Index. Page numbers in bold type refer to figures and those in italics refer to tables.

Transcription

1 Index Page numbers in bold type refer to figures and those in italics refer to tables. Abetalipoproteinaemia 21 Absorption (intestinal) 6-8 adaptive regulation 23-4 techniques for studying Acyl carrier protein 410,411 Adenosylcobalamin 498,499,500 Alcohol, effects on nutritional status 4 see also under Folate; Pantothenic acid; Riboflavin; Thiamin; Vitamin B6; Vitamin B12; Vitamin C Alcoholism 4 Alimentary canal/tract, see Gastrointestinal tract y-aminobutyric acid, see GABA Anaemia haemolytic megaloblastic 442 pernicious 484, ,507 Analytical approach 36 objectives 36 Antibody 101 Antigen 101 Antigenic determinant 101 Antiserum 101 AOAC methods of niacin pantothenic acid 414 riboflavin thiamin vitamin B6 367,370 vitamin B vitamin C 522-3, 522, 524-6, 524 vitamin D 174 vitamin E 210 Apocarotenoids 117,119 Aquocobalamin 500 Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C Ascorbigen 547 Ascorbyl palmitate 519 Avidin 423, 429 Beriberi 269 Bile 6 Bile salts 20 Bioassays 34-5 applications, see Vitamin A; Vitamin C; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K Bioavailability concepts 25 methods for determining 26-9 Biocytin 424, 425 Biological activity 34 Biotin absorption (intestinal) microbiological assay radioassay bioavailability biochemical functions deficiency syndromes dietary intake 433 dietary sources 431 extraction techniques history 423 liver uptake 431

2 562 Index Biotin contd renal reabsorption 430 solubility 425 stability 425-6, 433 status, assessment of 434 structure 424,424 toxicity 433 Brunner's glands 8 Caffeic acid 283,284 Calcitonin 169 Calcium homeostasis ,169 Capillary electrophoresis 85-8 applications, see Vitamin C ~-Carotene biopotency 119 solubility 122 structure 117, 118 utilization efficiency 124-7, 126 visible absorption (optical) 122 see also Carotenoids ~-Carotene equivalent 127 Carotenoids abundance 118 absorption (intestinal) 142-5, 143 IiPLC ,138-40,141 dietary sources 146-7,147 extraction techniques isomerization 119 stability 123 structures ,118 supplementation forms 149 synthesis 119 see also Apocarotenoids; ~-Carotene; ~-Cryptoxanthin; Xanthophylls Chlorogenic acid 283, 284 Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), see Vitamin D Chylomicrons 20-1 Clean-up procedures (analytical) adsorption chromatography 45 deproteinization 44 dialysis 45 gel permeation chromatography 45-6 ion exchange chromatography 45 precipitation of sterols 45 solid-phase extraction 46 solvent extraction 45 Coenzyme 2 Coenzyme A ,411 Coenzyme B12, see Adenosylcobalamin Colon 8 Conjugase Continuous-flow applications, see Niacin; Riboflavin; Thiamin; Vitamin C ~-Cryptoxanthin 118, 118 Crypts of LieberkUhn 8 Cyanocobalamin, see Vitamin B12 Cyclic AMP, role in glucose transport across membranes 23 Dehydroascorbic acid, see Vitamin C 7-Dehydrocholesterol 164-7, 166 Dehydroretinol, see Vitamin A, structures Deoxyuridine suppression test Dietary fibre, effects on nutrient absorption 4 see also under Folate; Riboflavin; Thiamin; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B12; Vitamin C; Vitamin E Diffusion of solutes facilitated 16 simple 16 see also Membrane, transport Digestion 6-8 Dihydrophylloquinone ,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D , 184 ELISA 103-5, 105 applications. see Pantothenic acid Encephalomalacia Enrichment of foods 5 Enterocyte 10-11,10 basolateral membrane 14 brush-border membrane 14 movement of solutes across Enterohepatic circulation/cycle 6 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, see ELISA Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), see Vitamin D Ergosterol 164, 186 Erythorbic acid, see D-Isoascorbic acid Erythrocyte haemolysis 202 Extraction procedures acid hydrolysis 38-9

