Black rot of crucifers: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
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1 Black rot of crucifers: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
2 Black rot of crucifers: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
3 Black rot of crucifers: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Photos from R.L. Gabrielson
4 Xanthomonas leaf spot of crucifers: Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae/raphani
5 Photos from PetoSeed Peppery leaf spot of crucifers: Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola
6 Xanthomonas campestris & Pseudomonas syringae pathogens of crucifers Pathogen Black rot X. c. pv. campestris Xanthomonas leaf spot Xanthomonas leaf spot Peppery leaf spot X. c. pv. raphani X. c. pv. armoraciae P. s. pv. maculicola Symptoms Yellow leaves, wilting, black veins Circular, water-soaked leaf spot, chlorotic halo; dark lesions on petioles Systemic + - Circular to angular spots, chlorotic halo Seedborne + Dispersal Splashing water, seed, insects Overwinter Debris, Crucifer weeds, soil Favorable conditions Warm to hot, wet Cool to warm, extended wet periods Cool to warm, extended wet periods Cool, wet Host range Crucifers (including weeds) Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, radish, tomato, pepper Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, radish, horseradish Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Br. sprouts, turnip
7 Bacterial leaf spot of beet: Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata Photos at
8 Symptoms Pseudomonas leaf spot diseases of spinach & beet P. syringae pv. spinaciae Irregular, water-soaked spots; older lesions dark brown to black, angular; lesions visible from top & bottom of leaf P. syringae pv. aptata Circular to irregular leaf spots, tan center, dark margin; leaf margins; coalesce to ragged appearance Seedborne -(?) + Dispersal Splashing water, machinery Splashing water, insects, machinery Overwinter Debris? Debris, Favorable conditions Wet, cool? Wet, cool Host range Spinach, others? Beet, chard, bean, eggplant, lettuce, and pepper
9 White mold: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
10
11 sclerotia apothecia Photo by M.L. Derie Photo by L.J. du Toit
12 sclerotium & apothecium
13
14 asci with ascospores ascospores
15
16 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum extremely broad host range (p. 27 of 2003 PNW Disease Mngmt Hdbk ) long-lived (sclerotia) favorable conditions: extended periods of moist conditions high humidity - dense canopy, rain, irrigation, dew cool or warm temperatures
17 Wilt diseases: Fusarium oxysporum & Verticillium dahliae
18 Wilt diseases: Fusarium osysporum vs. Verticillium F. oxysporum Verticillium Soilborne + + Seedborne + + Host range Narrow (specific) Broad Survival in soil Long-term Long(er)-term Favorable conditions for infection/symptoms Warm, dry Warm, dry
19 Wilt diseases: Fusarium oxysporum Forma specialis F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae F. oxysporum f. sp. betae F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani Symptomatic host Spinach Beet Swiss chard Cabbage (strains 1 & 5) Brussels sprout, cauliflower, collard, kale, mustards, rape, rutabaga, (strain 1) Flowering stock (strains 3 & 4) Radish (formerly strain 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans) Asymptomatic host Beet Swiss chard Spinach
20 Fusarium wilt of radish: F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani
21 Fusarium wilt of radish: F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani
22 Fusarium wilt of radish: F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani Photo by D.A. Inglis
23 Fusarium wilt of spinach: F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae
24 Fusarium wilt of spinach: F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae
25 Verticillium wilt vs. Fusarium wilt of spinach Verticillium wilt Fusarium wilt
26 Verticillium wilt vs. Fusarium wilt of spinach Verticillium wilt Fusarium wilt
27 Fusarium wilt Verticillium wilt Control
28 Systemic infection by Verticillium Non-inoculated control Inoculated with V. dahliae
29 Verticillium wilt vs. Fusarium wilt of spinach Verticillium wilt Fusarium wilt
30 Verticillium wilt of spinach
31 Spinach wilt: Fusarium oxysporum vs. Verticillium dahliae Symptoms Fusarium wilt Any stage in development Verticillium wilt Only after bolting & initiation of seed set Foliar symptoms General wilting, flaccid, off-green, death Oldest leaves 1 st, initial interveinal chlorosis, then necrosis Reddening of stem + + External root discoloration Black None/Light brown Vascular discoloration Black Light brown Seedborne/transmitted +/+ +/+ Host range Chenopodiaceae Broad Host resistance +?
