Reinvestigation on the Amino Acid Composition and C-Terminal Group of Taka-Amylase A. By Kozo NARITA*, HIRONORI MURAKAMI* and TOKUJI IKENAKA**
|
|
- Amanda Jones
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 59, No. 2, 1966 Reinvestigation on the Amino Acid Composition and C-Terminal Group of Taka-Amylase A By Kozo NARITA*, HIRONORI MURAKAMI* and TOKUJI IKENAKA** (From *the Institute for Protein Research and **Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Osaka) (Received for publication, October 7, 1965) Amino acid analysis of crystalline Takaamylase A [EC , ƒ -1, 4-glucan 4- glucanohydrolase, Aspergillus oryzae] prepared from "Takadiastase Sankyo " was performed by A k a b o r i et al. (1) by mainly classical starch column chromatographic method. Later, Stein et al. (2) reported amino acid composition of crystalline a-amylase prepared from " Clarase 900" using ion exchange chromato graphy. The latter amylase seems to be identical with the present Taka-amylase, since both are commercial materials produced from Aspergillus oryzae. However, a slight difference between the analytical results by the two groups has been recognized. Physicochemical and amino acid sequence studies, which have been developed in this institute, require precise data of its amino acid composition. Recent development of the automatic recording equipment (3) for the analysis of amino acid mixture afforded us to reinvestigate amino acid composition of the amylase. One of the purposes of the present communication is to describe the results of the amino acid analysis performed by the use of an automatic equipment. Ikenaka (4) has reported based on his experiments using the technique of hydrazino lysis that the C-terminal groups of Takaamylase A were alanine, serine and glycine, and he postulated a branched polypeptide chain structure terminating at an alanine residue at the amino end. However, no direct evidence in support of such a structure has so far been presented. In consequence reinvestigation on the C-terminal group by some other methods is required. In the present studies, carboxypeptidase A [EC ] was used to make clear the terminal residue. In contrast to the inference made by I k e n a k a, our experiments indicated that the amylase has a single open chain structure ending with C-terminal serine. Described herein are also the experiments that had led us to this conclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crystalline Taka-Amylase A-The amylase was extracted and crystallized from " Takadiastase Sankyo " according to the direction of A k a b o r i et al. (5). Three times recrystallized amylase was used in some experiments. However three times recrystallized amylase was demonstrated to be not homogeneous by chromatography on a column of diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (6). Therefore amino acid analysis, hydrazinolysis and a part of the experiments of the carboxypeptidase (Worthington Biochemical Corp., Freehold, New Jersey) digestion were performed using the chromatographically purified amylase. Nitrogen content of the chromato graphically purified amylase was 15.40%, whereas Akabori et al. (1) and Stein et al. (2) reported 14.98% and 14.86%, respectively, on their crystalline samples. Reduced and Carboxymethylated Taka-Amylase A (RCM-amylase)-Samples of the RCM-amylase were prepared as reported previously (7) Amino Acid Analysis-The chromatographically purifed amylase was hydrolyzed with redistilled hydrochloric acid in evacuated sealed tubes at 110 C for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Techniques of the treatment of the hydrolysates and amino acid analysis by an automatic amino acid analyzer, Beckman/Spinco, Model MS, were the same as those described previously (8). Half cystine content was estimated by ampero metric titration on the reduced protein with sodium borohydride and the results were already reported
2 Amino Acid Composition and C-Terminal Group of Taka-Amylase 171 (7). Tryptophan content was determined by the spectrophotometric method of G o o d w i n and M o r ton on a sample dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH (9). Carboxypeptidase A Digestion-The ph of 1%o amylase solution was adjusted to 8.0 with 0.2 M sodium bicarbonate and carboxypeptidase A was added to the substrate solution in the ratio of 10-50: 1 by weight. The digestion was performed at 37 C. An aliquot corresponding to lƒÊmole of the substrate was pipetted out at each scheduled interval and the sample was acidified to ph 2 with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid or with citrate buffer of ph 2 to inactivate the enzyme. The denatured amylase was removed by centrifugation and released amino acids in the supernatant were estimated as their dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives as usual (10) or by an amino acid analyzer (Beckman/Spinco, Model MS or Shibata Chemical Apparatus Manu facturing Co., Model AA 400). In some cases the released amino acids were separated from the remaining protein fragment by the aid of molecular sieve action of ion exchange resin (11). Hydrazinolysis-For this experiment the chromato graphically purified amylase was used. About 1 lemole of the protein was placed in a small test tube and 0.5 ml. of anhydrous hydrazine was added. The tube was carefully sealed and heated at 100 C for various periods of time. The hydrazinolyzate was dried in an evacuated desiccator over concentrat ed sulfuric acid for hours. The residue was dissolved in 2 ml. of water, and 0.5 ml. of benzalde hyde was added. The mixture was immediately shaken vigorously for 1 hour at room temperature to allow the amino acid hydrazides to react with benzaldehyde. The mixture was centrifuged to remove the insoluble matter and the supernatant was quantitatively transferred into a flask for lyophilization. The separated oily material in the centrifuge tube was washed with 1 ml. of water and centrifugation was repeated. The supernatant and the washings were quickly lyophilized. Just before it was subjected to amino acid analysis, the lyophilized material was dissolved in 1.2 ml. of citrate buffer of ph 2.2 and 1 ml. of the solution was placed on a 50 cm. column of the automatic amino acid analyzer (12). Chromatography was performed using the same buffer system as for usual 150 cm. column. In another experiment, C-terminal amino acid was characterized as their DNP-derivatives by the method of Niu and Fraenkel-Conrat (13). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Amino Acid Composition q f Taka-Amylase A- Amino acid composition of the amylase is listed in Table I. The enzyme sample used contained 11.3% moisture and 2.25% ash and figures in Table I are obtained after their corrections. Number of amino acid residues in Table I was calculated on the basis of molecular weight of 51,000 (14, 15). Half cystine residue was estimated by amperometric titration after reduction of disulfide bonds with sodium borohydride and cysteine residue was estimated on the denatur ed amylase sample as reported previously (7). Tryptophan content was determined spectro photometrically (9). Tyrosine content was also estimated spectrophotometrically and the value of 33.4 moles per mole protein was obtained. This value is in agreement with that estimated by the analyzer on the acid hydrolysates listed in Table I. Totally 462 residues were calculated to be involved in one molecule of the amylase. Basing on the amino acid composition, molecular weight of 50,772 is calculated. It is known that the amylase contained approximately 10 residues of hexose and hexosamine (16). Therefore the molecular weight becomes close to 52,000 and this value is not inconsistent with the physicochemical estimate. Action of Carboxypeptidase A on Taka- Amylase and RCM-Amylase-The amounts of released amino acids from the crystalline amylase by the carboxypeptidase digestion are estimated as their DNP-derivatives and are plotted as a function of time in Fig. 1. The release rates of amino acids in the initial stage were in the order of serine, leucine and the other amino acids under the conditions used. However in some experiments, the initial release rates of serine and leucine were reverse under similar conditions. It has been demonstrated that when the crystalline amylase alone was incubated at ph's 4.9, 7.1 and 8.3, respectively, significant amounts of amino acids were released in every case without appreciable loss of the activity (17 ). In the present experiments, prolonged incubation (14 days) of the amylase with carboxypeptidase A released about 42 moles of amino acids (estimated by the ninhydrin reaction and expressed as leucine
3 172 K. NARITA, H. MURAKAMI and T. IKENAKA TABLE Amino Acid Composition of Taka-Amylase A1) I 1) The value for each amino acid is an average of three determinations. Tryptophan was estimated by spectrophotometric method (9) and cysteine and half cystine were estimated by amperometric titration on the samples before and after sodium borohydride reduction of the disulfide bonds in the amylase, respectively (7 ). Cysteine content is not involved in half cystine value. 2) The values for tryptophan, cysteine and half cystine are not involved. equivalents) from one molecule of the amylase, and a control experiment without addition of the carboxypeptidase also showed the release of about 37 moles of amino acids. This phenomenon might be attributed to the combined action of contaminated proteolytic enzyme in the crystalline amylase preparation and of the carboxypeptidase on the denatured amylase, which seems to be present in trace amount. Therefore it is hard to conclude from the result that which amino acid is the C-terminal one of the amylase. It has been shown by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography that the three times, recrystallized amylase contained a small amount of rather low molecular peptidic materials (6) which were probably derived from the contaminated denatured amylase by the action of proteolytic enzyme present in. the crystalline amylase as contaminants. When the solution of the chromatographically purifiedd amylase was incubated at 37 C for 72 days, the release of about 7 moles of amino acids. was observed. Therefore the purified enzyme
4 Amino Acid Composition and C-Terminel Group of Taka-Amylase 173 FIG. 1. The released amino acids from the crystalline Taka-amylase A by the action of carboxypeptidase A. One per cent of the amylase solution was incubated with the enzyme in the substrate to the enzyme ratio of 33: 1. The released amino acids were estimated as their DNP-derivatives. seemed still to contain a trace amount of the proteolytic enzyme. The incubated amylase was then precipitated by adding cold acetone, and crystallized from aqueous acetone by the procedures of A k a b o r i et al. (5). This material was used for carboxypeptidase diges tion. The released amino acids as a function of time are shown in Fig. 2. In contrast to the pattern in Fig. 1, serine was predominant throughout the digestion. No decrease of the amylase activity was observed up to 24 hours' incubation. These results suggest that the C-terminal group is serine and that the C-terminal part is not essential for the activity. When RCM-amylase was incubated with carboxypeptidase A, similar pattern to that in Fig. 2 was obtained with respect to the order -of released amino acids as is shown in Fig. 3. Namely the release of serine was predominant for entire period of the experiment, but the rate of the release was faster than that in the case shown in Fig. 2, in which the substrate was a native protein contrary to the denatured one in Fig. 3. In the present case amino acids released were estimated by an amino acid analyzer and leucine and isoleucine could be determined separately. The amount of leucine released in Fig. 2 apparently exceeded that of the any other amino acids except FIG. 2. The released amino acids from the chromatographically purified Taka-amylase A by carboxypeptidase A digestion. The ratio of the substrate to the enzyme was 13: 1. The released amino acids were estimated as their DNPderivatives. serine, but its amount did not mean for only leucine, since leucine and isoleucine were estimated together as their DNP-derivatives. Thus we concluded that the C-terminal structure of Taka-amylase A was...[thr, Val, Ala, Leu].Ser.OH. FIG. 3. The released amino acids from RCM-amylase by the action of carboxypeptidase A. The ratio of the substrate to the enzyme was 50: 1. The released amino acids were estimated by an amino acid analyzer. Hydraziaolysis-It is clear from the carbo xypeptidase experiments that the C-terminal group of the amylase is serine as was described, but I k e n a k a (4) previously reported three C-terminal amino acid residues, serine, glycine and alanine, by the hydrazinolysis method. Therefore the hydrazinolysis experiments for
5 174 K. NARITA, H. MURAKAM! and T. IKENAKA the amylase were repeated in a similar manner to that performed by Ikenaka, but the DNP-derivatives of the C-terminal amino acids were characterized and estimated by two-dimensional paper chromatography. The results without correction are shown in Fig. 4. Appearence of serine and glycine as a func tion of hydrazinolysis time was similar to that found by Ikenaka but the amount of alanine was slight. When aqueous solution of the hydrazino lyzate was allowed to stand for hours at room temperature, glycine, alanine and serine increased suggesting hydrolysis of their hydrazides to free amino acids. Therefore the treatment of hydrazinolyzate has to be made quickly according to the direction described in the Methods, otherwise non-c-terminal amino acids, especially glycine, alanine and serine, will be mischaracterized as the C- terminal groups. Since Taka-amylase containss a large amount of glycine and alanine, their hydrazides remained after benzaldehyde treatment of the protein hydrazinolyzate would be hydrolyzed during dinitrophenyla tion in a basic medium and I k e n a k a hadd mischaracterized these two amino acids as the C-terminal residues in addition to the real C-terminal serine. FIG. 4. The liberated amino acids from the chromatographically purified Taka-amylase A by hydrazinolysis. The amino acids were characteriz ed and estimated as their DNP-derivatives by two-dimensional paper chromatography. In another experiment, free amino acids present in the hydrazinolyzates at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15 hours were estimated by the automatic amino acid analyzer (18) as is shown in Fig. 5, in which quantities of amino acids were not corrected for their losses during hydrazinolysis. About 0.5 ƒêmole of serine at the maximum point was obtained per mole of the protein, and when the values at longer hydrazinolysis periods were extrapolated to zero time, about I mole of serine was obtained. Amounts of glycine and alanine did not exceed 0.2 mole and the other amino acids were lesser than 0.05 mole throughout entire period of hydrazinolysis. Decrease of the amount of serine at longer hydrazinolysis times can be explained by the fact that several amino acids, of which side chain groups are small, converted partly into their hydrazides by the action of anhydrous hydrazine at 100 Ž (19, 20). FIG. 5. The liberated C-terminal amino acids from the chromatographically purified Takaamylase A by hydrazinolysis. The amino acids were estimated by an amino acid analyzer. In a chromatographic elution pattern of the hydrazinolyzate, two unknown peaks were observed, the one eluted at the break-through point and the other small and broad peak eluted at the position of proline. It seems to, be unlikely that these peaks are amino acid hydrazides escaped their removals by the benzaldehyde treatment, since amino acid hydrazides are basic materials and may not elute at such positions. However, the breakthrough peak may be contaminated condensa tion products of amino acid hydrazides with benzaldehyde, which dissociate into the two, components at 100 Ž and may react with the ninhydrin reagent. Control experiment using
6 Amino Acid Composition and C-Terminal Group of Taka-Amylase 175 synthetic aspartic and glutamic monohyd razides gave no appreciable peaks under the conditions used, although in the previous experiments the monohydrazides gave clear peaks using 15 cm. column at room tempera ture (19). Lability of amino acid hydrazides with the contact of sulfonic acid type ion exchange resin was previously described (19). SUMMARY Amino acid analysis of the chromato graphically purified crystalline Taka-amylase A was undertaken with an automatic amino acid analyzer and the following amino acid composition was determined : Asp66, Thr3s, Sera., G1u30, Pro21, Gly40, Ala36, Va128, Met,, Ileu28, Leu31, Tyr33, Phe14, Lys18, His,, Arg9, Try,,, CySH1, CyS-8 and (NH3)44. In total 462 residues are involved in one molecule of the amylase and the molecular weight of 50,772 could be calculated excluding constituent carbohydrates. The C-terminal group was determined by the use of carboxypeptidase A and by the modified hydrazinolysis method, and the following C-terminal