JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.625, ISSN: , Volume 3, Issue 6, July 2015

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1 SEASONAL CHANGES OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BROWN ALGAE PADINA TETRASTROMATICA HAUCK, 1887 AND SARGASSUM TENERRIMUM AGARDH, 1848 FROM COASTAL WATERS OF VISAKHAPATNAM, EAST COAST OF INDIA DR. P. YEDUKONDALA RAO* DR. I. RUKMINI SIRISHA** DR. D. SUDHA RANI*** DR. D. NAGA KRISHNA VENI*** *Associate Professor, Department of Marine Living Resources, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A. P., India **Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Living Resources, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A. P., India ***Doctoral Fellow s, Department of Marine Living Resources, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A. P., India ABSTRACT The biochemical composition in the dry tissue of brown algae Padina tetrastromatica and Sargassum tenerrimum have been reported from coastal waters of Visakhapatnam during February, January, The mean values of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash in P. terastromatica were 26.02%, 55.94%, 8.89% and 9.15% respectively. The mean values of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash in S. tenerrimum were 24.01%, 54.92%, 11.43% and 9.64% respectively. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash contents showed variations in their abundance in different seasons. Seasonally highest protein content (33.78%) was noticed in post-monsoon, carbohydrate (59.32%) in summer, lipid (10.44%) in post-monsoon and ash (15.46%) in monsoon in P. tetrastromatica. The highest protein content (26.16%) was noticed in post-monsoon, carbohydrate (61.39%) in summer, lipid (12.73%) in summer and ash (16.16%) in post-monsoon in S. tenerrimum. The biochemical compositions in two seaweed species studied were almost similar. Tsunami (2004) did not affect the biochemical constituents of P. tetrastromatica and S. tenerrimum distributed along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam. KEYWORDS: Padina Tetrastromatica, Sargassum Tenerrimum, Dry Weight, Biochemical Composition, Visakhapatnam INTRODUCTION Seaweeds are one of the ecologically and economically important living resources of the world oceans. They absorb high level of nutrients from nutrient rich sea water and thus form an important source of food, feed, fertilizer and chemicals (Dhargalkar and Neelam, 2005; Anantharaman, 2010, 2014). The sea weeds are scientifically proved to have many of the biological activities (Armisen, 1995; Manilal et al., 2009; Banerjee et al., 2009; 359

2 Rajalakshmi et al., 2013; Yedukondala Rao et al., 2014). Taxonomy of the intertidal macroalgal flora along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam was studied by Umamaheswara Rao and Sreeramulu, 1964; 1970; Narasimha Rao and Umamaheswara Rao, 1986; Narasimha Rao, 1994; Umamaheswarao, 1999; Prasanna Lakshmi and Narasimha Rao, 2009; Satya Rao et al., 2011; Yedukondala Rao et al., But very few studies were made on biochemical composition such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid etc. from seaweeds occurring along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam (Sarojini and Subbarangaiah 1999; Nageswara Rao et al., 1999; Sarojini and Sarma, 1999) and there is no published data on biochemical composition of marine macro-algae after 2004 tsunami along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam. Considering the paucity of information on the biochemical constituents of marine macro algae after 2004 tsunami effect along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam, the present study deals with changes of biochemical constituents like protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash in brown sea weeds Padina tetrastromatica and Sargassum tenerrimum distributed along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. tetrastromatica and S. tenerrimum samples were collected monthly from coastal waters of Visakhapatnam (Lat N Long E) during February, January, P. tetrastromatica samples were not available in the month of August, The samples were brushed off their epiphytes and washed 2 or 3 times in ordinary sea water, followed by distilled water. The seaweed samples were shade dried for four days, then made into small pieces and kept in hot air oven for 24 hrs at 50 0 c. The dried samples were powdered in a mortar and were used for determination of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash by using standard methods Lowry et al., (1951), Carroll et al., (1956), Bligh and Dyer (1959) and Hart and Fisher (1971) respectively. The results were expressed in percentage of dry weight. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The protein ranges from to 37.32% in P. tetrastromatica, to 30.33% in S. tenerrimum. The highest value of protein observed in Oct. 07 in P. tetrastromatica Nov. 07 in S. tenerrimum (Table 1&2). Lowest value noticed in Sept. 06 in P. tetrastromatica, Mar. 07 in S. tenerrimum. The mean values of protein noticed was % in P. tetrastromatica, where as in S. tenerrimum it was % (Figure 1: A&B). 360

