6H 4Cl ,1-Dichloroethane C 2H 4Cl ,2-Dichloroethane C 2H 4Cl ,1-Dichloroethene C 2H 2Cl vs 0.09 m 1,2-Dichloroethylene (cis) C 2H 2Cl s 1,2-Dichloroethylene (trans) C 2H 2Cl Dichloromethane CH 2Cl ,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane C 2H 3Cl 2NO m m m 1,2-Dichloropropane C 3H 6Cl Diethylamine C 4H 11N (N,N-Diethylamino)-ethanol C 6H 15NO s m 0.4 Diethylenglycol dimethylether C 6H 14O Diethylenglycol monobutyl ether C 8H 18O s m s s m Diethylentriamin C 4H 13N s Diethyl ether C 4H 10O Diethyl ketone (DEK) / 3-Pentanone C 5H 10O Diethyl malonate C 7H 12O m s s Diisopropylamine / Di-1-methylethylamine C 6H 15N s s m m N,N-Dimethyl acetamide C 4H 9NO m m Dimethylamine C 2H 7N (Dimethylamino)-ethanol C 4H 11NO s vs m N,N-Dimethylanilin (DMA) C 8H 11N m m m m Dimethyl disulphide C 2H 6S s s m Dimethyl ester sulphuric acid (DMS) C 2H 6O 4S Dimethylethylamine C 4H 11N s Dimethyl formamide (DMF) C 3H 7NO ,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone C 9H 18O ,1-Dimethylhydrazine C 2H 8N s s s s Dimethylnitrosamine C 2H 6N 2O Dimethyl sulphate C 2H 6O 4S m s vs

13 Name Bruttoformula Molec.- weight Dimethyl sulphide C 2H 6S s Dimethyl sulphite C 2H 6O 3S m s s m Dinitrogendifluoride N 2F Dinitrogen oxide / Nitrous Oxide N 2O ,4-Dioxane / 1,4-Diethylene oxide C 4H 8O Diphenyl ether C 12H 10O m/w s s s Dipropylnitrosamine C 6H 14N 2O Enflurane C 3H 2ClF 5O Epichlorohydrine C 3H 5ClO m Ethane C 2H Ethanethiol / Ethyl mercaptan C 2H 6S s 1 2 Ethanol C 2H 6O Ethanolamine C 2H 7NO Ethene C 2H Ethoxyethanol / Cellosolve C 4H 10O s 0.02 s m 2-Ethoxy ethyl acetate C 6H 12O Ethyl acetate C 4H 8O Ethyl acrylate C 5H 8O Ethyl benzene C 8H Ethyleneglycol / Ethanediol C 2H 6O m 0.09 m Ethylene oxide C 2H 4O Ethyl formate C 3H 6O Ethyl-1-Hexanol C 8H 18O Ethyl hexyl acrylate C 11H 20O s 0.03 m Ethyl-2-methylpyridine C 8H 11N s m 0.6 Fluorobenzene C 6H 5F Formaldehyde CH 2O Formic acid CH 2O Freon 11 / Trichlorofluoromethane CCl 3F Freon 12 / Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl 2F Freon 12B2 / Dibromodifluoromethane CBr 2F Freon 13 / Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF Freon 14 / Tetrafluoromethane CF Freon 21 / Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl 2F vw Freon 22 / Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF Freon 23 / Trifluoromethane CHF m Freon 112 / 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane C 2Cl 4F s s s s Freon 113 / 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C 2Cl 3F Freon 114 / 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C 2Cl 2F 4 170, Freon 115 / Chloropentafluoroethane C 2ClF Freon 116 / Hexafluoroethane C 2F Freon 134a / Tetrafluoroethane C 2H 2F Freon 141b / 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane C 2H 3Cl 2F Freon 152 / 1,2-Difluoroethane C 2H 4F Freon152a / 1,1-Difluoroethane C 2H 4F vw Freon 1113 / Chlorotrifluoroethene C 2ClF Furfural C 5H 4O Furfuryl alcohol C 5H 6O m s 0.1 s Glutaraldehyde C 5H 8O Halon 1011 / Bromochloromethane CH 2BrCl Halon 1211 / Bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF Halon 1301 / Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF Halon 2402 / 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane C 2Br 2F Halothane C 2HBrClF

14 Detection limits in part per million at 20 0 C, 1 atmosphere pressure and SIT=5 sec. Name Bruttoformula Molec.- weight Optical filter number Centre wavelenght (in micrometer) Centre wavenumber (in cm -1 ) 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane C 3HF n-heptane C 7H Heptanone C 7H 14O Heptanone C 7H 14O m m m Hexachloroethane C 2Cl s Hexanal C 6H 12O m s 0.2 n-hexane C 6H Hexanoic acid C 6H 12O s m m Hexanol C 6H 14O s s 1-Hexene C 6H HFO 1234yf / 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene C 3H 3F vs Hydrazine / Diamine N 2H Hydrogenchloride HCl Hydrogencyanide HCN Hydrogensulphide H 2S Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone C 6H 12O s m m Isobutyl acetate / 2-Methyl-1-propyl acetate C 6H 12O s s s Isobutyl alcohol / 2-Methyl-1-propanol C 4H 10O s m s m Isoflurane C 3H 2ClF 5O Isooctane / 2,2,4 Trimethylpentane C 8H Isopentane / 2-Methylbutane C 5H Isophorone / 3,5,5-Trimethylcyclohexen-1-one C 9H 19O Isoprene / 2-Methylbutadien C 5H Isopropyl acetate / 2-Propyl acetate C 5H 10O m s s m Isopropylbenzene / Cumene C 9H m m 0.7 m Limonene C 10H Maleic anhydride C 4H 2O m m m Methane CH Methanethiol / Methyl mercaptan CH 4S Methanol CH 4O Methoxyethanol C 3H 8O m Methoxyflurane C 3H 4Cl 2F 2O Methoxy-2-propanol C 4H 10O s s s Methyl acetate C 3H 6O Methyl acrylate C 4H 6O o-methylanilin / o-toluidine C 7H 9N Methylbiphenyl C 13H s m m s 2-Methylbutadien / Isoprene C 5H Methyl-1-butanol / Isoamyl alcohol C 5H 13O s s m 3-Methyl-2-butanone / Methyl isopropyl ketone C 5H 10O Methyl butyl acetate / Isoamyl acetate C 7H 14O Methyl tert-butyl ether C 5H 12O Methylcellosolve acetate C 5H 10O m s m m Methylcyclohexane C 7H Methylcyclohexanol C 7H 14O s m m 2-Methylcyclohexanone C 7H 12O s m m Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) / Butanone C 4H 8O Methylformate C 2H 4O Methyl-3-heptanone C 8H 16O s m m Methylhydrazin CH 6N