structure was tentatively proposed :... [Val, Thr, Ala, Leu].Ser.OH The authors are grateful to Sankyo Co., Ltd., for the supply of " Takadiastase Sankyo ". The present studies were partly aided by a Scientific Grant from the Ministry of Education. REFERENCES (1) Akabori, S., Ikenaka, T., Hanafusa, H., and Okada, Y., J. Biochem., 41, 803 (1954) (2) Stein, E.A., Junge, J.M., and Fischer, E.H., J. Biol. Chem., 235, 371 (1960) (3) Spackman, D.H., Stein, W.H., and Moore, S. Anal. Chem., 30, 1190 (1958) (4) Ikenaka, T., J. Biochem., 43, 255 (1956) (5) Akabori, S., Ikenaka, T., and Hagihara, B., J. Biochem., 41, 577 (1954) (6) Toda, H., and Akabori, H., J. Biochem., 53, 102 (1963) (7) Seon, B.K., Toda, H., and Narita, K., J. Biochem., 58, 348 (1965) (8) Narita, K., Murakami, H., and Titani, K., J. Biochem., 56, 216 (1964) (9) Goodwin, T.W., and Morton, R.A., Biochem. J., 40, 628 (1946) (10) Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Harris, J.I., and Levy, A.L., Methods of Biochem. Anal., 2, 360 (1955) (11) Thompson, A.R., Nature, 169, 495 (1952) (12) Tsugita, A., J. Mol. Biol., 5, 284 (1962) (13) Niu, C.I., and Fraenkel-Conrat, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 5882 (1955) (14) Isemura, T., `Symposium on Cytochemistry' 3, 1 (1954) (15) Isemura, T., and Fujita, S., J. Biochem., 44, 443 (1957) (16) Hanafusa, H., Ikenaka, T., and Akabori, S., J. Biochem., 42, 55 (1955) (17) Akabori, S., Ikenaka, T., Oikawa, A., and Tsugita, A., `Symposium on Enzyme Chem.' 9, 13 (1956) (18) Tsugita, A., Gish, D.T., Young, J., Fraenkel- Conrat, H., Knight, C. A., and Stanley, W.M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 46, 1463 (1960) (19) Narita, K., and Ollta, Y., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 32, 1023 (1959) (20) Narita, K., Biochem. Biophys. Research Communs., 5, 160 (1961)
THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF HYPERTENSIN II
THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF HYPERTENSIN II BY LEONARD T. SKEGGS, JR., PH.D., KENNETH E. LENTZ, PH.D., JOSEPH R. KAHN, M.D., NORMAN P. SHUMWAY, M.D., ~'D KENNETH R. WOODS, I~.D. (From the Department of Medicine
More informationBIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON PEARL FRACTIONATION AND TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF CONCHIOLIN. By SHOZO TANAKA, HIROYUKI HATANO AND GINZABURO SUZUE
The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1960 BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON PEARL VII. FRACTIONATION AND TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF CONCHIOLIN By SHOZO TANAKA, HIROYUKI HATANO AND GINZABURO SUZUE (From the Department
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW. Overview of Biomolecules. Chapter 4 Protein Sequence
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Overview of Biomolecules Chapter 4 Protein Sequence 2 3 4 Are You Getting It?? A molecule of hemoglobin is compared with a molecule of lysozyme. Which characteristics do they share?
More informationLAB#23: Biochemical Evidence of Evolution Name: Period Date :
LAB#23: Biochemical Evidence of Name: Period Date : Laboratory Experience #23 Bridge Worth 80 Lab Minutes If two organisms have similar portions of DNA (genes), these organisms will probably make similar
More informationObjective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of
Objective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of nucleic acids determine the properties of that polymer. Do Now: Read the first two paragraphs from enduring understanding 4.A Essential knowledge:
More informationChemical Nature of the Amino Acids. Table of a-amino Acids Found in Proteins
Chemical Nature of the Amino Acids All peptides and polypeptides are polymers of alpha-amino acids. There are 20 a- amino acids that are relevant to the make-up of mammalian proteins (see below). Several
More informationNote. Simplified protein hydrolysis with methanesulphonic acid at elevated temperature for the complete amino acid analysis of proteins
Journal of Chromatography, 448 (1988) 404-410 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands CHROM. 20 688 Note Simplified protein hydrolysis with methanesulphonic acid at elevated
More informationBiological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A
Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A Homework Watch the Bozeman video called, Biological Molecules Objective:
More informationAmino acids-incorporated nanoflowers with an
Amino acids-incorporated nanoflowers with an intrinsic peroxidase-like activity Zhuo-Fu Wu 1,2,+, Zhi Wang 1,+, Ye Zhang 3, Ya-Li Ma 3, Cheng-Yan He 4, Heng Li 1, Lei Chen 1, Qi-Sheng Huo 3, Lei Wang 1,*
More informationAmino Acid Composition of Hypertensin II.-- EXPERIMENTAL
THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF HYPERTENSIN II AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIP TO HYPERTENSIN I BY KENNETH E. LENTZ, PH.D., LEONARD T. SKEGGS, JR., PH.D., KENNETH R. WOODS, PH.D., JOSEPH R. KAHN, M.D.,
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 9. AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND
More informationReactions and amino acids structure & properties
Lecture 2: Reactions and amino acids structure & properties Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Common Functional Groups Common Biochemical Reactions AH + B A + BH Oxidation-Reduction A-H + B-OH + energy ª A-B + H
More information1. Describe the relationship of dietary protein and the health of major body systems.
Food Explorations Lab I: The Building Blocks STUDENT LAB INVESTIGATIONS Name: Lab Overview In this investigation, you will be constructing animal and plant proteins using beads to represent the amino acids.
More informationMoorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall Instructor: Professor Gopal. Examination # 5: Section Five May 7, Name: (print)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Instructor: Professor Gopal Examination # 5: Section Five May 7, 2013 Name: (print) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TEN total pages (including this
More informationCS612 - Algorithms in Bioinformatics
Spring 2016 Protein Structure February 7, 2016 Introduction to Protein Structure A protein is a linear chain of organic molecular building blocks called amino acids. Introduction to Protein Structure Amine
More informationBiomolecules: amino acids
Biomolecules: amino acids Amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins They are also part of hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates There are 20 different amino acids in
More informationTrypsin digestion: The lyophilized powder of the reduced S-carboxymethylated ACID) BETWEEN NORMAL (B+) AND THE COMMON NEGRO VARIANT
A SINGLE AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION (ASPARAGINE TO ASPARTIC ACID) BETWEEN NORMAL (B+) AND THE COMMON NEGRO VARIANT (A+) OF HUMAN GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE* BY AKIRA YOSHIDA DIVISION OF MEDICAL GENETICS,
More informationAmino acids. Ing. Petrová Jaroslava. Workshop on Official Controls of Feed AGR 46230, , Ankara. Turkey ÚKZÚZ - NRL RO Praha 1
Amino acids Ing. Petrová Jaroslava Workshop on Official Controls of Feed AGR 46230, 6. 7. 12. 2011, Ankara. Turkey 6.12.2011 ÚKZÚZ - NRL RO Praha 1 Content of this presentation 1. Function of amino acids
More informationStudy of Amino Acids in DDGS
Study of Amino Acids in DDGS Y. Zhang, J. V. Simpson and B. A. Wrenn National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center Edwardsville, IL 62025 Hans Stein University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Gerald C. Shurson
More informationMercaptoethanesulfonic acid as the reductive thiol-containing reagent employed for the derivatization of amino acids with o-phthaldialdehyde analysis
Acta Univ. Sapientiae, Alimentaria, 1 (2008) 49 60 Mercaptoethanesulfonic acid as the reductive thiol-containing reagent employed for the derivatization of amino acids with o-phthaldialdehyde analysis
More informationAmino Acids. Amino Acids. Fundamentals. While their name implies that amino acids are compounds that contain an NH. 3 and CO NH 3
Fundamentals While their name implies that amino acids are compounds that contain an 2 group and a 2 group, these groups are actually present as 3 and 2 respectively. They are classified as α, β, γ, etc..
More informationAP Bio. Protiens Chapter 5 1
Concept.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins account for more than 0% of the dry mass of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage, transport,
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5
Key Concepts: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins Enzymatic s
More informationPage 8/6: The cell. Where to start: Proteins (control a cell) (start/end products)
Page 8/6: The cell Where to start: Proteins (control a cell) (start/end products) Page 11/10: Structural hierarchy Proteins Phenotype of organism 3 Dimensional structure Function by interaction THE PROTEIN
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers Polymer long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. Monomer the small building block molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins
More informationGentilucci, Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds CH 3
Amino Acids Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds Aliphatic Side-Chain Amino Acids - - H CH glycine alanine 3 proline valine CH CH 3 - leucine - isoleucine CH
More information2. Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be found on the outer surface of a properly folded protein?
Name: WHITE Student Number: Answer the following questions on the computer scoring sheet. 1 mark each 1. Which of the following amino acids would have the highest relative mobility R f in normal thin layer
More informationAA s are the building blocks of proteins
Chamras Chemistry 106 Lecture otes Chapter 24: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins General Formula: () n (') α-amino Acids: (n = 1) Example: Amino Acids and Proteins: Glycine Alanine Valine AA s are the
More informationADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF METAL IONS BY SYSTEMS BASED ON CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES THAT CONTAIN AMINO ACID RESIDUES"
(41) Vol. 41, No.6 (1985) T-235 (Received May 24, 1984) ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF METAL IONS BY SYSTEMS BASED ON CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES THAT CONTAIN AMINO ACID RESIDUES" By Toshihiko Sato, Shigenori
More informationOF TRANSAMINASE IN RAT TISUES
OF TRANSAMINASE IN RAT TISUES KOZO YAMADA, SHUNJI SAWAKI, AKIRA FUKUMURA AND MASARU HAYASHID epartment of Internal Mcdicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya University, agoya Showa-ku, N (Received July 30,
More information(30 pts.) 16. (24 pts.) 17. (20 pts.) 18. (16 pts.) 19. (5 pts.) 20. (5 pts.) TOTAL (100 points)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring 2009 Instructor: Professor Torres Examination # 5: Section Five April 30, 2009 ame: (print) ame: (sign) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TWELVE total
More informationCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 5.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage,
More informationStudies on Bacterial Protease. Part XVIII. Proteolytic Specificity of Neutral Protease
[Agr. Biol. Chem., Vol. 31, No. 6, p. 718 `723, 1967] Studies on Bacterial Protease Part XVIII. Proteolytic Specificity of Neutral Protease of Bacillus subtilis var. amylosacchariticus By Daisuke TSURU,
More informationFor questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:
Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Examination #5 PRACTICE 1 For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the free response
More information9/6/2011. Amino Acids. C α. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups
Amino Acids Side chains (R groups) vary in: size shape charge hydrogen-bonding capacity hydrophobic character chemical reactivity C α Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Valine
More informationIntroduction to Biochemistry Midterm exam )ومن أحياها(
Introduction to Biochemistry Midterm exam 2016-2017 )ومن أحياها( 1. Which of the following amino (in a peptide chain) would probably be found at a beta bend or turn? a. lysine * b. Gly c. arg d. asn 2.
