Main methods for weed removal: Manual and Mechanical Removal Grazing Prescribed Fire Biocontrol Herbicides. Con

Transcription

1 Invasive Controls

2 Main methods for weed removal: Manual and Mechanical Removal Grazing Prescribed Fire Biocontrol Herbicides tro ls In nvas sive Con

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4 Glyphosate* Roundup, Rodeo, Accord Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant Neurotoxicant Reproductive Toxicant Respiratory Toxicant

5 Glyphosate* Roundup, Rodeo, Accord A recent study by eminent oncologists Dr. Leonard Hardell and Dr. Mikael Eriksson of Sweden, has revealed clear links between one of the world s biggest selling herbicides, glyphosate (commonly known as Roundup, marketed by Monsanto), to non-hodgkins lymphoma, a form of cancer. - Herbicide Tolerance, New Study Links Monsanto s Roundup to cancer, The Women s Cancer Resource Center (WCRC) showed that chemicals such as Round-Up (glyphosate) can result in reproductive damage as well as damage to the kidney and liver, and some studies show a link between the chemical and cancer. (Chemical Injury Network, June 2001) Independent scientific studies have shown that Roundup is toxic to earthworms, beneficial insects, birds and mammals.

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8 Acrolein* Magnacide 2-propenal Highly toxic if swallowed or inhaled. May cause corneal injury, severe eye irritation or burns to the eye. May be a reproductive hazard. Poisonous at low concentrations. Flammable. Incompatible with oxygen and light. Very reactive with a wide variety of chemicals. This face mask is marketed as protecting against Acrolein, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Cyanide.

9 Ammonium Sulfate* Ammate X-NI Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant Neurotoxicant Respiratory Toxicant Also used in consumer products, building materials or furnishings that contribute to indoor air pollution.

10 Atrazine* AAtrex 80W Carcinogen Endocrine Toxicant Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant Immunotoxicant Neurotoxicant Reproductive Toxicant Skin or Sense Organ Toxicant

11 Bromacil* Hyvar-X Suspected Carcinogen Suspected Endocrine Toxicant A cartoon on Cornell University s Pesticide A cartoon on Cornell University s Pesticide Management Education Program website on the First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning page where Hyvar-X is listed as a poison.

12 Chlorsulfuron* Glean Chlorsulfuron overspray damage on black elder Developmental Toxicant Reproductive Toxicant From a scientific study Potential impact of low From a scientific study, Potential impact of low levels of chlorsulfuron and other herbicides on growth and yield of non-target plants, Environ Toxicol Chem 15, pp

13 Clopyralid* Transline, Confront Combustible. Causes cough, sore throat. Exposure to skin causes redness. Exposure to eyes causes redness and pain. Clopyralid is so toxic to some plants that it can harm them at concentrations as low as 1 part per billion. Commonly used on lawns to kill weeds, then remains in yard clippings, and when composted, the soil is contaminated. Instead of fertilizing crops, compost contaminated with clopyralid kills them Clopyralid has been found at harmful levels in commercial and municipal compost in California Dow withdrew clopyralid from use on residential lawns in the U.S. in 2002 Crop killed by clopyralid contaminated compost Clopyralid by Dow AgroSciences Found in Composted Grass, LA Times, 27 December 2001

14 Moderately toxic by ingestion. Caused moderate skin as well as eye irritation in the rabbit Reductions in fetal body weights, litter size and increases in skeletal abnormalities were observed in rats The liver was the primary organ affected in chronic animal studies. Potential effects associated with acute exposure are reported to include central nervous system effects Clethodim is slightly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrate species. Clethodim may be highly persistent in the aquatic environment. Reported halflives for clethodim in the aquatic environment e are 128 days in the aqueous phase and 214 days in the sediment. Clethodim* Select, Prism Clethodim is an herbicide used to control annual and perennial grasses

15 Copper Chelate* Multiple names Prolonged contact to skin could cause irritation. Prolonged contact to eyes could cause irritation. Trout and certain other sensitive fishes may be adversely affected SYMPTOMS OF POISONING: Loss of appetite, jaundice, and accumulation of copper in the liver

16 Copper Sulfate* Copper sulfate can be corrosive to the skin and eyes. It is readily absorbed b through the skin and can produce a burning pain. Eye contact with this material can cause: conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eyelid lining, i cornea tissue deterioration ti due to breaks, or ulceration. Vineyard sprayers experienced liver disease after 3 to 15 years of exposure to copper sulfate solution EPA does not require data on the reproductive effects in mammals Copper is an essential trace element that is strongly bioaccumulated. It is stored primarily in the liver, brain, heart, kidney and muscles. Copper sulfate is very toxic to fish. Even at recommended rates of application, this material may be poisonous to trout and other fish. Copper sulfate is toxic to aquatic invertebrates (i.e crab, shrimp and oysters) It is a Federal violation to use any pesticide in a manner that results in the death of an endangered species or adverse changes to their natural habitat Most animal life in soil, including large earthworms, have been eliminated by the extensive use of copper-containing fungicides in orchards Copper sulfate can kill plants by disrupting photosynthesis.

17 Cynazine* Developmental Toxicant Suspected Carcinogen Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant Suspected Neurotoxicant Suspected Respiratory Toxicant Bladex

18 Dicamba* Banvel Suspected developmental Toxicant Suspected Reproductive Toxicant

19 Recognized Developmental Toxicant Suspected Carcinogen Suspected Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant Suspected Kidney Toxicant Diclofop* Hoelon

20 Diquat* Reward, Diquat Suspected Kidney Toxicant Suspected Neurotoxicant Suspected Sense Organ Toxicant

21 Diuron* Karmex Carcinogen Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant Suspected Developmental l Toxicant One of the 15 herbicides used in Agent Orange

22 Endothall* Endothal Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant Suspected Kidney Toxicant

23 Fluazifop-p* Fusilade A single dose can cause severe stomach and intestine disturbance. Ingestion of large quantities may cause problems in the central nervous system such as drowsiness, dizziness, loss of coordination and fatigue. Breathing small amounts of the product may cause vomiting and severe lung congestion ultimately leading to labored breathing, coma and death.

24 Fosamine* Krenite Fosamine is only very slightly toxic to birds, mammals, fish, and aquatic invertebrates. Falls under the EPA Category II, indicating the second most severe level of acute toxicity. Fosamine can cause irritation to the skin and eyes, and inhalation can result in irritation of the upper respiratory passages. Ingestion of high doses may cause nausea, headache, or weakness.

25 Hexazinone* Velpar Suspected Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant

26 Imazapyr* Velpar Active ingredients: Glyphosate 5.0% Imazapyr 0.08% Irritating to the eyes and can cause rashes, redness and swelling at the site of exposure. Imazapyr by its nature does not distinguish between the plants it kills. Thus, rare and endangered d plants are particularly at risk from exposure to the herbicide. Imazapyr is expected to have very high mobility and thus is likely to contaminate water. One primary breakdown product of Imazapyr is quinolinic acid which is irritating to the eyes, respiratory system, and skin. It is also a neurotoxin and can cause symptoms similar to those in Huntington s chorea such as loss of coordination and trembling.

27 Linuron* Lorox Developmental Toxicant Suspected Carcinogen Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant Suspected Endocrine Toxicant

28 Metham* Vapam Recognized Carcinogen Recognized Developmental Toxicant Suspected Endocrine Toxicant Suspected Immunotoxicant Suspected Skin or Sense Organ Toxicant

29 Metolachlor* Dual, Bicep Suspected Carcinogen Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant

30 Metribuzin* Lexone, Sencor WE LEFT OFF HERE! Suspected Developmental Toxicant Suspected Endocrine Toxicant Suspected Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant Suspected Kidney Toxicant

31 Metsulfuron* Ally, Escort Metsulfuron is one of many herbicides used in forestry to eliminate primary successional species which grow following clear cutting. These plants, Coughing and shortness of breath. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, confusion and electrolyte depletion. Protein metabolism disturbances, moderate including raspberry, blackberry, pin cherry, aspen, emphysema, and weight loss with chronic exposure. yellow birch, and grasses, are considered pest species by the forest products industry, competing with the desirable secondary successional spruce and fir "crop" trees.

32 Napropamide* p Devrinol 50WP Effects from acute exposure in rats included diarrhea, excessive tearing and urination, depression, salivation, rapid weight loss, respiratory changes, decreased blood pressure and fluid in their body cavity Highly toxic when inhaled. Incomplete formation of bone in rats at doses as low as 25 mg/kg Decreases in uterine weights and liver weights have been observed at low doses in test animals. Acute exposure to napropamide has caused changes in lungs, liver and intestines ti Moderately toxic to freshwater fish. Tests with marine organisms indicate that the compound is moderately toxic to some species. In soil, degradation of napropamide by microbes is slow.

33 In dogs and cats, large oral doses caused nausea and vomiting Oryzalin can cause mild irritation to the skin or eye It may cause allergic skin reactions in some individuals Long-term exposure to oryzalin has caused blood changes and tumors in animals When oryzalin was fed to rats there was an increase in the incidence of thyroid, mammary and skin tumors. Thyroid, skin and mammary tumors occurred in rats The EPA has classified oryzalin as a possible human carcinogen Oryzalin is moderately toxic to fish. Direct contamination of a body of water with ihoryzalin in wettable powder formulations may kill fish. Run-off from fields into open bodies of water should be avoided Oryzalin* Surflan

34 Paraquat* Gramoxone, Cyclone Paraquat is highly toxic via ingestion, Effects due to high acute exposure to paraquat may include excitability and lung congestion, which in some cases leads to convulsions, incoordination, and death by respiratory failure If swallowed, burning of the mouth and dthroat toften occurs, followed dby gastrointestinal tract irritation, resulting in abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Other toxic effects include thirst, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, kidney failure, lung sores, and liver injury Many cases of illness and/or death have been reported in humans.

35 Paraquat* Gramoxone, Cyclone The first Greenwash Award ( goes to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (ICI)/Zeneca**, for its full page advertisement "Paraquat and Nature Working in Perfect Harmony. " The ad ran in the Malaysian newspaper, The Star, on April 21, 1993, as well as other Malaysian newspapers. ICI chairman Sir Denys Henderson received a bag of organically-grown tea in recognition of this ad.

36 Paraquat* Gramoxone, Cyclone The Village Voice put these posters up on newstands and racks to publicize an article about paraquat, an herbicide being sprayed on Mexican marijuana by the DEA. Paraquatlaced herb was being hastily harvested, processed and sold; traces of the dangerous compound had been detected on samples of marijuana a Malaysian farmworker blinded by paraquat

37 Picloram* Tordon Soybean injury as a result of Picloram contaminated manure applications. Picloram is slightly to moderately toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Picloram is moderately to highly persistent in the soil environment, with reported field half-lives from 20 to 300 days and an estimated average of 90 days Picloram may pose a risk of groundwater contamination. It has been detected in the groundwater of eleven states Picloram is readily absorbed by plant roots, and is readily translocated throughout plants. It remains stable and intact in plants.

38 Simazine* Princep EPA has found simazine to potentially cause weight loss & changes in blood. Simazine has the potential to cause tremors; damage to testes, kidneys, liver and thyroid; gene mutations. There is some evidence that simazine may have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure The amount of simazine used annually in the USA was estimated in 1985 to be 4.8 billion pounds. Simazine residues may persist up to 3 years in soil under aquatic field conditions. Dissipation of simazine in pond and lake water was variable, with half-lives ranging from days. It may leach to groundwater. Simazine may be released into the environment via effluents at manufacturing sites and at points of application where it is employed as a herbicide.