3 Seasonally highest value observed in post-monsoon 07-08, in both species. Lowest value was noticed in summer 06 in both species (Table 3&4). Similar findings were also noticed in brown algae from Visakhapatnam (Sarojini and Subbarangaiah, 1999; Nageswara Rao, 1999). The highest value of protein was also noticed in brown algae from other localities of India (Dhargalkar and Neelam, 2005; Manivannan et al., 2008; Parthiban et al., 2013; Anantharaman et al., 2014). Comparatively lowest values were also noticed in brown algae (Kaliaperumal et al., 1994; Manivannan et al., 2008; Pise and Sabale, 2010; Rameshkumar et al., 2012; Anantharaman et al., 2014). The minimum and maximum values of protein corresponded to the nitrogen in organic wastes brought to the sea by the land run-off during rainy season (Dhargalkar et al., 1980; Sarma et al., 1982; Venkataraman Kumar, 1993; Banerjee et al., 2009). The carbohydrate ranged between and 63.66% in P. tetrastromatica, whereas in S. tenerrimum it was ranged between and 66.66%. The highest carbohydrate noticed in Dec. 06 in P. tetrastromatica, Mar. 07 in S. tenerrimum (Table 1&2). The mean values % and % were noticed in P. tetrastromatica and S. tenerrimum respectively (Figure 1: A&B). Sesonally highest carbohydrate observed in summer 06 in P. tetrastromatica, summer 07 in S. tenerrimum. Lowest value noticed in post-monsoon in P. tetastromatica, monsoon 06 in S. tenerrimum (Table 3&4). The similar findings were also observed in brown algae from Visakhapatnam (Sarojini and subbarangaiah, 1999; Nageswara Rao et al., 1999; Sarojini and Sarma, 1999). The highest values of carbohydrates were also noticed in brown algae from other localities (Dhargalkar and Neelam, 2005; Rameshkumar et al., 2012; Anantharaman et al., 2014). Comparatively lowest values were also noticed in brown algae (Kaliaperumal et al., 1994; Manivannan et al., 2008; Pise and Sabale, 2010; Parthiban et al., 2013). Plants are composed predominantly of carbohydrates and seaweeds contain various carbohydrates different from those in higher land plants (Percival, 1968; Haroon et al., 2000). These variations might be attributed to the changes in hydrographic and ecological conditions and reproductive pattern of algae (Sarojini and Subbarangaiah, 1999). The lipid content ranged between 4.83 to 14.73% in P. tetrastromatica, between 7.33 and 14.89% in S. tenerrimum. The highest values noticed in Nov. 06 in both species, but lowest values noticed in Jul. 06 in P. tetrastromatica, Dec. 06 in S. tenerrimum (Table 1&2). The mean value of lipid noticed was in P. tetrastromatica, % in S. tenerrimum (Figure 1: A&B). Seasonally highest value observed in post-monsoon in 361

4 P. tetrastromtica, summer 07 in S. tenerrimum. Lowest value noticed in monsoon in P. tetrastromatica, post-monsoon in S. tenerrimum (Table 3&4). Similar findings were also noticed in brown algae from Visakhapatnam coast (Sarojini and Subbarangaiah, 1999; Nageswara Rao et al., 1999). The highest value of lipid content was also noticed in brown algae from other localities of India (Kaliaperumal et al., 1994; Pise and Sabale, 2010; Rameshkumar et al., 2012). Comparatively lowest values were also noticed in brown algae (Manivannan et al., 2008; Kaliaperumal et al., 1994; Dhargalkar and Neelam, 2005; Manivannan et al., 2008; Rameshkumar et al., 2012; Parthiban et al., 2013; Anatharaman et al., 2014). The difference could have been attributed to factors such as climate and geography of development of sea weeds, hydrographic and ecological conditions of the sea water. The ash content ranges from 1.10 to 19.66% in P. tetrastromatica, where as in S. tenerrimum it ranges from 1.72 to 22.35%. The highest value noticed in Oct. 06 in P. tetrastromatica, Dec. 06 in S. tenerrimum. Lowest value noticed in Aug. 07 in P. tetrastromatica, July. 07 in S. tenerrimum (Table 1: A&B). The mean values of ash observed were % and % in P. tetrastromatica and S. tenerrimum respectively (Figure 1&2). Seasonally highest values of lipid noticed in monsoon 06 in P. tetrastromatica, post-monsoon in S. tenerrimum. Lowest value noticed in post-monsoon in P. tetastromatica, but it was summer 07 in S. tenerrimum (Table 3&4). Dhargalkar and Neelam 2005 also observed highest values of ash in brown algae from Goa waters. The marked changes in chemical constituents were found to occur with changes of season, environmental conditions as well as various phases of plant growth and reproductive cycles (Dhargalkar, 1979; Sarojini and Subbarangaiah, 1999) Table 1: Percentage composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash content in the dry tissue of P. tetrastromatica. Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Feb06 Mar06 Apr06 May06 Jun06 July 6 Aug06 Sep06 Oct06 Nov06 Dec06 Jan Ash `