More informationProperties of amino acids in proteins
Properties of amino acids in proteins one of the primary roles of DNA (but far from the only one!!!) is to code for proteins A typical bacterium builds thousands types of proteins, all from ~20 amino acids
More informationIdentification of free amino acids in several crude extracts of two legumes
1 2 Identification of free amino acids in several crude extracts of two legumes using Thin Layer Chromatography 3 Authors 4 5 6 7 8 9 Taghread Hudaib Key words 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Amino acids;
More informationChemistry 121 Winter 17
Chemistry 121 Winter 17 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941;
More informationShort polymer. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO 1 2 3 H HO H Short polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Unlinked monomer H 2 O HO 1 2 3 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO 1 2 3
More informationAuthors. Abstract. Introduction. Food
Improved and Simplified Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of Underivatized Free Ao Acids in Various Foods Application Food Authors
More informationMacromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins
Macromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/ Amino Acids Proteins
More informationIntroduction to Peptide Sequencing
Introduction to Peptide equencing Quadrupole Ion Traps tructural Biophysics Course December 3, 2014 12/8/14 Introduction to Peptide equencing - athan Yates 1 Why are ion traps used to sequence peptides?
More informationCHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, & Enzymes. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith
CHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, & Enzymes General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, Enzymes Learning Objectives: q The 20 common, naturally occurring
More informationFor questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:
Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Examination #5 PRACTICE 1 ANSWERS For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the
More informationAnalysis of L- and D-Amino Acids Using UPLC Yuta Mutaguchi 1 and Toshihisa Ohshima 2*
Analysis of L- and D-Amino Acids Using UPLC Yuta Mutaguchi 1 and Toshihisa Ohshima 2* 1 Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan; 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering,
More informationHuman Biochemistry Option B
Human Biochemistry Option B A look ahead... Your body has many functions to perform every day: Structural support, genetic information, communication, energy supply, metabolism Right now, thousands of
More informationMethionine (Met or M)
Fig. 5-17 Nonpolar Fig. 5-17a Nonpolar Glycine (Gly or G) Alanine (Ala or A) Valine (Val or V) Leucine (Leu or L) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Methionine (Met or M) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Polar Trypotphan (Trp
More informationProteins are sometimes only produced in one cell type or cell compartment (brain has 15,000 expressed proteins, gut has 2,000).
Lecture 2: Principles of Protein Structure: Amino Acids Why study proteins? Proteins underpin every aspect of biological activity and therefore are targets for drug design and medicinal therapy, and in
More informationSTUDIES OF STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS
STUDIES OF STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS V. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF CELL WALLS OF VIRULENT AND AVIRULENT GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI' B. S. TEPPER, J. A. HAYASHI, AND S. S. BARKULIS Department of Biological
More information1-To know what is protein 2-To identify Types of protein 3- To Know amino acids 4- To be differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids
Amino acids 1-To know what is protein 2-To identify Types of protein 3- To Know amino acids 4- To be differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids 5-To understand amino acids synthesis Amino
More informationAMINO ACIDS STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine
More informationMolecular Biology. general transfer: occurs normally in cells. special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions.
Chapter 9: Proteins Molecular Biology replication general transfer: occurs normally in cells transcription special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions translation unknown transfer:
More informationCells N5 Homework book
1 Cells N5 Homework book 2 Homework 1 3 4 5 Homework2 Cell Ultrastructure and Membrane 1. Name and give the function of the numbered organelles in the cell below: A E B D C 2. Name 3 structures you might
More informationCARBOXYPEPTIDASE II. MODE OF ACTION ON PROTEIN SUBSTRATES AND ITS APPLICATION TO CARBOXYL TERMINAL GROUP ANALYSIS*
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B II. MODE OF ACTION ON PROTEIN SUBSTRATES AND ITS APPLICATION TO CARBOXYL TERMINAL GROUP ANALYSIS* BY JULES A. GLADNER AND J. E. FOLKt (From the National Instilute of Dental Research
More informationSTUDIES ON LIPASE I. ON THE ACTIVATION OF PANCREAS LIPASE. (From the Department of Medicical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto)
The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 38, No. 2. STUDIES ON LIPASE I. ON THE ACTIVATION OF PANCREAS LIPASE BY TOSHIICHI YAMAMOTO (From the Department of Medicical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University,
More information1. (38 pts.) 2. (25 pts.) 3. (15 pts.) 4. (12 pts.) 5. (10 pts.) Bonus (12 pts.) TOTAL (100 points)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring 2010 Instructor: Professor Torres Examination #5: Section Five May 4, 2010 ame: (print) ame: (sign) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TWELVE total pages
More informationMacromolecules Structure and Function
Macromolecules Structure and Function Within cells, small organic molecules (monomers) are joined together to form larger molecules (polymers). Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands
More informationPROTEINS. Building blocks, structure and function. Aim: You will have a clear picture of protein construction and their general properties
PROTEINS Building blocks, structure and function Aim: You will have a clear picture of protein construction and their general properties Reading materials: Compendium in Biochemistry, page 13-49. Microbiology,
More informationEFFECTS OF AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS FOR WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON WEANLING PIG PERFORMANCE. Authors: J. Chung, S.D. Carter and J.C.