32 Verticillium wilt: Verticillium dahliae & V. albo-atrum Crucifer hosts: Susceptible = cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, cabbage Resistant = broccoli, mustards Chenopod. hosts: Spinach, beets, chard Other hosts: Numerous! Dependant on vegetative compatibility group (VCG)
33 Virus diseases of Chenopodiaceous & Cruciferous vegetables
34 Tools & techniques for diagnosis of virus diseases symptoms signs virus inclusion bodies - light microscopy virions - electron microscopy host range studies vector transmission evaluations local lesion assays biochemical/physical tests immunological assays ELISA, immunogold labeling, molecular (DNA or RNA) assays PCR
35 Virus diseases of Crucifers: Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)
36 Virus diseases of Crucifers: Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
37 Viruses diseases of Crucifers: CaMV vs. TuMV Symptoms Vector CaMV Mosaic, veinal chlorosis, leaf distortion, premature flowering TuMV Black necrotic ring spots; mosaic, leaf distortion, necrosis Several aphids: e.g., green peach aphid, cabbage aphid Transmission Non-persistent Seedborne - Survival Cruciferous weeds Host range Crucifers only Crucifers, lettuce, endive, spinach, zinnia, petunia,
38 Virus diseases of spinach: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
39 Virus diseases of spinach: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) crown leaves narrow, curled, wrinkled, margins roll in leaves yellow and die stunting symptoms develop faster at high temperatures aphid transmitted overwinters in perennial weeds, builds up in vegetables (especially cucurbits) spread by many aphids
40 Virus yellows of beet Host Sheph. Chenop. Virus Name Range Purse capitatum Closterovirus BYV Beet Yellows Virus narrow Luteovirus BWYV Beet Western Yellows Virus wide + - BChV Beet Chlorosis Virus narrow - + BMYV Beet Mild Yellows Virus intermed. + + Table provided by R.T. Lewellen, USDA ARS, Salinas, CA
41 Virus diseases of beet & chard: Beet western yellows virus (BWYV)
42 Virus diseases of beet & chard: Beet yellows virus (BYV) Photos provided by R.T. Lewellen
43 Virus diseases of beet & chard: Beet mosaic virus (BMV)
44 Important aphid-borne viruses of beets: BWYV, BYV, BMV Symptoms Vector BWYV BYV BMV Interveinal yellowing (older leaves first); red-brown spots between veins (bronze cast); thick, leathery, brittle leaves; poor root growth Aphids (many) Yellow circular spots (young leaves); puckered leaves with mottling; stunting Transmission Persistent Semi-persistent Non-persistent Seedborne - Survival Alternative crop & weed hosts Alternative hosts Host range Very broad Mainly Chenopodiaceae Overwintering seed crops, weed hosts Moderate
45 Virus diseases of beet & chard: Rhizomania Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) & soilborne fungus Polymyxa betae Photos provided by R.T. Lewellen
46 Virus diseases of beet & chard: Rhizomania Photos provided by R.T. Lewellen
47 Virus diseases of beet & chard: Rhizomania root stunting, proliferation, vascular discoloration upright, yellow leaves, proliferation of leaves distinct veinal yellowing is rare but diagnostic wilting in higher temperatures vectored by the soilborne fungus, Polymyxa betae vector favored by saturated soils spreads in infected soil, on plants vector survives in soils >10 years potential yield loss is high found in sugarbeet fields along Columbia River in 2000 concern re. table beet seed industry in PNW
48 Some other viruses of spinach, beet & chard Beet curly top virus (BCTV) -beet leafhopper vector -very broad host range - stunting, hairy roots, thickened & rolled leaves Photos provided by R.T. Lewellen Beet chlorosis virus (BChV) - non-persistent aphid vector -interveinal yellowing
49 Monitoring diseases appearance/development threshold populations need for control effectiveness of actions
50
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