3 alkaline hydrolysis enzymatic digestion 40 solvent extraction 40 supercritical fluid extraction 40-4,42 Exudative diathesis 203 FAD activity 297, see Riboflavin fluorescence 296 solubility 295 structure 294, 294 UV absorption 295-6, 296 Fat absorption (intestinal) digestion 20 transport Flavin adenine dinucleotide, see FAD Flavin mononucleotide, see FMN Flow-injection, see Continuous-flow FMN activity 297, see Riboflavin fluorescence 296 solubility 295 structure 294, 294 UV absorption 295-6, 296 Folacin, see Folate Folate absorption (intestinal) colon 464 of milk folate small intestine HPLC ,454-9 microbiological assay 450 radioassay bioavailability , 472, 473 alcohol dietary fibre in milk biochemical functions 440 deconjugation 461 deficiency syndromes dietary intake dietary sources ,470,471 digestion enterohepatic circulation 466 Index 563 extraction techniques fluorescence 444 fortification 484 history homeostasis liver uptake metabolism (RDA) 483 renal reabsorption 469 requirement 483 solubility 443 stability 444-6, status, assessment of structures 440-2, 441 toxicity UV absorption 444 vitamin B12 interrelationship Folic acid, see Folate Foods, vitamin contents, see dietary sources, under individual vitamins Fortification of foods 5 Fuzzy coat 11 GABA 364 Gas chromatography applications, see Pantothenic acid; Thiamin; Vitamin B6; Vitamin E capillary columns 47-8 derivatization techniques 49 detectors 48-9 packed columns 47 principle 47 Gastrointestinal tract 6-8, 7 Glucagon, role in glucose transport across membranes 23 Glucose absorption (intestinal) 21-3,22 renal reabsorption 24-5 Glutathione peroxidase 207 Glycocalyx 11 Haemorrhagic disease Hapten 101 Hepatocyte 11, 12 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applications, see Folate; Niacin; Provitamin A carotenoids;

4 564 Index HPLC contd Riboflavin; Thiamin; Vitamin A; Vitamin B6; Vitamin C; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K chromatographic modes adsorption 64-5 ion exchange 61-3 ion exclusion 63-4 ion interaction ion pair, see ion interaction ion suppression 69 polar bonded-phase 65-6 reversed-phase 66-9 column dimensions 55-6 switching 56-7 derivatization 57-8 detectors 57 guard columns 55 mobile phase 56 principle 55 quantification two-dimensional 71-3 Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxyvitamin D 187 absorption (intestinal) 183 amount in foods 173, 186 enterohepatic circulation metabolism 184 Immunogen 101 International Units (IU) thiamin 271 vitamin A vitamin C 521 vitamin D 173 vitamin E Intestine large, see Colon small 7-8 functional anatomy 8-11, 9 Intestinal absorptive cell, see Enterocyte Intrinsic factor D-Isoascorbic acid Lacteals 9-10,14 Lamina propria 8 Leiner's disease 425 Leucine 351 Lipoproteins 20-1, 222-3, Liver 6-7 anatomy cirrhosis 12 necrosis 203 Liver parenchymal cell, see Hepatocyte Lumichrome 296,297 Lumiflavin 296,297 Lumisterol 166, 167 Megaloblastic anaemia 442 Membrane structure transport techniques for studying Menadione (vitamin K 3) 242, 243 Menaquinones, see Vitamin K Methylcobalamin 498,499,500 Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, see Capillary electrophoresis Micelle 20 Michaelis constant (Km) 15-16,15 Microbiological methods applications, see Biotin; Folate; Niacin; Pantothenic acid; Riboflavin; Thiamin; Vitamin B6; Vitamin B12 extraction 98 media 93, 94, 97-8 metabolic CO2 measurement 91-2 organisms lactic acid bacteria 92-3 protozoa 93 yeasts 93 principle 90-2 procedure quantification Microvillus Mixed micelle, see Micelle Monoclonal antibody 101 Kml see Michaelis constant Kidney, anatomy Laboratory facilities 37 NAD and NADP stability 323 structure 320, 321 Neural tube defects 442

