Evaluation of the Suggested Requirement of Six Amino Acids for the Commercial Laying Hen

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1 Journal of Applied Animal Research ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: Evaluation of the Suggested Requirement of Six Amino Acids for the Commercial Laying Hen R. H. Harms, D. E. Faria & G. B. Russell To cite this article: R. H. Harms, D. E. Faria & G. B. Russell (2003) Evaluation of the Suggested Requirement of Six Amino Acids for the Commercial Laying Hen, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 23:2, , DOI: / To link to this article: Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Published online: 11 Nov Submit your article to this journal Article views: 61 View related articles Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at Download by: [ ] Date: 23 December 2017, At: 20:20

2 J. Appl. Anim. Res. 23 (2003) : Evaluation of the Suggested Requirement of Six Amino Acids for the Commercial Laying Hen1 R.H. Harms2, D.E. Faria3, G.B. Russell Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (Received June 4, 2002; accepted January 21, 2003) Abstract Harms, R.H., Faria, D.E. and Russell, G.B Evaluation of the suggested requirement of six amino acids for the commercial laying hen. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 23: AIL experiment was conducted to evaluate the suggested requireinelit for Met, Lys, Trp, Val, Ile and Thr for the coimnercial laying herl. One diet was fed that contained approximately 90 to 95 per cent of the requirement for each of the above AA. A control diet was fed that contained more of all of the above AA than was required based OIL previous data. The perforinarrce of hens fed each of the deficient diets was 92 to 99per cent of the performance of hen fed the control diet. These results indicate that previous estimates of the heit's requirement for the six critical AA are iiear the heit's requireinelit. Key words: Commercial layer, egg weight, egg production, amino acids. Introduction The National Research Council (1994) suggested a daily intake for: 12 amino acids for the laying hen. Only ten of these are nutritionally 'This research was supported by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station and a gift from Novus International, 320 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, MO and approved for publication as Journa1,Series No. R 'To whoin correspondence should be addressed. Ph: (352) , Fax: (352) , harms@animal.ufl.edu ''Visiting Professor, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil. 129 J. Appl. Anim. Res /2003/$ GSP, India.

3 130 R.H. Hamts mtd coworlzers essential and must be included in the feed. In the formulation of cornsoybean meal diets only Met, Lys and Trp are considered to be important since they are the first limiting. The NRC (1994) suggested diecary concentrations of AA were for intakes of 80, 100 and 120 g of feed per hen daily. In the past 20 years most feeds for layers were formulated based on daily feed intake and daily AA requirement (Harms et al., 1978). These requirements were changed as the hen aged as a method of reducing the margin of safety (Harms, 1979). Gous et al. (1987) concluded that the amino acid requirement for laying hens should not be stated as percentage of the diet nor as ratios to dietary energy. Previously, Slagter and Waldroup (1984) found that hens fed a diet containing an energy:amino acid ratio formulated to support their expected performance did as well as those hens fed an excess of amino acids. Harms et al. (1998) found that feed intake increased as the Met level in the diet increased. They suggested that the hen increases energy intake to support the increased amount of egg content that was limited by the hen s Met intake. This hypothesis is supported by the finding of Harms and Russell (1996a) that hens producing different amounts of egg content consumed the same amount of energy per g of egg content. As the three groups did not differ in the amount of ;Jet per g of egg content, their daily energy and Met requirements could be satisfied with one feed. Harms and Russell (1996a) suggested that the energy:methionine ratio in the feed is important. This was suggested to be more important with the Hy-Line W36@ hen since she required five per cent less energy to produce one gram of egg content than three other strains of hens (Harms and Russell, 1999). Therefore, a new program for formulating feed for laying hens was developed (Harms, 1999). This program was based on the ideal amino acid:energy ratio for the amount of egg content (mass) produced and was used to determine the percentage of Met needed for four strains of laying hens (Harms et al., 2000). The percentage of Met needed ranged from 4 to 0,312 per cent of the diet. The amino acid required tc produce one g of egg content (mass) is a constant in the formula suggested for the calculation of the needed AA for a flock of layers (Harms, 1999). Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the hen when six feeds were formulated with a

4 Amino acid requirement for laying hens 131 marginal level of one AA of the six AA. Each of these feeds was estimated to produce 90 to 95 per cent of egg content of hens fed the control diet. Materials and Methods Two hundred and eighty Hy-line (Hy-Line International, West Des Moines, IA 50265, USA) commercial laying hens, 42 wk of age, were used. They were randomly housed one bird per wire cage (25.6x42.6 cm) in a windowless, fan-ventilated house. The temperature of the house was not allowed to fall below 26.7C and was almost constant since the experiment was conducted in March and April. The temperature was controlled to get a uniform feed intake at a level that could produce AA deficiencies. Birds were given artificial light (16h light : 8h dark), and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Seven treatments (experimental diets) were each fed to eight replicates of five hens. Diet 1 (Table 1) was a positive control diet containing adequate AA and previously found to support maximum performance (Harms and Russell, 1996a). Diets 2-7 each were deficient in one of the 6 AA and were formulated to contain enough of that individual AA to support a level of 90 to 95 per cent of the egg content (EC) produced by hens fed the control diet. All AA other than the deficient were included to supply a minimum of 105 per cent of the hens requirement. These levels of AA were based on expected intake of 5.70 to 5.80 kcal of energy per g of EC. Amino acid analyses were determined for corn and soybean meal and were the basis for calculated values of diets. The diets were not isocaloric and analyses of data were based on the daily intake of each AA. Egg production (EP) was recorded for individual hens, but was analyzed on a replicate basis. Feed consumption (FC) was measured biweekly and remaining feed was replaced with fresh feed at that time. One egg laid on the last 2 d of each week was weighed from each hen. Egg mass (EM) was calculated by multiplying percentage EP by egg weight (EW) for each replicate and egg content (EC) was calculated by multiplying EP X (EW minus shell weight). The hens were individually weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment and body weight change was calculated. The daily intake

5 ~~~ 132 R. H. Harms aitd coworkers Table 1 Composition of diets Ingredients Diet number Yellow corn Soybean meal (48%) Limes tone Dicalcium PO,' Salt Mineral mix' Vitamin mix" DL methionine Lysine Threonine Isoleucine Tryptophan Valine Calculated aiealysis" ' Protein (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Methionine (%) Lysine (%) Tryptophan (%) Isoleucine (%) Threonine (%) Valine (%) Energy (kcallkg) ~ , ,836 2,875 (%) ' : , , , ,924 'Contains 18.5% P and 21% Ca 'Supplied per kilogram of diet: copper, 10 mg; ethoxyquin, G5 mg; iodine, 2 mg; iron, GO ing; manganese, 90 mg; selenium, 0.2 mg; and zinc, 80 mg. "Supplied per kilogram of diet: biotin, 0.2 mg; cholecalciferol, 2200 IU; choline, BOO mg; ethoxyquin, 65 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; niacin, 60 mg; pantothcnic acid, 15 mg pyridoxine, 5 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; thiamin, 3 mg; vitainin A, 8000 IU; vitainin B,,, 0.02 mg; vitamin E, 20 IU; vitamin K, 2 mg. 4Aniino acid based on analysis of corn and soybean meal. "The bold AA values that were expected to produce 90 to 95% as much as hen fed diet 1.