EFFECTS OF AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS FOR WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON WEANLING PIG PERFORMANCE 1999 Animal Science Research Report Authors: Story in Brief Pages 266-272 J. Chung, S.D. Carter and J.C. Whisenhunt
More informationAnalysis of Amino Acids Derived Online Using an Agilent AdvanceBio AAA Column
Application Note Pharmaceutical and Food Testing Analysis of Amino Acids Derived Online Using an Agilent AdvanceBio AAA Column Author Lu Yufei Agilent Technologies, Inc. Abstract A liquid chromatographic
More informationBiomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry
Biochemistry Department Date: 17/9/ 2017 Biomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry Prof.Dr./ FAYDA Elazazy Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Intended Learning Outcomes ILOs By the end
More information9/16/15. Properties of Water. Benefits of Water. More properties of water
Properties of Water Solid/Liquid Density Water is densest at 4⁰C Ice floats Allows life under the ice Hydrogen bond Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Benefits
More informationJ. Physiol. (I956) I33,
626 J. Physiol. (I956) I33, 626-630 ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS BY SACS OF EVERTED SMALL INTESTINE OF THE GOLDEN HAMSTER (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS) BY G. WISEMAN From the Department of Physiology, University
More informationLecture 4. Grouping Amino Acid 7/1/10. Proteins. Amino Acids. Where Are Proteins Located. Nonpolar Amino Acids
Proteins Lecture 4 Proteins - Composition of Proteins (Amino Acids) Chapter 21 ection 1-6! Proteins are compounds of high molar mass consisting almost entirely of amino acid chain(s)! Molar masses range
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information. Table of Contents
Electronic Supplementary Information Examination of native chemical ligation using peptidyl prolyl thioester Takahiro Nakamura, Akira Shigenaga, Kohei Sato, Yusuke Tsuda, Ken Sakamoto, and Akira Otaka*
More informationFour Classes of Biological Macromolecules. Biological Macromolecules. Lipids
Biological Macromolecules Much larger than other par4cles found in cells Made up of smaller subunits Found in all cells Great diversity of func4ons Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules Lipids Polysaccharides
More information2. Ionization Sources 3. Mass Analyzers 4. Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava 1. Fundamental of Mass Spectrometry Role of MS and basic concepts 2. Ionization Sources 3. Mass Analyzers 4. Tandem Mass Spectrometry 2 1 MS basic concepts Mass spectrometry - technique
More informationof Androctonus australis Hector
Eur. J. Biochem. 7 (7) - The Amino Acid Sequence of Neurotoxin I of Androctonus australis Hector Her& ROCHAT, Catherine ROCHAT, Franpois MIRANDA, Serge LISSITZKY, and Pehr EDMAN Laboratoire de Biochimie
More information(65 pts.) 27. (10 pts.) 28. (15 pts.) 29. (10 pts.) TOTAL (100 points) Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring Instructor: Professor Gopal
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring 2012 Instructor: Professor Gopal Examination # 5: Section Five May 1, 2012 Name: (print) GOOD LUCK! Directions: Make sure your examination contains TWELVE total pages
More informationEnzyme Catalytic Mechanisms. Dr. Kevin Ahern
Enzyme Catalytic Mechanisms Dr. Kevin Ahern Cleave Peptide Bonds Specificity of Cutting Common Active Site Composition/Structure Mechanistically Well Studied Chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin Catalysis H2O Chymotrypsin
More informationThe Amino Acid Content of Hen's Egg in Relation to Dietary Protein Intake, Breed and Environment 1
The Amino Acid Content of Hen's Egg in Relation to Dietary Protein Intake, Breed and Environment 1 P. Lunven and C. Le Clément de St. Marcq Protein Food Development Group Nutrition Division In 1963 the
More informationProteins are a major component of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leached from terrestrially aged Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves
Environ. Chem. 216, 13, 877 887 doi:1.171/en165_ac CSIRO 216 Supplementary material Proteins are a major component of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leached from terrestrially aged Eucalyptus camaldulensis
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationEffect of Gamma Radiation, XIV)
Radiolytic Effects of Gamma Rays on TitleSolution (Special Issue on Physical Effect of Gamma Radiation, XIV) Author(s) Tanabe, Reiko Citation Bulletin of the Institute for Chemi University (1973), 51(1):
More informationChapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
Chapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides BINF 6101/8101, Spring 2018 Outline 1. Overall amino acid structure 2. Amino acid stereochemistry 3. Amino acid sidechain structure & classification 4. Non-standard
More informationAmino Acids. Review I: Protein Structure. Amino Acids: Structures. Amino Acids (contd.) Rajan Munshi
Review I: Protein Structure Rajan Munshi BBSI @ Pitt 2005 Department of Computational Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine May 24, 2005 Amino Acids Building blocks of proteins 20 amino acids
More informationIntroduction to Protein Structure Collection
Introduction to Protein Structure Collection Teaching Points This collection is designed to introduce students to the concepts of protein structure and biochemistry. Different activities guide students
More informationThe incorporation of labeled amino acids into lens protein. Abraham Speclor and Jin H. Kinoshita
The incorporation of labeled amino acids into lens protein Abraham Speclor and Jin H. Kinoshita Calf and rabbit lenses cultured in a medium containing a radioactive amino acid incorporate some labeled
More informationCHM333 LECTURE 6: 1/25/12 SPRING 2012 Professor Christine Hrycyna AMINO ACIDS II: CLASSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH AMINO ACID:
AMINO ACIDS II: CLASSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH AMINO ACID: - The R group side chains on amino acids are VERY important. o Determine the properties of the amino acid itself o Determine
More informationChemical Mechanism of Enzymes
Chemical Mechanism of Enzymes Enzyme Engineering 5.2 Definition of the mechanism 1. The sequence from substrate(s) to product(s) : Reaction steps 2. The rates at which the complex are interconverted 3.