39 Sodium Chlorate* DeFol, Harvestaid The active ingredient sodium chlorate is found in a variety of commercial herbicides. The compound is commonly used in combination with other herbicides There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, especially organic materials, i.e. other herbicides Marketed formulations contain a fire depressant A single dose of 5-10 g/person of sodium chlorate can prove to be fatal in adults, as can a single dose of 2 g/child in small children. Irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes Symptoms of oral ingestion of sodium chlorate include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pallor, blueness, shortness of breath, unconsciousness and collapse. Chronic exposure may render lack of appetite and weight loss, Sodium chlorate may affect blood cells and damage kidneys. Acute exposure to the compound may damage the liver. The long-term toxicity of sodium chlorate to birds resulted in reduced egg production and fertility Toxicity to animals may occur if they feed on freshly treated areas. This chemical has a salty taste and salt-hungry animals may eat enough to become poisoned Sodium chlorate may persist in soil for 6 months to 5 years

40 Sulfometuron* Oust Forest herbicide application provides gains in seedling survival and growth rates by allocating water, nutrients and sunlight to the crop trees. Herbicide use also reduces fire hazard and improves access to timber stands sulfometuron controls cherry, dogwood, elms, oaks, persimmon, sassafras, sweetgum, and hickory. Provides herbaceous control in following spring. - Forest Productivity.com Several toxic effects have been seen with chronic exposure to sulfometuron-methyl, including reduced red-blood cell counts and increased liver weight Slightly toxic to freshwater fish. Sulfometuron-methyl is toxic to a number of plants and is nonselective, the use of the compound on non-croplands may endanger both terrestrial and aquatic plant species

41 Terbacil* Sinbar Terbacil may irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes of the nose and throat. Terbacil is slightly toxic to birds and aquatic organisms. Terbacil is highly persistent in soils. Soil half-lives of 50 to 180 days have been reported It is likely to be highly mobile in soil and potentially pollute groundwater Terbacil is most readily absorbed through the root system of plants to which it is applied.

42 Triasulfuron* Amber Irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Coughing and shortness of breath. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, confusion and electrolyte depletion. Protein metabolism disturbances, moderate emphysema, and weight loss with chronic exposure.

43 Tribenuron* Express Suspected carcinogen Suspected gastrointestinal / liver toxicant Suspected kidney toxicant t

44 Triclopyr* Garlon Triclopyr is slightly toxic. Organs affected by exposure to triclopyr include the kidneys and liver

45 2,4-D or MCPA Developed during World War II, commercially released in ,4-D is a high volume chemical with production exceeding 1 million pounds annually in the U.S. It is the third-most widely used herbicide in North America and the most widely used herbicide in the world. Suspected Carcinogen Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicant Suspected Developmental Toxicant Suspected Endocrine Toxicant Suspected Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicant Neurotoxicant Suspected Reproductive Toxicant Suspected Respiratory Toxicant Suspected Skin or Sense Organ Toxicant

46 2,4-D or MCPA Between 1961 and 1971 the US sprayed 77 million liters, of Agent Orange over an area of 2.9 million hectare in Vietnam. Itwasamixof2-4-5-T and 2-4-D which was further It was a mix of T and 2-4-D, which was further mixed 50/50 with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by aircraft, vehicle or by hand spraying.

47 Biological Co ntrols Biodiversity

48 Biological control, or biocontrol, involves the use of animals, fungi, or other microbes that prey upon, consume or parasitize a target species. Strengths: Once an agent is established it will last indefinitely, and it may spread on its own to cover most or all of an area infested by a weed, generally without additional costs. Weaknesses: The agent begins to attack desirable species. Long time required to develop and approve new biocontrol methods. Costly. Even some agents which were sterilized underwent back mutations which allowed the species to establish wild populations. If there is one thing the history of evolution has taught us it's that life will not be contained. Life breaks free, expands to new territory, and crashes through barriers, painfully, maybe even dangerously. Dr. Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) in Jurassic Park will l fin nd a wa ay Life

49 Competition & Restoration Native plants that out compete alien weeds is a frequently overlooked but potentially powerful technique. Reseeding w/ native species in grasslands TIME: Native community may reestablish itself once human caused disturbance ceases.