6 Amino acid requireinent for laying hens 133 of each AA (mg) and energy (Kcal) were calculated by multiplying FC by the concentration of each in the feed. The kilocalories of energy and milligrams of AA per gram of EM were calculated by dividing the daily intake of energy (EI) and AA by daily EM. The experiment was conducted for 8 wk; however, the first 2 wk were considered as an adjustment period and weeks 3 through 8 were used to test experimental treatments. This procedure has been previously used in our laboratory for AA studies (Harms and Russell, 1996b). The data were subjected to ANOVA with the general linear model procedure of SAS@ (SAS Institute, 1996). Duncan s multiplerange test (1955) was used to determine significant differences among treatment means. Results and Discussion Egg production was only significantly reduced when the Thr and Ile deficient diets were fed (Table 2). Egg weight was significantly reduced when the Val and Ile deficient diets were fed. Egg mass and EC were significantly reduced when the Val, Thr and Ile deficient diets were fed. Feed consumption was significantly greater for hens fed the control diet and diets deficient in Met, Lys, Trp and Thr than hens fed the diet deficient in Ile (Table 2). This resulted in a lower energy intake for hens fed the IIe deficient. The energy intake was not different for hens fed Ile and Val deficient diets. The energy per gram of EC was significantly higher for hens fed the Thr deficient diet than hens fed the other deficient diets except for hens fed the Trp deficient diet (Table 2). The intake of the deficient AA is considerably less than the intake of the other AA in that column (Table 3). The AA intakes per gram of EC are presented in Table 4. The bold values indicate the requirement for each AA. These are the lowest AA intakes for each of the six diets and are the requirements for that level of performance. The production of EC for the hens fed the six deficient diets was less than the EC produced by the control hens (Table 5). Based on the AA required to produce one g of EC, the requirement would be 276, 653, 144 and 445 mg to produce 50 g EC/d for Met, Lys, Trp and Thr, respectively. These requirements would be 92.0,

7 ~ ~ ~- 134 R.H. Hornis aid coworkers Table 2 Performance of laying hens when fed diets deficient in various amino acids Diet Egg Egg Egg Egg Weight deficiency production weight mass content change (%) (g) (g) (g) (g> Feed cons. Energy Energylg per h/d intake/h EC (g) (kcalld) (kcal) Control 83.5"' 61.0' 50.9" 46.4" 115" Met 82.44,'"' 59.3H18 49, 1aIlb '' LYS 83.9" 60.0"" " 7'inb TrP g1.9"'" 5g,g'1' 49.0"1' 44.6"1' 311" Val 8 i.5."" 59.1" 48.2" 43.9" 20'" Thr 80.1'" 60.4"" 48.4" 44.1" 42'" Ile 79.4" 59.3'" 47.1'' 43.0" -37'' 94.9" 2C9.3"" 5.82" 91.3"' 258.9"" 5.79" 91.4 "I 262.9'" 5.69'' 92.4'" 267.5"' 5.95"" HG.7'" 252.1'" 5.75" 92.6"" 269.9' 6.13" 85.4' 249.7' 5.81" ~ ""'Means within a column without a common superscript differ significantly (Tk0.05). Diet Table 3 Daily amino acid intake of laying hens when fed diets deficient in various amino acids Amino acid intake (mg/h/d)' deficiency Met LYS TrP Val Thr Ile Control 322.7" 740.4" 170.8" 700.2" 525.8' 612.6" Met 246.4d b 164.3ab " 589.1" LYS 310.7"b 603.2' 169.1" 592.8b 44E1.5~ 509.0b TrP 314.1" 67-1.f~~ 129.4d 582.Ib 413.5b 473.5' Val 294.7" 632.8' 159.0b' 499.3* ' 433.4d Thr 314.8" 6'i5.gb 166.6" 583.Zb 391.6' 462.9' Ile 290.3' 623.3' 153.7' ' 384.2' "'"Means within a column without a c~irnmon superscript differ significantly (P4,05). 'Bold A4 value is the daily intake of the AA when hens rr-ceivcd the diet expected to produce at 95% level. 94.6, 90.0 and 94.7 per cent of the NHC (1994) suggested requirements for Met, Lys, Trp and Thr, respectively. However, the requirements for Val and Ile are considerably less than NRC (1994) recommendations. The amount to produce a gram of EC would be

