Fusarium wilt and other important diseases of chickpea in the Mediterranean area

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1 Fusarium wilt and other important diseases chickpea the Mediterranean area Haware M.P. Saxena M.C. (ed.), Cubero J.I. (ed.), Wery J. (ed.). Present status and future prospects chickpea crop production and improvement the Mediterranean countries Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Sémaires Méditerranéens; n pages Article available on le / Article disponible en ligne à l adresse : To cite this article / Pour citer cet article Haware M.P. Fusarium wilt and other important diseases chickpea the Mediterranean area. In : Saxena M.C. (ed.), Cubero J.I. (ed.), Wery J. (ed.). Present status and future prospects chickpea crop production and improvement the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, p (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Sémaires Méditerranéens; n. 9)

2 Fusariumwiltandotherimportantdiseases M.P. HAWARE FOOD LEGUME IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS (ICARDA) BOX 5466, ALEPPO, SYRIA - economically chickpea. is not available on the losses caused by these diseases. - "Le fusariun1 et d'autres maladies importantes du pois chiche dans le bass méditerranéen". maladies du pois chiche sont connues dans le monde, mais peu d'entre elles ont une importance économique. La fusa;iose, l'anthracnose et le virus de (bean leaf roll virus) sont les prcipales maladies du pois chiche à l'échelle mondiale. Dans le bass méditerranéen l'anthracnose, la fusariose, la pourriture des tiges, le virus de l'enroulement et la pourriture des races peuvent être observés dans les champs des agriculteurs. Cependant nous n'avons aucune formation précise sur les pertes de rendement causées par ces maladies. Fusarium wilt wilt is a disease chickpea Nepal, Spa, Tunisia and has been and An estimated annual loss 12 et al., 1953). Attempts to estimate loss yield on a plant basis. wiltg caused loss than late wiltg. Seeds wilted plants and than those healthy plants a days sowg the field. Seedlgs that die due to the wilt disease can be confused with those that die to if not examed affected seedlgs show the leaves and collapse and lie flat on the do not show any but look healthy. Such when split the show a the tissues. Adult plant may show typical wiltg which may the field up to poddg stage. itial symptom is petioles and along with leaflets. is a slow fadg the and the plant looks dull all leaves yellow the wilted plant show no and when split show the pith and xylem. Schlecht. emend. f. sp. ciceri (padwick) Snyd. the íìgus at 25 "C is delicate, white, cottony becomg felted on simple on solid medium. y abundantly on oval to cal, to x5.11~m. Options - - n.o : Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

3 th-walled, 3 to 5 septate, fusoid and poted at both ends, and ~25-65p,m. old (20 d), smooth walled, and may sgly, cha. fungus is et al., 1987) and fungus could on soil then 6 et al., 1986). Lentil, as symptomless the pathogen and Nene, 1982). fection is conidia. Soil and may affect the symptoms. and Nene (1982 a) have identified physiologic (1, 2, 3 and 4) on the basis the on 10 Usg the same tials 3 (O, 1 and 5) Spa la Cola et az., 1987). Sce the fungus is and can the soil long it is not possible to disease oculum can be by seed with T (benomyl30% + 30%) at 0.25% et al., 1978). At have been Some them have additional to stem and ascochyta blight. wilt has been to high yieldg desi and kabuli usg identified as highly at and wilt sick plot. chickpea facilities have been developed at Tunisia and Spa. between and wiltchickpea les developed Tunisia. se leshould be suggested that to wilt chickpea was by a sgle gene et al., 1975; and 1982). studies have shown that to 1, to be by at least 3 dependent loci. Complete is obtaable volvg susceptible (late-wiltg) Sgh et al., 1987). munication). wilt Tunisia com- foliage the affected plant wiltg. xylem tissue shows light tion which is than that caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Ew, 1958). is not much 2 g at Tunisia has shown the the development combed les to both the pathogens. Sclerotia stem rot chickpea. is Chile, the 1988, it was Tunisia and the disease was found symptoms on adult plants closely to on the stems which attacked at any pot soil level to the top. A web white mycelial on the stem and base the absence be seen on the stems. Occablack along with mycelial can be on petioles and leaflets, which ultimately and turn disease adult plants when they a thick canopy and soil a long disease is by cool and wet excessive vegetative and heavy dew. Sclerotia sclerotiorum fungus causes a stem many annual and plants. abundant white mycelium on the the stem. y shape and size, black on and white with. the soil. the followg season the by apothecia and fect the stem (Sgh and Sgh, 1983). availability light, a suitable Verticillium wilt Wilt caused by Verticillium albo-atrum chickpea was USA 1958). fungus is also associated with Fusarium causg Sce the potential the disease to devastate the not no made to identify the to stem Limited is beg out by and a few chickpea les with identified. Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

4 Dry root rot is not known. chickpea has been Ethiopia, Spa and USA. this disease the plants suddenly the field at and poddg. is commonly seen the plants affected by wilt. leaves and stems affected plants unless the soil is wet. tap is quite the be easily. black bodies can be seen with the aid a 10 hand lens on the the as well as the pith. disease between 25 and 30 "C. phaseola ambient (Taub) fungus bodies and thick which black ly connected by mycelial fungus is the soil the long time. fungus has a wide host and can fect is not effective to the disease. Sce the disease is sick plot is essential cannot be avoided. To bataticola it would be technique. the development sick plot specifically to follow stunt leaf wiltg chickpea was it the cause which was established as the bean leaf disease is and West Asia. has it to be Affected plant is stunted due to leaflets fected plants can be easily spotted the field by tips and leaflets became foliage disis desi than kabuli types. leaflets ones. A cut a plants die if they fected seedlg stage. disease is as fected 27 nm host the stunt is confed to legumous plants, such as beans, fababean, lentil, pea and chickpea. Alfalfa is a symptomless the is by Aphis and 1971; Nene and 1976). to stunt is difficult. g chickpea to stunt is done at susceptible chickpea les and legumes is done one month than the plantg to build up A few chickpea les to stunt have been identified. technique (Nene et al., 1981) is used at to the les identified the field. this technique 5 to 7 day-old seedlgs, sand oculated with oculum and seedlgs cubated at "C 8 days. At the end the cubation, seedlgs examed the extent on 1-9 pot scale. At les to identified. Some these les have the to both, wilt and to chickpea seems to be monogenic with domant susceptibility. (Ananda Conclusion the cultivation chicbea. 10 tion became available on chickpea diseases. has needed to utilize the which is available the ment chickpea needed to the and losses caused by the diseases chickpea. Epidemiological studies the diseases the will help to effective disease management. Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens

5 vival Fusariunzoxysporum f.sp. ciceri soil the absence on management g 98: sporum f. sp. ciceri and F. solani A. and Fzrsarium Cicer arietutn 42: J., (1987): Complementation between genes 1 Fusarizrm oxysporum f. sp. ciceri 36: on 19: Y.L. (1980): Y.L. (1982): 66: sporunt f. sp. ciceri. 66: Y.L. and tion Fusariutn oxysporum f. sp. ciceri 68: wilt at dif- Fztsarizrrn affectg Cicer arietzrm 61: J. and to Y.L. and Fm Sci : : (Fusarium oxysporzrm f. sp. ciceri) gram. 5: on (1953): Effect effect soil on Sclerotia sclerotiorurn. 90: Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens