Trends of Arsenic Maximum Levels on Agricultural Commodities and Processed Agricultural Products

Transcription

1 J Fd Hyg Safety Vol 25, No 1, pp 16~23 (2010),QWTPCN QH (QQF *[IKGPG CPF 5CHGV[ Available online at òú Ý òƒœ éù µ ßÝŠ* ÂÎ Â ŠÂ Ü Â Â Ù Â ö 1 w, 1 w w y w w Trends of Arsenic Maximum Levels on Agricultural Commodities and Processed Agricultural Products Min-Kyoung Paik*, Won-Il Kim, Ji-Hyock Yoo, Jin-Kyoung Kim, Mi-Jin Kim, Geon-Jae Im, Moo-Ki Hong, and Ae-Son Om 1 Depart of Crop Life Safety, NACC, RDA, Suwon , Korea 1 Depart of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Hanyang Univ, Seoul, , Korea (Received December 18, 2009/Revised January 19, 2010/Accepted January 29, 2010) ABSTRACT - Although concerns about Arsenic (As) contamination in agricultural foods have currently increased, there in on adequate international risk management standards for As particularly on agricultural commodities and processed agricultural products This scenario holds true also in Korea Australia, and New Zealand has determined the As maximum level (ML) but only on cereals grains which is based on total As contents In addition, Japan has regulated the ML based on trivalent As contents in agricultural commodities, which do not have legal restrictions On the other hand, China has developed a systemic risk management to restrict the As contamination above MLs in agricultural commodities and processed agricultural products based on inorganic and total As contents The establishment of an adequate analytical method for As specification in agricultural foods is essential to determine the acceptable level of As in agricultural food Probabilistic approach may remove some uncertainties in calculating human risk assessment from As It should be reviewed in terms of maximum levels to set the best scenario based on a realiability and availability to achieve effective As management on agricultural foods in Korea Key words : Arsenic, Agricultural foods, Maximum level ƒ w w y t j ƒwš (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) y y (Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) w ƒƒ Group1 (carcinogenic to human) A (human carcinogen) w w w j 1,2) ù 1974 Geneva 17 FAO/WHO w z (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) w ƒ š y 3) FAO/WHO w z *Correspondence to: Min-Kyoung Paik, Depart of Crop Life Safety, NACC, RDA, Suwon , Korea Tel: , Fax: mink1114@koreakr w» ü (provisional tolerable weekly intake; PTWI) 70 kg» 15 ug/ kg/week, ü (provisional tolerable daily Intake; PTDI) 21 ug/kg/day w 4,5) ù ƒ PTDI wš š z PTWI mw 6,7) y»(g) y» ( ) mw t ƒ ƒ 8,9), m,, š w ƒ š w 1011) p yw w» w wš š š š w» w w š w w w ƒ w 2) sww ƒœt 16

2 Trends of Arsenic Maximum Levels on Agricultural Commodities and Processed Agricultural Products 17 ù p š w w wƒ š q ù sww ƒœt xy r š, ƒ ƒœt ƒ š x» w w r š w òú Ý ƒœ éù t» w 35% ƒ» w x» 015 mg/kg w, ƒ œw w 0010~0034 mg/kg x» w 0005~0020 mg/kg 48~63% w š šw,, t w ww 12) w, 2006 mw w w š mw ƒƒ 4% 88% ùkû, p w» š mw ƒƒ 23% 3% w ùkù t m w w w w 8) t s³ 0063 mg/kg» ƒ w x šw 2005 kg» x» 07 mg 015 mg û wš w s ³ x x» 42% ƒ¾ e 13) ü Á m w w, w 14,15) x w šw w(european Commission; EU) 9 z œ w 1 s³ šw 16) v j 1 s³ 1mg w, t mw 50% w mw û w y w w š šwš s³ 1 mw 83 ug/day, š mw 94 ug/day š x w z k 098 ug/day š 14 ug/day w ùkû wr, w ƒ t ƒ» š š» w w š yw w w œ w y 16) ù y w wš m»» m Table 1 Arsenic content of agricultural commodities and processed agricultural products in other countries Agricultural commodities Processed agricultural products Type Country total Arsenic levels (mg/kg) inorganic Reference Rice China Grains Pulses Potatoes Korea Vegetables Fruits baby rice United Kingdom (median; 011) 12 Miscellaneous Cereals Green Vegetables 0004 < 001 Potatoes 0005 < 001 United Kingdom Other vegetables 0005 < Fresh fruits 0001 < 001 Nuts 0007 < 001 Bread < 0005 < 001 Sugar & Preserves 0009 < 001 Canned vegetables United Kingdom 0001 < 001 Fruit products 0003 < 001 Beverages < 0001 < 001 8

3 18 Min-Kyoung Paik, Won-Il Kim, Ji-Hyock Yoo, Jin-Kyoung Kim, Mi-Jin Kim, Geon-Jae Im, Moo-Ki Hong, and Ae-Son Om Table 2 Arsenic maximum levels of agricultural commodities in other countries Australia + Type Group Japan +++ (Newzeland) China ++ (mg/kg) Cereals grains (015; rice) Pulses Potatoes - 10(potato) - 02 (potato, sweet potato) Vegetables Leafy vegetables 10(spinach) Stalk & stem vegetables Root & tuber vegetables Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits 10 (cucumber (including gherkin), tomato) Pome fruits 35 (apple, Japanese pear) Citrus fruits 10 (Citrus natsudaidai, pulp), 35 (Citrus natsudaidai, peels) Fruits Stone fruits 10 (peach) Berries & other small fruits 10 (grape, strawberry) Assorted tropical & subtropical fruit Nuts & Seeds Oilseed Mushrooms based on total arsenic contents ++ based on inorganic arsenic contents +++ based on arsenic trioxide contents 05 (15; tremella fuciformis berk) + w š ù, w v 2000 l w sƒƒ wá š š ù w 2000 w s³ w š 0070 mg/kg, 0067 mg/kg, 0041 mg/kg, 0028 mg/kg, 0030 mg/kg ùkù ƒ 17) ù mw FAO/WHO w 1 x (average daily intake: ADI) PTWI w ü w d ƒ š šw 17,18), ù sÿ w w ùkû w sÿ w wƒ j š šw w šw 19,20) 2006 ù (, m sÿ ) ù w 10 m w 001~0091 mg/kg, sÿ w 0012~0272 mg/kg ùkû 1 j w w š q w w w š sƒ ù, m w ƒ 01 w ùkù, sÿ w ƒ 0108 ùkù wz w ƒ š q sÿ w p w v w š šw 21,22) wr, ù» w w» sƒw š w» w w w š w wz w yw w š yw wsƒƒ w v ƒ 19-24) òú Ý ƒœ éù Table 2 Table 3 Codex sww ƒ ƒœt w» x» (Maximum Level; ML) ùkü ƒ ù 25) sww Codex 26),, w27), y ( ) 28),

4 Trends of Arsenic Maximum Levels on Agricultural Commodities and Processed Agricultural Products 19 Table 3 Arsenic maximum levels of processed agricultural products in other countries Type Group Korea + Codex + Japan +++ China + Secondary agricultural Processed products Derived products Manufactured Agricultural Foods (multi-ingredient) Cereal grain milling fractions Vegetable oils - Manufactured multi-ingredient cereal products + based on total arsenic contents ++ based on inorganic arsenic contents +++ based on arsenic trioxide contents (including olive pomace oil) Canned or Bottled foods Beverages - 02 (vegetable and fruit juices) - 01 ND (soft drink beverages) Seasonings 05 (salts) 05 (salts) - (mg/kg) 02 (fried foods), 05 (salted vegetables, dried soybean products, bean-curd, gluten, preserved fruits, puffed food, quick-frozen and prepacked food made of wheat flour and rice), 10 (dried edible fungi) 01 (wheat flour) ++, 05 (edible soybean meal), 05 (excluding starch of grains, potatoes and pulses) 02 (fruit jams, jellies), 05 (cocoa butter, pastry, bread, biscuits, candy, chocolate, gum, instant noodles, breakfast cereal), 10 (all processed agricultural products of chocolate) 05 (canned edible fungi, canned fruits and vegetables) 005 (beverages) ++, 02 (tea drinks, vegetable and fruit juices, carbonated drinks, lactobacillus beverage, vegetable protein beverage, tea drinks), 05 (solid drinks, concentrated fruit and vegetable juice, vineger), 10 (cocoa powder based solid drink) 05 (daenjang, natto, sauces fermented with grains, soy source, gourmet powder, sugars), 10 (corn sweetener) 29), 30,31) w, » w ƒ» yr mw w EU sw ƒ œt w x» wš Table 2 Table 3 t»w Table 2 Table 3 t t ƒœ t¾ sww» w d d š w, w ù t w tœ» w š, ƒœt Codex šw w 25,26) ƒ, w, w,,»y w x» wš (Table 2), ƒœt š t w x» Table» w (Table 3) ù t y d w w 1990 y» 1995 w mw w»» w š, 1996 m y mw m»» w, sww t» w y, x t» ³ š mw (, k Á,, ƒœ ) e w x» ƒƒ 15 mg/kg 05 mg/kg w ³ wš 25) ù w ƒœ»

5 20 Min-Kyoung Paik, Won-Il Kim, Ji-Hyock Yoo, Jin-Kyoung Kim, Mi-Jin Kim, Geon-Jae Im, Moo-Ki Hong, and Ae-Son Om ³ š mw š [ (As 2 O 3 ) ] ³ ƒƒ 15 mg/kg 03 mg/ kg w ù, š y mw» w, ù tœ y(xs ) š w w,, l w w» š,, w» w š w t t t š» š» û e», ƒ û» w t» ³ š w šwš w wz w» e û w x ù w» 10,,, q,, š,, e, q, š, w e û 2 w š x ù ƒœt w ƒ w y 25) w w ù t x» š ³ k w wš, w sƒ ww ³ wš w» Codex», ƒ, w x» š ƒœt w ³ w y 26) y ( )» š w t w w, w» 10 mg/kg y 28) w» 3ƒ» ww w ù, x» (draft of ML) xk w ƒ w «š š w 29) EU e, û w t x» w, x ü w ³ y 16,27), x» y ³ wš t ƒ, ƒœt t y wš Á wš p t x» wš w»», ƒœt» Á wš t p w» w š w ƒ» ³ w ƒ w wš, p» 015 mg/kg ww w w w ƒ w w š 30,31) ƒ j yw p w wz ù ƒœt w z w w»» x» w òú Ý ƒœ éù Ð µ t» w» w wsƒ ww t, t y yw w z(the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment, COT) mw» w ƒ w w(as Low As Reasonably Practicable, ALARP) w w,» w w w š w 32) w w w 2006 mw d w t» w m t mw w, (15-45 ) s³ ƒƒ µg/kg/day µg/kg/day, š ƒƒ µg/kg/day µg/kg/day ùkù w (15-45 ) w ƒ 15 ùkù w x œ w 8) ù w e û x» š w š, z ½e û e ³ š,, w û e» w š ù t t ½ e w» yw š, sww t w w w y 2000 z t sƒ w w w l w, x yw w eš y, w» w w wš 21,24,33) wr, ù tœ w» Á³ w w w Á q t³ z(cac, Codex Alimentarius Commission) ³ w, t³ z ³ t t w w» Á³ x (ADI), w t w w mw

6 Trends of Arsenic Maximum Levels on Agricultural Commodities and Processed Agricultural Products 21 w wš» x wš 25) w, WTO e(sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure; SPS measures) w w t» e ³ ww w t w š ù tœ w Codex» w ù,» Codex ù 10 w x» š, l ƒœt ü w w ƒ w y, ù» w Codex» ù p e, ƒ š š ù t w w wš ù yw ƒ w 12-14), ù yw» w e ù p š w ù š m, p w yw w sƒ ww š, w w w w òú Ý òƒœ éù Ð ß Codex t³ z(codex Alimentarius Commission: CAC) Codex z w š w e w ³» w t ü ³ w ywš t œ y w w w, w» (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: FAO) Á ƒ t w ³ j 35) w t w ³ yw ƒ wš, EPA IARC» w w x» ƒ w y w w Codex x» w j w ƒ y y üsw» š w t w yw w, yw, t yw yw y š š 36), wz t x» s ww š z w y w» w t yw y ³ w w ù û e»,, Codex» w û e w ³ v ù x š ƒ w,, w e û» w t» ³ š šw t t š šw ³ w w w œ wš w ³ w t w ƒ ³ v wš» ³ w w v, š š w m sw Codex w w t w e š wš 34), ù t w» w ƒ w z ƒ ù,wz ù w z w w» w ù w» w w l wš w y sƒ w w sƒwš ƒ x ³ w w, w e» wsƒ n w œ w w w v w wr, ƒœt w w ³ t w ƒ y z w y y x m mw w y w w w š 37-41) wz m w mw y» w wz ƒœt w w ƒ w ³ z w ƒ ƒœt w

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