5 Niacin absorption (intestinal) colorimetric method continuous-flow 329 HPLC 81, 84, , , 334 microbiological assay bioavailability , 350 biochemical functions deficiency syndromes dietary intake dietary sources ,346 excretion 345 extraction techniques history 319 metabolism 345 (RDA) renal reabsorption 345 requirement solubility 322 stability 323, 351 status, assessment of 353 structures 320,320 toxicity 353 UV absorption 322 Niacinamide, see Niacin Niacin equivalent 324, 346, 346, 352 Niacinogen 348 Niacytin 348 Nicotinamide, see Niacin adenine dinucleotide, see NAD adenine dinucleotide phosphate, see NADP Nicotinic acid, see Niacin Nicotinoyl glucose 348,348 Nutrification of foods 5 Osteocalcin 245 Osteomalacia 168 Pantothenic acid absorption (intestinal) ELISA gas chromatography 51 microbiological assay radioimmunoassay 415 bioavailability alcohol Index 565 biochemical functions deficiency syndromes dietary intake 419 dietary sources 418 excretion 418 extraction techniques 413 history 409 metabolism renal reabsorption 417 solubility 412 stability ,419 status, assessment of 420 structures 410, 411 toxicity 420 Pantothenol (panthenol) 410 Parathyroid hormone Pellagra Pernicious anaemia, see Anaemia Phosphorus homeostasis ,169 Phylloquinone, see Vitamin K Polyclonal antibody 101 Protein digestibility , 340 digestion Protein-binding assay 105, 106 Prothrombin time 247 Previtamin D 165-7,166, 167-8, 171-2, 172 Provitamin 2 Provitamin A carotenoids, see Carotenoids Pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate, see Vitamin B6 Pyridoxamine and pyridoxamine phosphate, see Vitamin B6 4-Pyridoxic acid 387 Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) and pyridoxine phosphate, see Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine glucoside 363,363,388, c-pyridoxyllysine 385, 395-6, 396 Radioassay applications, see Biotin; Folate; Vitamin B12 Radioimmunoassay 103 applications, see Pantothenic acid Radiometric microbiological assay, see Microbiological methods, metabolic C02 measurement

6 566 Index s (RDA) 4-5 Red palm oil 147 Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNI) 4-5 Restoration of foods 5 Retinaldehyde biopotency 119 physiological function Retinoic acid physiological function Retinoids 116 Retinol, see Vitamin A Retinol binding proteins 142,145-6 Retinol equivalent 124-6, 126 Retinyl acetate 116 Retinyl palmitate 116 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) absorption (intestinal) activity 297 continuous-flow 301 fluorimetric method HPLC 77-82,83-5,301-5,302-3, 305 microbiological assay bioavailability alcohol 311 dietary fibre 311 biochemical functions 293 deficiency syndromes 295 dietary intake dietary sources , 310 enterohepatic circulation 309 excretion 309 extraction techniques fluorescence 296 history 293 liver uptake and storage metabolism (RDA) 312 Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) 312 solubility 295 stability 296-7, 311 status, assessment of 312 structure 294, 294 toxicity 312 UV absorption 295,296 see also FAD, FMN Rickets 168 Sampling 37-8 Saponification, see Extraction procedures, alkaline hydrolysis Schilling test 505-6,511 Scurvy 519 Selenium 201,202,202-4,205,207 Segmented-flow, see Continuous-flow Smoking, vitamin B12 bioavailability 510 Solid-phase extraction, see Clean-up procedures Space of Disse 11, 12 Spinal bifida 442 Standardization of foods 5 Stellate cell 12, 145 Sulphitocobalamin 498, 509 Supercritical fluid chromatography applications 54, 54 column 53 instrumentation 52-3 principle 51-2 Supercritical fluid extraction, see Extraction procedures Tachysterol 166, 167 Tannins Thiamin (vitamin B1) absorption (intestinal) 274-5,278-9, 279 activity 271 continuous-flow fluorimetric method gas chromatography 50-1 HPLC 77-81, 82, 83-5,274,276-7 microbiological assay bioavailability alcohol 286 anti-thiamin factors 282-6, 284 dietary fibre biochemical functions deficiency syndromes 269 dietary intake dietary sources 280-1, 281 excretion 280 extraction techniques 271-2

7 Index 567 fluorescence (of thiochrome) 270 history International Unit 271 liver uptake 279 metabolism 280 (RDA) Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) 288 requirement 287 solubility stability 270, 287 status, assessment of 288 structures 268,268 supplementation forms 268 toxicity 288 UV absorption Uaminase Uamin diphosphate, see 11Uamin pyrophosphate 11Uamin disulphide 270, Uamin pyrophosphate 268-9, Uochrome 270,270 Toeol 196, 197 Tocochromanols, see Vitamin E Tocopherols, see Vitamin E or:-tocopherol equivalent 211 or:-tocopheryl acetate 198 Tocotrienols, see Vitamin E Tortillas 349 Transport, see Membrane, transport Transthyretin 145 Trigonelline 349 Tryptophan absorption (intestinal) 344 HPLC 335-9,337,338 bioavailability 351 methods dietary intake dietary sources 346-7,346 extraction techniques fluorescence 322 solubility 322 stability 323,351-2 structure 321, 321 Tryptophan load test 397 Unstirred water layer 13 Utilization (metabolic) 25 Villus 9-10 Vitamer 2 Vitamin deficiency (nutritional) 2-4 enhancement of foods 5-6 see under individual vitamins Vitamin A absorption (intestinal) 142-5,143 HPLC 73, 74-5, 76, 132-6, bioassays growth response liver-storage 128 vaginal smear 128 bioavailability dietary fibre 150 biochemical functions biopotency 119 deficiency syndromes in animals in humans 120 dietary intake 152 dietary sources 146-9,148 excretion 146 extraction techniques fluorescence 122 history 115 International Unit 124-6, 126 liver uptake and storage 145 physiological functions 120-2, 121 (RDA) 152 solubility 122 stability 122-3, status, assessment of structures 116, 117 supplementation forms 148 tissue uptake 146 toxicity UV absorption 122 Vitamin A2 see Dehydroretinol Vitamin Bl1 see 11Uamin Vitamin B2, see Riboflavin Vitamin B6 absorption (intestinal) capillary electrophoresis 88 fluorimetric method gas chromatography 51

