Edulcorantes y microbiota

Transcription

1 Edulcorantes y microbiota Julio Plaza Díaz Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos "José Mataix," Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Armilla, España

2 Conflicto de interés No tengo ningún tipo de conflicto de interés que añadir con respecto a la siguiente presentación 2

3 HUMAN MICROBIOTA The full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.) that naturally exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc. 3

4 HUMAN MICROBIOTA 4

5 HUMAN MICROBIOTA Kostic AD, et al. Gastroenterology 2014;146:

6 SITE-SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTIONS OF BACTERIAL PHYLA IN HEALTHY HUMANS Les Dethlefsen et al. (2007) Nature 449,

7 ACQUISITION OF THE MICROBIOME IN EARLY LIFE BY VERTICAL TRANSMISSION, AND FACTORS MOTHER-TO-CHILD MICROBIAL TRANSMISSION Cho I, Blaser MJ. Nature Genetics 2012; 13:

8 INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA DIVERSITY O Hara AM, Shanahan F, EMBO reports 2006; 7:

9 FUNCTIONS OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA O Hara AM, Shanahan F, EMBO reports 2006; 7:

10 THE GUT MICROBIOTA ARE INVOLVED IN THE ONSET OF METABOLIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY Cani PD, Delzenne NM. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2011; 130:

11 REGULACIÓN POR LA MICROBIOTA DEL METABOLISMO DEL HUESPED Hur KY &Lee MS Diabetes Metab J 2015;39:

12 PLEASE PASS THE MICROBIOTA Walker AW, Parkhill J. Science 2013, 341(6150): , Thomas Vieira et al. Clinical & Translational Immunology (2016) 5, e87 12

13 EDULCORANTES Carocho et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 107,

14 EDULCORANTES Carocho et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 107,

15 EDULCORANTES Carocho et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 107,

16 Sylvestsky et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:

17 Lohner et al. Nutrition Journal (2017) 16:55. 17

18 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Suez et al. Nature, 514,

19 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA 14 estudios en los que se evalúan los NNS: 3 se asocian con DM2, al corregir por BMI, la asociación no se observa 2 se asocian con SM, no se ajustan por BMI Romo-Romo et al. Plos One, 11, estudios no encuentran asociación 19

20 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Cavidad oral: 5 estudios en los que no se encuentra efecto Evaluación un edulcorante: 18 estudios, 13 sin efectos, 3 sin resultados concluyentes y 2 disminución de la glucemia Edulcorante y alimentos: 6 estudios sin efectos Tucker and Tan, Physiology and Behavior, 182,

21 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Administración de edulcorante: 14 estudios - 4 con carga de hidratos de carbono, con los edulcorantes se observa un menor efecto - 10 estudios sin carga de hidratos de carbono, 8 de ellos sin efecto, 1 con aumento de la glucemia, pero sin afectar el área bajo la curva y 1 con bajos valores de glucemia en individuos sanos. Tucker and Tan, Physiology and Behavior, 182,

22 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Intensive Sweeteners Synthetic sweeteners Articles Natural sweeteners Articles Aspartame 8 Neohesperidine Dihydrochalcone 0 Acesulfame 6 Neotame 0 Acesulfame K 4 Stevia 6 Cyclamate 8 Thaumatin 1 Saccharin 16 Glycyrrhizin 6 sucralose 12 Monellin 0 dulcin 0 Nutritive Sweeteners Polyols Sorbitol Xylitol Isomalt Mannitol Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Maltitol Erythritol Polyglycitol Arabitol Advantame New sugars Fructooligosaccharides Articles Articles 133 Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 22

23 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 23

24 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 24

25 EDULCORANTES Y MICROBIOTA Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 25

26 CONCLUSIONES -Growing concerns about the increased prevalence of obesity and its metabolic co-morbidities have led to a reduced consumption of simple sugars and an increase in the intake of NNS and LCS. -Sweeteners, which appear as sugar alternatives, have been critically evaluated by the FDA, EFSA and Codex Alimentarius and are considered safe and well tolerated. However, some long-term prospective studies raise the concern that the consumption of artificial sweeteners might actually contribute to the development of metabolic derangements that lead to obesity, T2DM and CVD. Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 26

27 CONCLUSIONES -The effects of sweeteners on gut microbiota have not been completely elucidated. Within NNS only saccharin and sucralose shift the populations of gut microbiota. The ingestion of saccharin by animals and humans showed alterations in metabolic pathways linked with glucose tolerance and dysbiosis in humans. However, more human studies are needed to clarify these preliminary observations. -Within NS, only stevia extracts may affect gut microbiota composition. Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 27

28 CONCLUSIONES -Polyols, including isomalt and maltitol, increase bifidobacteria numbers in healthy subjects, and these polyols may have prebiotic actions. On the other hand, different human clinical trials show that lactitol decreases the populations of Bacteroides, Clostridium, coliforms and Eubacterium. Xylitol reduces the abundance of fecal Bacteroidetes and the genus Barnesiella, increases Firmicutes and the genus Prevotella and affects C. difficile in mice. Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 28

29 CONCLUSIONES -Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the changes observed in the intestinal microbiota in animals are present in humans and to study the effects of sweeteners for which evidence is not available so far. In this regard, there is an actual need to perform well designed, long term, double blind, placebo controlled, randomized clinical trials with appropriated doses and adequate subject sizes to evaluate the potential impact of both NNS and LCS on intestinal microbiota and how it could affect major outcomes and risk biomarkers related to chronic diseases. Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Saez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Advances in Nutrition 2018, In press 29

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31 Gracias por su atención