50 Competition & Restoration Before After

51 Competition & Restoration (more harm than good?) Seeds, cuttings and plants used at restoration sites should be collected on site or from adjacent properties. Impacts of using seed collected from distant sites include: Failure if genotypes used are unable to survive conditions on site. Introduction of diseases. Loss of genetic diversity (contaminating locally adapted genotypes).

52 Grazing Grazing animals may be used to selectively control weeds, but grazing is also known to promote certain invaders in some circumstances. Cattle, sheep, goats, geese, chickens, and grass carp have been used to graze undesirable species. Grazing animals sometimes spread weed seed in their droppings.

53 Grazing Grazing animals may be used to selectively control weeds, but grazing is also known to promote certain invaders in some circumstances. Cattle, sheep, goats, geese, chickens, and grass carp have been used to graze undesirable species. Grazing animals sometimes spread weed seed in their droppings.

54 Pygmy blue butterfly larvae may feed on Australian saltbush

55 Prickly pear is one of the most invasive weeds ever imported into Australia. By 1925, prickly pear was completely out of control, infesting some twenty-five million hectares in New South Wales and Queensland. It was spreading at the rate of half a million hectares a year and nobody could stop its progress! The answer to the main prickly pear problem came in the form of biological control. Its virtual destruction by cactoblastis caterpillars (Cactoblastis cactorum) is still regarded as the world's most spectacular example of successful weed biological control. Within six years, most of the original, i thick stands of pear were gone.

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57 Cactoblastis cactorum detections in the Southeastern United States MS AL GA SC Charleston 7 11 Most Recent Westernmost Detection: Dauphin Island, Alabama Mobile 10 Pensacola 8 Tallahassee FL Tampa July, First Continental US Detection Big Pine Key, FL 1-3 Miami

58 Prickly pear cacti are being threatened by the accidental introduction of the cactus moth ( Cactoblastis cactorum) into the Atlantic Coast. This exotic pest is expected to have a catastrophic effect on the landscape of the western states and Mexico. Life will l fin nd a wa ay

59 Phys sical Con tro ls Biodiversity

60 Physical Controls Physical control methods have been used successfully by volunteer groups and aid workers to control weed infestations on several large sites in California. Physical control CAN disturb the soil, promoting germination and spread of weedy species.

61 Mowing Mowing can prevent seed formation on tall annual and perennial weeds and deplete food reserves. Unfortunately mowing can favor low growing weeds, or damage desirable native species.

62 Prescribed Fire Fire can be an effective means of reducing weed infestations, particularly for shrubby weeds and in native communities that evolved with fire. Air quality is a concern. Escaped fires are costly and dangerous. Prescribed fires may promote some invasives. Hot fires can sterilize the soil and kill beneficial microorganisms. Increase soil erosion and stream sedimentation.

63 Flooding & Draining Prolonged flooding can kill some invasive plants. Course it will also kill many native plants, too. Flooding will not kill the seeds of many target species. Draining water from ponds may control aquatic weeds. Course it will also kill many native plants, too.

64 Mulching Mulching excludes light from the weeds, and prevents them from photosynthesizing. Commonly used mulches are hay, manure, grass clippings, straw, sawdust, woodchips, rice hulls, black paper and black plastic film. Particle mulches cannot prevent all weeds from coming through. Mulch materials and application can be expensive. Mulches sometimes contain weeds from invasive species!

65 Soil Solarization S il l i ti kill d th t h t t i t d Soil solarization kills seeds that have not yet germinated. A clear plastic sheet is placed over moist soil and kept in place for a month or more. High temperatures kill some seeds, and weaken others.

66 The BEST way!