15 Name Bruttoformula Molec.- weight Methyliodide CH 3I Methyl isobutyl carbinol / 4-Methyl-2-pentanol C 6H 14O s m m m Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) C 6H 12O Methyl isopropyl ketone / 3-Methyl-2-butanone C 5H 10O Methyl methacrylate C 5H 8O Methyl-2-pentanol / Methyl isobutyl carbinol C 6H 14O s m m m 4-Methyl-2-pentanone C 6H 12O Methylpropane C 4H Methylpropene C 4H s s 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone / N-Methylpyrrolidone C 5H 9NO s Methylsalicylate C 8H 8O m s s m α-methylstyrene C 9H m s 0.5 s m-methylstyrene C 9H s s m s Monomethylhydrazine CH 6N s s s m Morpholine C 4H 9NO m Naphthalene C 10H Nitrobenzene C 6H 5NO Nitroethane C 2H 5NO m m m Nitrogentrifluoride NF Nitromethane CH 3NO Nitropropane C 3H 7NO m m m 2-Nitropropane C 3H 7NO Nitrosomorpholine C 4H 8N 2O Nitrotoluene / m-nitrotoluene C 7H 7NO w Nitrous Oxide / Dinitrogen oxide N 2O Nonane C 9H Nonanoic acid C 9H 18O s m m Octane C 8H s s Octanoic acid C 8H 16O s m m 1-Octanol C 8H 18O Octene C 8H Pentanal C 5H 10O s 0.3 Pentane C 5H Pentanone C 5H 10O n-pentyl acetate / Amyl acetate C 7H 14O Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane C 8F s Perfluoromethylcyclohexane C 7F s Phenol C 6H 6O Phenylhydrazine C 6H 8N vw m m 1-Phenylpropane C 9H s Phosgene / Carbonylchloride COCl Phosphine PH α-pinene C 10H Propadiene C 3H Propane C 3H ,2-Propanediol / Propylenglycol C 3H 8O s 0.01 m Propanoic acid C 3H 6O Propanol C 3H 8O s Propanol C 3H 8O Propene C 3H n-propyl acetate C 5H 10O m s m m 2-Propyl acetate / Isopropyl acetate C 5H 10O m s s m Propylenglycol / 1,2-Propanediol C 3H 8O s 0.01 m Propylen oxide C 3H 6O s

16 Name Bruttoformula Molec.- weight Propylnitrate C 3H 7NO s s s m Propyne / Methylacetylene C 3H Pyridine C 5H 5N Sevoflurane C 4H 3F 7O Silane SiH s m Silicon tetrafluoride SiF Styrene C 8H Sulphur dioxide SO Sulphur hexafluoride SF ,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane C 2H 2Br vw m s m 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane C 2H 2Cl Tetrachloroethene C 2Cl Tetrachloromethane CCl Tetraethylplumbane C 8H 20Pb s 0.2 s 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene / HFO 1234yf C 3H 3F vs Tetrahydrofuran C 4H 8O Tetrahydrothiophene C 4H 8S m 2 Thionyl chloride Cl 2OS s Thiophene C 4H 4S s m s Toluene C 7H ,4-Toluenediamine C 7H 10N w m m 2,4-Toluenediisocyanate (TDI) C 9H 6N 2O s m m o-toluidine / o-methylanilin C 7H 9N Total Organic Carbon ref. Methane (TOC). 0.1 Total Organic Carbon ref. Propane (TOC) Total Organic Carbon ref. Toluene (TOC) Tribromomethane / Bromoform CHBr vw ,2,4-Trichloro benzene C 6H 3Cl s 0.4 s 1,1,1-Trichloroethane C 2H 3Cl ,1,2-Trichloroethane C 2H 3Cl Trichloroethene C 2HCl Trichloronitromethane / Chloropicrine CCl 3NO w s 1,2,3-Trichloropropane C 3H 5Cl w m m s Triethylamine (TEA) C 6H 15N Trifluoromethyliodid CF 3I s 0.01 m Trimethylamine (TMA) C 3H 9N ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene C 9H m s 3,5,5-Trimethylcyclohexen-1-one / Isophorone C 9H 19O ,3,5-Trioxane C 3H 6O w Undecane C 11H Vinyl acetate C 4H 6O Vinyl chloride C 2H 3Cl m-xylene C 8H Notification used in the chart: Bold = Measured detection limit verified by LumaSense laboratory in Denmark Normal = Calculated detection limit Relative strenght of absorption band: vw=very week w=weak m=medium s=strong vs=very strong Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA Tel Fax Energivej 30, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark Tel Fax