More informationAmino Acids in Cervical Mucus
Amino Acids in Cervical Mucus D. P. Pederson, A.B., and W. T. Pommerenke, Ph.D., M.D. DURING THE ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the secretions of the cervix are abundant and fluid. At this time
More informationThis exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions is worth 2 points.
MBB 407/511 Molecular Biology and Biochemistry First Examination - October 1, 2002 Name Social Security Number This exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions is
More informationBIO th September, 1997
BIO 451 26th September, 1997 EXAM I This exam will be taken apart for grading. Please PRINT your name on each page. If you do not have sufficient room for your answer in the space provided, please continue
More informationTowards a New Paradigm in Scientific Notation Patterns of Periodicity among Proteinogenic Amino Acids [Abridged Version]
Earth/matriX: SCIENCE TODAY Towards a New Paradigm in Scientific Notation Patterns of Periodicity among Proteinogenic Amino Acids [Abridged Version] By Charles William Johnson Earth/matriX Editions P.O.
More informationBIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATES. XL. Preparation of Mucoitin* from Umbilical Cords.
The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 28, No. 3. BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATES. XL. Preparation of Mucoitin* from Umbilical Cords. MASAMI BY SUZUKI. (From the Medico-Chemical Institute, Hokkaido Imperial
More informationMultiple-Choice Questions Answer ALL 20 multiple-choice questions on the Scantron Card in PENCIL
Multiple-Choice Questions Answer ALL 20 multiple-choice questions on the Scantron Card in PENCIL For Questions 1-10 choose ONE INCORRECT answer. 1. Which ONE of the following statements concerning the
More informationChemistry of Insulin. Based on Chemistry of Insulin by F. Sanger, Science 129, (1959)
Chemistry of Insulin Based on Chemistry of Insulin by F. Sanger, Science 129, 1340-1344 (1959) Human Insulin The Sanger Method The DNP- amino acids are bright yellow substances and can be separated from
More informationName. The following exam contains 44 questions, valued at 2.6 points/question. 2. Which of the following is not a principal use of proteins?
Chemistry 131 Exam 3 Practice Proteins, Enzymes, and Carbohydrates Spring 2018 Name The following exam contains 44 questions, valued at 2.6 points/question 1. Which of the following is a protein? a. Amylase
More informationTKheory Section: [Total 16 Marks]
Bloomfield all School Test (Unit 2) Name :... Paper: Biolog y Date :... lass: A1&2 Time Allowed: 40Minutes Maximum Marks: 2 TKheory Section: [Total 16 Marks] 1 aemoglobin is a globular protein that shows
More informationWheat Amino acids & Peptides for Hair Care. INCI Name EU/USA CAS # EINECS # Hydrolyzed wheat protein
KELYAMIN Wheat Amino acids & Peptides for Hair Care Identification INCI Name EU/USA CAS # EINECS # Hydrolyzed wheat protein 70084-87-6 305-225-0 Composition % Liquid Powder Aqua Hydrolyzed wheat protein
More informationA Chemical Look at Proteins: Workhorses of the Cell
A Chemical Look at Proteins: Workhorses of the Cell A A Life ciences 1a Lecture otes et 4 pring 2006 Prof. Daniel Kahne Life requires chemistry 2 amino acid monomer and it is proteins that make the chemistry
More informationNature Methods: doi: /nmeth Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Subtiligase-catalyzed ligations with ubiquitin thioesters and 10-mer biotinylated peptides. (a) General scheme for ligations between ubiquitin thioesters and 10-mer, biotinylated
More informationPAPER No. : 16, Bioorganic and biophysical chemistry MODULE No. : 22, Mechanism of enzyme catalyst reaction (I) Chymotrypsin
Subject Paper No and Title 16 Bio-organic and Biophysical Module No and Title 22 Mechanism of Enzyme Catalyzed reactions I Module Tag CHE_P16_M22 Chymotrypsin TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning outcomes 2.
More informationProtein and Amino Acid Analysis. Chemistry M3LC
Protein and Amino Acid Analysis Chemistry M3LC Proteins Proteins are made up of amino acids: H2N-CHR-COOH + H3N-CHR-COO - neutral form zwitterionic form There are twenty standard amino acids: A ala alanine
More informationdifferent. However, Schroeder and Matsuda) showed that fetal hemoglobin has
A PARTIAL SEQUENCE OF THE AMINO ACID RESIDUES IN THE,' CHAIN OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN F BY W. A. SCHROEDER, RICHARD T. JONES, J. ROGER SHELTON, JOAN BALOG SHELTON, JEAN CORMICK, AND KATHLEEN MCCALLA CALIFORNIA
More informationSelf-association of α-chymotrypsin: Effect of amino acids
J. Biosci., Vol. 13, Number 3, September 1988, pp. 215 222. Printed in India. Self-association of α-chymotrypsin: Effect of amino acids T. RAMAKRISHNA and M. W. PANDIT* Centre for Cellular and Molecular
More informationEffect of Excess of Individual Essential Amino Acids in Diets on Chicks
135 Effect of Excess of Individual Essential Amino Acids in Diets on Chicks Jun-ichi OKUMURA and Kiyoto YAMAGUCHI Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi 464
More information