8 Amino acid requirerneiat for laying heras 135 Table 4 Intake of amino acids for one gram of egg content when hens were deficient in various amino acids Diet Amino acid intake (mg/g EC)' deficiency Met LYS TrP Val Thr Ile Control 6.97"b 15.99" 3.6gab 15.12" 11.35" 13.23" Met 5.25" 15.93" 3.68"b 15.07" 11.32" 13.19" LYS 6.73b 13.0Gd 3.66ab 12.83b' 9.64b 11.02b TrP 6.9gSb 14.9gb" 2.90" 12.94bc 9.86b 10~53~ Val 6.7Zb 14.42' 3.56b 11.38d 9.4gb 9.88" Thr 7.15" 15.3~5"~ 3.78" 13.24b 8.89" 10.51b Ile '6.76b 14-51' 3.58h 12.52' 9.54b 8.95d '."Means within a column without a common superscript differ significantly (P<0.05). 'Bold AA value is the mg of AA to produce a gram of egg content of AA when hens received the diet expected to produce 95% level. higher since the requirement per gram of EC increase as the amount of EC increases (Harms et al., 1998). The performance of hens fed the Lys deficient diet was higher than expected. Faria et al. (2002) has recently found that the requirement of Lys to produce one g of EC was and in two experiments. This would be approximately 665 mg per day which was less than expected. Hens in the present experiment produced 43.9 g EC with a Val intake of 499 mg/hen/d or mg/g EC. This agrees with data from a previous study (Harms and Russell, 2001). They reported that hens produced 43.6 g EC with a valine intake of 509 mg/hen/ d or mg/g EC. In that experiment the broken line regression indicated a Val requirement of 619 mg/d to produce g EC or 13.1 mg/g EC. The requirement of 11.6 mg Val in this experiment to 2roduce one g of EC agrees with a previous suggestion of mg (Harms and Ivey, 1993), but is considerably less than 13.0 to 14.0 mg as suggested by Gous et al. (1987). Hens in the present experiment produced 43.0 g of EC with an intake of mg Ile or 8.95 mg/g EC. In a previous experiment (Harms and Russell, 2000) the broken line regression indicated an

9 136 R.H. Harms and coworkers Ile requirement of mg to produce g of EC or mg/ g EC. This intake of mg/g EC (Harms and Russell, 2000) is considerably higher than the 8.95 mg in the present experiment. However, in the previous experiment a daily intake of 458 mg Ile produced 45.0 g of EC resulting in an intake of 10.2 mg/g EC. Also, recently Shivizad et a,z. (2002) found the Ile requirement was 9.30 mg per g of egg mass. Therefore, it is suggested that a daily intake of 650 mg Ile resulting in 13 mg required per g EC to produce 50 g EC may be too high. This would explain the performance of hens receiving the Ile deficient diet in the present experiment producing 92 per cent of the EC produced by control hens. The amount of EC produced by hens receiving any of the deficient diets was less than the EC produced by the hen's receiving the control diet (Table 2). This ranged from 92.7 per cent for hens receiving the Ile deficient diet to 99.8 per cent for hens receiving the Lys deficient diet (Table 5). The EC produced by hens receiving the diets deficient in Met, Trp, Val and Thr ranged from 94.6 to 96.2 per cent. Table 5 Percentage of egg content when compared to the control, milligrams of AA per gram of egg content, and lysine : amino acid ratio in an egg, and milligrams AA required per g EC in this experiment Diet % EC of control M g EC Lys : AA Ratio' deficiency diet' (%) (mg) Egg2 Req. mglg EC2 Met kO LYS k0.017 TrP * Val iO Thr s Ile * 'Calculated by dividing the grams of egg content produced with deficient diets by the grams of egg content produced by the control diet. 'Calculated by dividing the milligrams of individual AA in an egg (Cotterill et al., 1977) and the milligrams required to produce an egg by the lysine for the respective measurements.

