International Journal of Advance Research, IJOAR.org ISSN

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1 ISSN International Journal of Advance Research, IJOAR.org Volume 1, Issue 8, August 2013, Online: ISSN FOLIAR ANALYSIS OF FOOD PLANTS OF ERISILKWORM AFTER TREATING WITH FOLIAR SPRAY Dr.Mitalee Baruah,Asst. Prof. Dept.of Zoology, Madhabdev College,Dikrong Narayanpur.Lakhimpur,Assam. Abstract: Due to the different human activities like, industrialization, deforestation, etc. brings a great change in the environment which has already changed atmospheric characteristics such as temperature, rainfall, levels of carbon dioxides, the increased potential for droughts, that will pose challenges for farmers. All these condition adversely affect any sericulture or agro biological operations. An investigation on castor, kesseru and the kesseru leaves which treated with foliar spray Tricovit and chemical analysis of castor, kesseru leaves in different rearing season was carried out in the Dept. of Zoology, Madhabdev College, Narayanpur, Lakhimpur District during the year of The chemical analysis of the leaves showed that castor is better in respect of total nitrogen, crude protein, crude fat content followed by kesseru with highest amount of crude fibre content. In the treated kesseru extra micro nutrient content was supplied which are like Zn 5%, Boron 2.5%, Mg 2%, Cu 5% and K2O 2%. Moreover, here the extra carbohydrate and nitrogen are also present. Regardless, the food plants, the amount total mineral content, carbohydrate content decreased gradually with the maturity of leaves, while the total nitrogen, crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat content increased steadily from tender to mature leaves. In spring season, leaves were better for total nitrogen, and crude protein while in autumn season, leaves were better for crude fat, total carbohydrate content. The Nitrogen content was found slightly higher in summer than the spring and in late summer it was slightly higher than the autumn. Key Words: Castor(Ricinus communis),kesseru(heteropanax fragrans),treated Kesseru,Nitrogen,crude fibre, crude fat, carbohydrate,crude protein,minerals.

2 ISSN Introduction: In the rearing of erisilkworm the quality of leaves directly influence on healthy growth and survival of erisilkworm. Current agricultural practices involve deliberately maintaining ecosystem, in a highly simplified and nutrient rich state. In this adverse condition of environment to maximise the food value the food plant of erisilkworm are carefully selected to match local growing conditions. Limiting factor, specially water, mineral nitrogen and mineral phosphorous are supplied in excess to increased the food value of the food plant of erisilkworm and pests are also actively controlled. The abnormality of weather is a common feature of Asom due to the present environmental condition which is caused by human activities. The actual weather factors deviate at random and in varying degrees from the normal values at any period. Abrupt fluctuations of weather occur at any times which become harmful to any crop. Rangaswami et al. (1976) reported that the protein content of mulberry leaves differs with the maturity of leaves. Generally young leaves are more acidic than older leaves. Accumulation of protein in silkworm depends largely on the carbohydrates in the leaves. Non protein Nitrogen accounts for nearly 22 percent of the total nitrogen in young leaves and 18 percent in mature leaves. They reported that the composition of mulberry leaves varies with variety, degree of maturity and the type of soil in which the plants are grown[1]. Pandey (1995) studied on seasonal variation in Oak leaf quality of Quercus serrata and its impact on oak tassar silkworm rearing revealed that leaf proteins between March and April were up to 7 per cent. then declined up to 4 per cent in summer and autumn months. Conversely, crude fibre content was minimum during March. During spring (March) the moisture content was highest along with carbohydrate and crude protein while during April, the leaf moisture decreased with increase of crude protein and mineral contents[2]. Dutta et al. (1997) analysed the foliar constituents of four different food plants of muga silkworm. A. assama and found differences in values of nutrient constituents. With significantly low percentage of crude fibre and high amount of total nitrogen, protein, starch and calcium contents, mezankari (Listaea citrata) leaves were best in nutritive value followed by som (Machilus bornbycina) and soalu (L. polyantha) leaves. Digloti (L. salicifolia) occupied the last position in these respects[3]. Lohit Ch. Dutta (2000), Department of Sericulture AAU, Jorhat revealed there is an interrelationship within and between the larval growth and economic parameters of the eri silkworm and are dependent on the nutritional constituents of the castor leaves[4]. V. Nagaveni, M. P. Shree and K. Ravikumar (2002) revealed that feeding of diseased castor leaves to eri silkworm resulted insignificant, reduction in larval weight when compared to healthy castor leaves. This is attributed to the inferior nutritional status of the leaves which in term may be due to the decrease in photosynthetic pigments resulting in lower amount of starch and other nutrients[5]. B. K. Singh and P. K. Baruah, Dept. Of Botany, Cotton College, Assam (2010) in journal of Assam Science Society revealed that the rearing performance of Eri silkworm and its economic characters were better on castor during spring & autumn season while on kesseru rearing performance & economic parameters were superior during autumn, winter and spring season[6]. Hence with a view to improve the food value of the Kesseru by spraying the foliar spray on leaves for eri silkworm rearing in such environmental condition the present study was undertaken in different season with the following objective- To Evaluate the food plants qualities of eri silkworm. Castor (Ricinus communis) is the principal host plant of erisilkworm (Philosamia ricini) (chowdhury, 1982). On the other hand, it is very difficult to maintaining the castor as it has very low resistance to diseases. Moreover few castor plants do not stand in low-lying areas. Hence with a view to improve the food value of the secondary host plant, Kesseru (Heteropanax fragrans) by spraying the foliar spray on leaves for erisilkorm rearing, the study was undertaken. 2.Materials and Methods: Here the one Kesseru tree used for the investigation was 5 mitres in height. The leaves of the trees were treated by spraying the foliar spray Ticovit as 2 teaspoonful powder + 10 liters of water and are sprayed in both surface of the leaves. Chemical analysis of host plant leaves used were done for moisture, total nitrogen, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and total carbohydrate contents to ascertain their nutritive values. 2.1 Preparation of leaf sample: Leaf samples of three different types (tender, medium and mature) were collected separately from each host plants following the statistical norms, in the rearing periods of, The leaves were cleaned and then dried in hot air over at a temperature ranging between C for about two hours. The dried leaf samples were then grinded in an electric grinding machine to make it powder. The powdered leaf samples were kept separately in polythene bags which were used subsequently for analysis.

3 ISSN Experimental Findings and Discussion: 3.1. Total Nitrogen Content: The data on Nitrogen content in the different types of leaver of the food plants studied in Table 1, 1(a) and 1(a). Table 1. Total Nitrogen content (%) of different types of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini in different season Season Food Plants Late summer Table 1. (a) Effect of season on Nitrogen content (%) on leaves of P. ricini. Food plant Variety Late summer Form table (4.12) it was recorded that in all the food plants total nitrogen content increased gradually with the maturity of leaves. Irrespective the food plants total nitrogen content was higher on the mature leaves (2.87%) and found to be at par with median leaves (2.64%). The total nitrogen content was recorded lowest on tender leaves (2.01%) The interaction effect in respect of food plants x types of leaves x season was found to be significant on the total nitrogen content. Data from table 4.12(a) showed that the nitrogen content of the leaves of food plant in summer season was recorded slightly higher (2.65%) followed by spring (2.60%), late summer (2.45%) and lower on season (2.36%). In the same way the nitrogen content of the leaves of the was recorded significantly highest (2.80%) followed by H. fragrans (treated) (2.46%) and lowest on H. fragrans (Untreated) (2.28%).

4 ISSN Crude protein content : Data on crude protein content of the types of leaves of different food plants tested on different season have been depicted in the table 2, 2 (a)and figure2(a) Table- 2. Crude Protein content (%) of different types of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini in different season Season Late summer Table 2. (a) Effect of season on crude protein content (%) of leaves of food plants of P. ricini Food plant Variety Late summer It was noted from table 2 the types of leaves recorded its highest crude protein content on the matured leaves (14.74%). The lowest crude protein in content was recorded on the tender leaves (12.29%). Data showed on table 2(a) that the crude protein content of leaves of food plants in spring season was recorded the highest (13.79%) followed by summer (13.69%), late summer (13.52%) and slightly lowest in autumn season (13.34%).On the other hand data showed on table 4.13 (a) that the Crude Protein content on was recorded the highest (14.15%). In between the treated Kesseru and untreated Kesseru the former was recorded the slightly higher value (13.48%) then the later (13.14%).

5 ISSN Crude Fat Content : The Crude Fat Content on the tender, medium and matures leaves of the food plants are presented in the table 3, 3 (a) and figure 3(a). Table-3.Crude fat content (%) of types of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini in different season Season Late summer Table 3 (a) Effect of season on crude fat content (%) of leaves of food plants of P. ricini. Food plant Variety Late summer Table 3 shows that irrespective of food plants the types of leaves differed in respect of crude fat content. The highest crude fat content was recorded on the mature leaves (4.00%) while it was recorded lowest on the tender leaves (2.12%). From table 3 (a), It was recorder that the crude fat content became highest on autumn season (3.97%) followed by late summer (3.53%), summer (2.52%) and lowest on spring season (2.02%).The crude fat content was recorded almost same in all season of different food plants. Table3.(a) shows that the crude fat content on the leaves was recorded highest on H. fragrans (treated) (3.28%) while it was almost same with H. fragrans control (3.26%). R. Communis (Castor) which possesses lowest amount in this crude fat content (2.49%). The crude fat content is almost same both the treated and control H. fragrans.

6 ISSN Crude Fibre content: Data on crude fibre content on the different types of leaves of different food plants in different season are presented in the Table 4, 4(a) and figure 4 (a). Table- 4. Crude fibre content (%) of types of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini in different season. Season Late summer Table 4 (a) Effect of season on crude fibre content (%) of leaves of food plants of P. ricini. Food plant Variety Late summer Results showed in table 4 that irrespective of food plants the types of leaves differed in respect of crude fibre content. The highest crude fibre was recorded on the mature leaves (18.89%) and lowest on the tender leaves (14.85%). Results showed from table 4 (a) that among the season the crude fibre content was registered highest on late summer season (17.52%) followed by autumn (17.33%) summer (16.63%) and lowest on spring season (16.54%) Irrespective of food plants the crude fibre content was recorder lowest on R. Communis (14.79%). In between the treated Kesseru and control Kesseru the crude fibre content was recorder a little high in treated Kesseru (18.54%) then untreated Kesseru (18.52%). It was recorded almost same the crude fibre content in both these tested food plants.