5 Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Feb07 Mar07 Apr07 May07 Jun07 July07 Aug07 Sep07 Oct07 Nov07 Dec07 Jan Ash Table 2: Percentage composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash content in the dry tissue of S. tenerimum. Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Feb06 Mar06 Apr06 May06 Jun06 July06 Aug06 Sep06 Oct 06 Nov06 Dec06 Jan Ash Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Feb07 Mar07 Apr07 May07 Jun07 July07 Aug07 Sep07 Oct07 Nov07 Dec07 Jan Ash

6 Figure 1: percentage composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash (mean value) in the two species of seaweeds. A. Padina tetrastromatica B. Sargassum tenerrimum Table 3: Seasonal variations of protein, carbohydrates, lipid and ash content (mean percentage) in the dry tissue of P. tetrastromatica. Year Seasons Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Ash 2006 Summer 2006 Monsoon Post - monsoon 2007 Summer 2007 Monsoon Post - monsoon

7 Table 4: Seasonal variations of protein, carbohydrates, lipid and ash content (mean percentage) in the dry tissue of S. tenerrimum. Year Seasons Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Ash 2006 Summer 2006 Monsoon Post - monsoon 2007 Summer 2007 Monsoon Post - monsoon REFERENCES 1. Anantharaman, P., Karthikaidevi, G., Manivannan, K., Thirumaran, G., & Balasubrananian, T Mineral composition of marine macroalgae from Mandapam coastal regions, southeast coast of India. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2(10), Armisen, R World-wise use and importance of Gracilaria. Journal of Applied Phycology, 7, Banerjee, K., Rajrupa Ghosh, Sumit Homechaudhuri, & Abhijit Mitra Biochemical composition of marine macroalgae from Gangetic Delta at the apex of Bay of Bengal. African Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1 (5-6), Bligh, E.G. & Dyer, W.J A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37, Carroll, N.V., Longley, R.W., & Roe, J.H Determination of glycogen in the liver and muscle by use of Anthrone reagent. J Biol. Chem., 220, Dhargalkar, V. K. & Neelam Pereira Seaweed: Promising plant of the Millennium. Science and Culture, 74, Dhargalkar, V.K Biochemical studies on Ulva reticulata Forsskal. Proc. Int. Symp. Marine Algae of Indian Ocean region. CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, Dhargalkar, V.K., Jagatap, J.G., & Untawale, A.D Biochemical constituents of seaweeds along Maharastra coast. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 9, Haroon, A. M., Szaniawska, A., Normant, M., & Janas, U The biochemical composition of Enteromorpha spp. From the Gulf of Gdansk coast on the southern Baltic Sea. Oceanologia, 42(1), Hart, F.L. & Fisher, H.J Modern Food Analysis. Springer Verlag, New York, Jayalakshmi, J., Vasuki Subramanian, & Anantharaman, P Evaluation of biochemical composition and in vitro antioxidantproperties of selected seaweeds from Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India. Advances in Applied Science Research, 5(4), Kaliaperumal, N., Chennubhotla, V.S.K., Najmuddin, M., Ramalingam, J.R., & Kalimuthu, S Biochemical composition of some common seaweeds from lakshadweep. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India, 36(1&2), Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R.J Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193,

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BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEAWEEDS ALONG SOUTH EAST COAST OF TAMILNADU, INDIA

: 1430-1436 ISSN: 2277 4998 BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEAWEEDS ALONG SOUTH EAST COAST OF TAMILNADU, INDIA BHUVANESWARI S 1 AND MURUGESAN S 2* 1: Senior Research Fellow, PG and Research Dept. of Botany,