10 Ainiiao acid requireinen,? for laying hens 137 The performance of hens fed the deficient diets was near the anticipated level. Therefore, the suggested requirement to produce a g of EC (Table 5) is a good estimate of the hens requirement as the diets contained slightly less AA than the hen could use for EC. Also this amount of EC was near the maximum EC produced by the control hens. Recently there has been an interest in expressing the requirements of the laying hen for other AA as a percentage of the requirement for Lys. Therefore, the Lysine : AA ratio for mg per g EC have been calculated for the other five AA in the egg (Table 5) using the values of Cotterill et a.z. (1997). The ratio of AA : Lys in the egg and the requirement per g of EC are in close agreement. The performance of hens fed each of the deficient diets was 92 to 99 per cent of the performance of the hens fed the control diet. These results indicate that previous estimates of the hens requirement for those six critical AA are near the hens requirement. References Cotterill, O.J., Marion, W.W. and Naber, E.C A nutrient re-evaluation of shell eggs. Poult. Sci., 56: Duncan, D.B Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: Faira, D.E., Harms, R.H., Antar, R.S. and Russell, G.B Re-evaluation of the lysine requirement of the commercial laying hen in a corn soybean meal diet. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 23: Gous, R.M., Crissie, M. and Morris, T.R Effect of dietary energy concentrations on the response to amino acids. Brit. Poult. Sci., 28: Harms, R.H Revised specification for feeding commercial layers based on daily feed intake. Feedstuffs, 51 (41): Harms, R.H Modified laying hen feeding specifications take into account energy : amino acid ratio. Feedstuffs, 71 (ll):l, Harms, R.H., Douglas, C.R., Christmas, R.B., Damron, B.L. andmiles, R.D Feeding commercial layers for maximum performance. Feedstuffs, 50 (8): Harms, R.H. and Ivey, F. J Performance of commercial laying hens fed various supplemental amino acids in a corn soybean meal diet. J. App. Poult. Res., 2:

11 138 R.H. Hbrms and coworkers Harms, R.H. and Russell, G.B. 1996a. Ability of commerciai laying hens producing different egg outputs to meet their methionine and energy requirements when fed the same diet. Poult. Sci., 75: Harms, R.H. and Russell, G.B. 1996b. Evaluation of the cystine requirement of the laying hen. Poult. Res., 5: Harms, R.H. and Russell, G.B A comparison of energy used by four strains of commercial laying hens to produce one gram of egg content. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 8: Harms, R.H. and Russell, G.B Evaluation of the isoleucine requirement of the commercial layer in a corn soybean meal diet. Poult. Sci., 79: Harms, R.H. and Russell, G.B Evaluation of valine requirement of the commercial layer using a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Poult. Sci., 80: Harms, R.H., Russell, G.B., Harlow, H. and Ivey, F.J Performance of laying hens fed three levels of methionine in diets containing two levels of protein and energy. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 7: Harms, R.H., Russell, G.B. and Sloan, D.R Energy utilization of four strains of commercial layers and influence on suggested dietary methionine level. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 18: National Research Council Nutrient RequireinerEts of Poultry. 9th Rev. Edn., Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. SAS SAS User s Guide : Statistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Gary, NC. Shivazad, M., Harms, R.H., Russell, G.B., Faria, D.E. and Antar, R.S Revaluation of the isoleucine requirement of the commercial layer. Submitted for publication. - Slagter, P.J. and Waldroup, P.W Calculation and evaluation of energy : amino acid ratios for the egg production-type hen. Poult. Sci., 63: W.W.d,;Sr.3.*,;;ff.*.*I 3i+i?TAWrnW*l $%? i=at 8: m Wdr R*, m@m, f?+h, w, diiq%qm 33-7 rn 43 -.rar;: + msm w pki+tkj wi em fml TIT 1 Wi arm ti m m 377% * %?F5 WTf eft I WRsfta 3537 kvtt W ms;r &% W &?I: m9m if * eft I R4Ra m% TFjl WWFi 92?i 99% W I 4 3fT rn CHWT&*~W?~&~8$l i4mnf4tm~%mm:m gplti *m ma W?l% f% $7 8: it8ltj