8 568 Index Vitamin B6 cant HPLC 81-2,84-5,372-85,374-9, 384 microbiological assay bioavailability alcohol 391 dietary fibre glycosylated B6 363,363,368-9, 383-5,388,391-3 biochemical functions deficiency syndromes 364 dietary intake dietary sources 387-8,388 excretion 387 extraction techniques fluorescence 365 glycosylated forms 363 history 361 liver uptake 386 metabolism (RDA) renal reabsorption 386 requirement 396 solubility 364 stability 365,393-6 status, assessment of 397 structures 362, 362 supplemental form 362 toxicity 397 UV absorption 364 Vitamin B12 absorption (intestinal) microbiological assay radioassay bioavailability alcohol 510 dietary fibre smoking 510 biochemical functions 498 conservation deficiency syndromes dietary intake 511 dietary sources 507-9,508 enterohepatic circulation 507 extraction techniques history liver uptake and storage 506 (RDA) 511 solubility 500 stability 500, 510 status, assessment of 511 structures 498, 499 tissue uptake 506 toxicity 511 see also Adenosylcobalamin; Methylcobalamin Vitamin C absorption (intestinal) capillary electrophoresis 539,540, 541 continuous-flow enzymatic method 542 fluorimetric method HPLC , spectrophotometric method 524 titrimetric method bioassay bioavailability alcohol 550 dietary fibre 550 biochemical functions 518 deficiency syndromes 519 dietary intake dietary sources 547,548,549 extraction techniques 522 history International Unit 521 (RDA) 552 redox potential 520 Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) 551 renal reabsorption 546 requirement 552 solubility 519 stability 520-1, status, assessment of structures 518, 518 toxicity 552 UV absorption 520 Vitamin D absorption (intestinal) 183 analysis HPLC 73,74,75,76,175-82,176-9 bioassay, rat line test 173-4

9 Index 569 bioavailability biochemical functions ,169 biogenesis 164-7,166 biopotency deficiency syndromes 168 dietary intake 187 dietary sources 185-6, 186 enterohepatic circulation extraction techniques history International Unit 173 isomerization 171-2,171,172 metabolism 184 physiological functions , 169 recommended daily allowance 187 solubility 170 stability 170-2, 187 status, assessment of 187 structures 164, 165 toxicity UV absorption 170 Vitamin E absorption (intestinal) 221 gas chromatography HPLC 74-5,76,216-21, antioxidant activity in vitro in vivo bioassays erythrocyte haemolysis test liver-storage assay resorption-gestation assay bioavailability dietary fibre polyunsaturated fats biochemical functions biopotency , 199, 200 deficiency syndromes 202 in animals in humans dietary intake 231 dietary sources 223-7,224,225,227 excretion 223 extraction techniques fluorescence 208 history International Unit nomenclature 197-8,198 physiological functions (RDA) 231 requirement 231 vitamin E:PUFA ratio solubility 208 stability 208-9,230-1 status, assessment of storage in tissues 223 structures 196-7, 197 supplementation forms 198 synthesis tissue uptake toxicity 231 transport in lipoproteins UV absorption 208 VitaminK absorption (intestinal) HPLC , bioassays 247 bioavailability gut microfloral synthesis biochemical functions deficiency syndromes dietary intake 262 dietary sources 255-7,256,257 excretion 255 extraction techniques fluorescence, of reduction products 246 history 241 physiological functions (RDA) 262 solubility 246 stability 246,261-2 status, assessment of 263 structures 242-3, 242 toxicity UV absorption 246 W enicke-korsakoff's encephalopathy 269 Xanthophylls 116 Xerophthalmia 120