PreAssignment #14 The Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems Name: Section #:

Transcription

1 PreAssignment #14 The Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems Name: Section #: 1) Label the names of the common endocrine glands indicated in this diagram. Then, list a few of the major hormones (if there is more than one) that they produce: a. ovary produces b. testis produces only c. thyroid produces d. thymus produces only e. parathyroids produce only g. pineal produces only i. pancreas produces f. adrenals produce h. pituitary produces 2) Hormones released in our blood are created from either single amino acids, linked amino acids (called proteins), or from a cholesterol base (called steroids). Polyunsaturated fatty acid chains (called prostaglandins) have direct cellular actions, and never enter the blood! The protein hormones can t enter cells, but rather must bind to external receptors. Steroids, however, go right through cellular and nuclear membranes and bind to the DNA, directly altering transcription. The more common blood forms are the amino acid/protein group and the steroids. For each of the following hormones, label them as either amino acid/proteins or steroids: Hormone Name testosterone insulin tyrosine calcitriol AA/protein or Steroid? Hormone Name oxytocin growth hormone estrogen thyroid stimulating hormone AA/protein or Steroid?

2 3) Hormones can have cumulative effects, or cells can change their sensitivity to them over time. Just like with hearing, yelling more or hearing better have the exact same effect! Describe concisely how the following processes are important for our overall hormonal actions: a. up regulation b. down regulation c. second messengers d. tropic hormones 4) The hypothalamus regulates the functions of both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland, but does so in different ways. The posterior pituitary is directly connected to the brain (by the infundibulum), and thus has direct hypothalamic control. The anterior pituitary, however, must be controlled by releasing factors (or RFs) since there is no infundibulum connection! That makes the anterior hormones all tropic (since the RF causes their subsequent release). List the anterior/posterior hormones and concisely tell me their general functions: a. seven anterior pituitary hormones (and their functions) b. two posterior pituitary hormones (and their functions)

3 5) Endocrinologists diagnose and treat problems with either hormonal release, cellular changes in sensitivity, or improper feedback loops created by hormones. In other words, they have to be pretty smart and get paid pretty well! For each of the following hormonal disorders, describe what is functionally wrong with the endocrinology of a patient suffering from: a. diabetes insipidus b. hypothyroidism c. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) d. acromegaly e. Cushing s disease f. polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) g. diabetes mellitus h. Grave s disease 6) The cardiovascular system moves hormones in our bodies, and consists of the blood (the only fluid connective tissue), the heart (a pump that circulates the fluid), and our arteries, veins, and capillaries (a series of conducting hoses for blood). If we spin the blood to measure our hematocrit, it separates into plasma and the formed elements. List the 3 formed elements and at least 5 common proteins found in the plasma, and then give a function for each one: 3 Formed Elements: 5-6 Plasma Proteins:

4 7) Blood cells are formed within our red bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis. RBC production (or erythropoiesis) requires a massive amount of hemoglobin production. It is stimulated by low oxygen levels (hypoxia) and requires a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO). After reading about the process, please tell me: a. Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure. Describe the parts needed for its structure. b. Explain why proteins, iron, and Vitamin B12 are needed. c. Why do you need a spleen, liver, and small intestine for hemoglobin recycling? d. During recycling of hemoglobin, what are the specific functions of ferritin, transferrin, and bilirubin. 8) Your blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific surface markers on RBCs. These glycoproteins (antigens) are genetically determined. Red blood cells have at least 50 different antigens, but only three of the antigens are of particular importance: A, B, and Rh factor. If you do not have a particular antigen, you will make antibodies to it, and clot any foreign blood cells. That is why transfusions with the wrong blood type can often be fatal. a. If you have B + blood, what 4 blood types can you receive? b. If you have A - blood, what 2 blood types can you receive? c. If you have AB - blood, what 4 blood types can you receive? d. Why are the blood types AB + and O - special?

5 9) Unlike RBCs, our white blood cells (WBCs) circulate for only a short time during their life span, and then migrate through the loose and dense connective tissues of the body. They use the bloodstream to travel from one organ to another, and as they travel along the miles of capillaries, WBCs can detect the chemical signs released from damage to surrounding tissues. When these cells detect problems, they leave the bloodstream and enter the damaged area. List the three types of granulocytes and two types of agranulocytes, write a function for each, and then properly label these images with the proper cell name: Granulocytes: Agranulocytes: 10) In a blood smear, platelets or thrombocytes, appear as disc-shaped cell fragments and play a major role in a vascular clotting system that also includes plasma proteins and the cells and tissues of the blood vessels. Platelets are continuously replaced. Each platelet circulates for 9 12 days before being removed by phagocytes, mainly in the spleen. About one-third of the platelets in the body at any moment are in the spleen and other vascular organs, rather than in the bloodstream. These reserves are mobilized during a circulatory crisis, such as severe bleeding. a. Platelets are called cell fragments for what reason? Why are megakaryocytes needed for this? b. What function do thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 have in thrombopoiesis? c. Besides the ten plasma proteins (that we inherit genetically), what one glycoprotein and ion are also needed for the clotting response? d. Why are organ transplant patients often administered heparin after their surgery?