7 ISSN Total Mineral Content: The total mineral content on the tender, medium and mature leaves of food plants in different season are presented in table 5,5 (a) and figure5 (a). Table - 5. Total Mineral content (%) of types of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini in different season Season Late summer Table 5 (a) Effect of season on total mineral content (%) of leaves of different food plants of P. Ricini Late summer Data showed on table 5 that the tender leaves recorded the highest amount of total mineral content (8.10%) while it was recorder lowest on the nature leaves (5.47%) and appeared to be statistically as per with the median leaves (6.00%). Data showed on table5 (a), regardless the types of leaves the total mineral content was found to be highest on H. fragrans treated (6.94%) whereas it was lowest on R. Communis (6.27%), and appeared to be statistically as per with the H. fragrans control (6.41%). Among the season it was recorded the highest mineral content of leaves of different food plants on spring season (6.69%). followed by summer (6.66%), autumn (6.43%) and lowest on late summer (6.39%). Data showed the total mineral content of different food plants is almost same irrespective of different season.

8 ISSN Total Carbohydrate Content: Total Carbohydrate content of tender medium and nature leaves of different food plants in different season listed have been presented in Table 6,6(a) and figure 6 (a). Table 6.Total Carbohydrate content (%) of types of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini in different season Season H fragrans(un) H fragrans (Un) H fragrans(un) Late summer H. fragrans(un) Mean Table 6 (a). Effect of season on Carbohydrate content (%) of leaves of different food plants of P. ricini. Food plant Variety Late summer Data showed that regardless the types of leaves the Carbohydrate content on the leaves of different food plants in different seasons differ significantly. Table 6. showed regardless the food plants the total Carbohydrate content was recorded highest on the tender leaves (58.92%) followed by medium leaves (55.05%) while it was recorded lowest on the mature leaves (51.37%). Data showed on table 6.(a) among the season the total Carbohydrate content

9 ISSN was recorded highest in autumn season (57.05%) followed by late summer (55.46%) summer (54.25%) while lowest in spring season (53.68%).Among the food plants data showed Table 6(a) that the total Carbohydrate content was recorded highest on the (58.15%) followed by Kesseru treated (54.53%), while lowest on Kesseru untreated (52.65% 4.Conclusion:From the study it become evident that H. fragrans (treated) emerged as the most efficient food plant for rearing of eri silk worm P. ricini than on the H. fragrans (untreated) because of more carbohydrate, minerals, and nitrogen content. This might be due to supplying of extra nutrient by spraying foliar spray on the leaves of Kesseru which contain more carbohydrate, more nitrogen, and more minerals. However, the study were obtained in the most suitable host plant castor, Ricinus communis than on the other two tested H. fragrans in its nutritional content. Thus, from these facts it suggests that by supplying extra nutrition to the leaves of H. fragrans it can be improved both quality and quantity of food plants to the eri silkworm for their better rearing performance. 5.References: [1] Basaiah, J.M.M. ((1990). Consumption and Utilization of Castor and Tapioca by eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisd. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 24, [2]Bharali, N. Saikia, B.C. (1979), Chemical analysis of Som leaves of certain varieties, Coordinated study of R.R.L., Jorhat and S.R.S. Dhakuakhana, (unpublished). [3] Bhattachary, A (2010 ), Improved seed crop rearing package for muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer ), Journal of the Assam science society. June, 2010, Vol. 51 pp, [4]Chandra, M. (1999 ), Post infectional biochemical changes in the leaves of food plants of eri silkworm. Ph.D. Thesis, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India. [5]Dutta, L.C. ; Kalita M.N. and Sarkar, C.R. (1997), Foliar constituents of the food plants of muga silkworm, Antheraea assama (westwood), Indian J. Seric., [6]Deka. T. C, ( 1989 ), The climate of Assam with reference to Guahati. Himalayan: Envt. Resources and development, pp [7]Pathak, A. K, (1988), Studies on nutrition, growth and cocoon characters of erisilkworm Philosamia ricini Hutt, fed on different varieties of leaves, M.Sc. Thesis, AAU, Jorhat, Assam. [9]Shingh B. K, (2010), Studies on season wise rearing performance and economic traits of eri silkworm (Samia ricini ) on castor and kesseru. Journal of the Assam science society, June, 2010, Vol 51 pp [10]Shree, M. P. ; Chandramma, M. and Venkatesh, (1998 ),Changes in leaves affected by fungal diseases, Sericologia, 38, the biochemical contents of castor Author,s Home address: C/O Mr. Birinchi Hazarika. Vill-Bhogpur, P.O- Bhogpur Chariali District- North Lakhimpur State-Assam Country-India.PIN NO

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