DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICAI1S IN CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

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1 DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICAI1S IN CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Edited under the auspices of the American Institute :for Cancer Research Washington, D.C.

3 Chapter 1 Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer by Isothiocyanates 1 Stephen S. Hecht Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Inhibition of NNK-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis by PEITC 2 Inhibition of BaP-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis by BITC 6 Effects of Watercress Consumption on NNK Metabolism in Smokers 7 Summary 8 Acknowledgments 9 References 9 Chapter 2 Isothiocyanates as Inhibitors of Esophageal Cancer 1 3 Gary D. Stoner and Mark A. Mors e Introduction 1 3 Methods n 1 5 Chemicals 1 5 Animals 1 5 Experimental Diets 1 7 Tumorigenesis Bioassays 1 7 Analysis of DNA Adducts 1 7 Statistical Analysis 1 8 Results 1 8 Effects of PEITC on NMBA-Induced Esophageal Tumorigenesis 18 Effects of Various Arylalkyl Isothiocyanates on NMBA-Induced Esophagea l Tumorigenesis 1 9 Effects of Dietary Isothiocyanates on NMBA-Induced Methylation 2 0 Discussion 2 0 Acknowledgments 2 1 References 21

4 Chapter 3 Plant Phenolics as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents 25 Harold L. Newmark Abstract 2 5 Introduction 2 5 Occurrence of Plant Phenolic Compounds 26 Chemical Properties of Plant Phenolic Compounds 2 8 Anti-Carcinogenic Properties 2 8 The Antioxidant Hypothesis 2 8 Inhibition of Nitrosation 2 9 Electrophile Radical Trap Hypothesis 2 9 Arachidonic Metabolism Modulation 2 9 Cell Protein Kinase Inhibition 3 0 Inhibition of Carcinogenesis : Animal Experiments 3 0 Problems and Adverse Effects 3 1 Endogenous Production 3 1 Multifunctional Biochemical Activities of Plant Phenolics 32 Needs and Objective- for Future Research 32 References 3 3 Chapter 4 Cancer Chemoprevention by Polyphenols in Green Tea and Artichoke 35 Rajesh Agarwal and Hasan Mukhtar Introduction 3 5 Cancer Chemoprevention by Green Tea 36 General Background 36 Anti-Carcinogenic Effect of Green Tea in Mouse Skin Model of Carcinogenesis 3 7 Anti-Carcinogenic Effect of Green Tea in Internal Body Organs 40 Potential Anti-Carcinogenic Effect of Green Tea in Prostate Cancer 4 2 Epidemiological Studies on Tea Consumption and Human Cancer 4 3 Cancer Chemoprevention by Silymarin 4 4 General Background 44 Anti-Carcinogenic Effect of Silymarin in Mouse Skin Model of Carcinogenesis 44 Acknowledgments 4 6 References 4 6 Chapter 5 Effects of Tea on Carcinogenesis in Animal Models and Humans 5 1 Chung S. Yang, Laishun Chen, Mao-Jung Lee, and Janelle M. Landau Introduction 5 1 Inhibition of Carcinogenesis in Animal Models by Tea 5 1 Lung Tumorigenesis 5 2 Esophageal Carcinogenesis 5 3 Gastric Carcinogenesis 5 3 Formation and Growth of Skin Tumors 5 4 Other Laboratory Studies 54

5 Epidemiological Studies on Tea and Cancer 54 Tea Consumption and Esophageal Cancer in Humans 54 Tea Consumption and Stomach Cancer in Humans 5 5 Active Components and Possible Mechanisms for the Inhibition of Tumorigenesi s by Tea 56 Concluding Remarks 57 Acknowledgments 5 8 References 5 8 Chapter 6 Estrogens, Phytoestrogens, and Breast Cancer 6 3 Robert Clarke, Leena Hilakivi-Clarke, Elizabeth Cho, Mattie R. James, and Fabio Leoness a Introduction 63 Estrogens and Phytoestrogens 64 What Is an Estrogen? 64 What Is a Phytoestrogen? 6 5 Where Are Compounds with Phytoestrogenic Activity? 6 5 The Interactions of Estrogens and Phytoestrogens with Estrogen Receptors 6 7 Structure-Activity Relationships of Estrogen Receptor Ligands 6 7 Relative Potencies 6 8 Bioavailability 6 9 Agonists, Partial Agonists, and Antagonists 70 The Nature and Diversity of Estrogenic Responses 70 What Is an Estrogenic Response? 7 0 The Diversity of Estrogenic Responses 7 1 What Is a Phytoestrogenic Response? 7 1 Estrogenic Stimuli in the Normal Breast 7 2 Estrogens and the Normal Breast 7 2 Estrogen and Mammary Gland Development 7 2 Estrogenic Exposures throughout Life 7 3 Sources of Estrogens 7 3 Estrogenic Stimuli in the Malignant Breast 7 5 Early Life and Breast Cancer 7 5 Early Phytoestrogen Exposure and Mammary Tumors 76 Mechanisms of Action of Phytoestrogens in Breast Cancer 7 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 7 8 Acknowledgments 7 9 References 7 9 Chapter 7 Soy Isoflavonoids and Cancer Prevention : Underlying Biochemical and Pharmacological Issues 8 7 Stephen Barnes, Jeff Sfakianos, Lori Coward, and Marion Kirk Abstract 87 Introduction 8 8 Materials and Methods 89 Materials 89

6 Animals 8 9 Soy Feeding Studies 8 9 HPLC Analysis of Genistein Metabolites in Bile 9 0 Analysis of Isoflavones in Plasma 9 0 HPLC-Mass Spectrometry 9 0 Results 9 1 Intestinal Uptake and Biliary Recovery of Genistein 9 1 Plasma Isoflavones following a Soy Beverage 92 Discussion 93 Acknowledgments 9 9 References 99 Chapter 8 Quercetin as a Modulator of the Cellular Neoplastic Phenotype : Effects on the Expression of Mutated H-ras and p53 in Rodent and Human Cells 10 1 Matias A. Avila, Jose Cansado, K. William Harter, Juan A. Velasco, and Vicente Notario Introduction 10 1 Materials and Methods 102 Cell Lines, Culture Conditions, and Quercetin Treatment 10 2 Growth Rate, Clonogenic Assays, and FACS Analysis 10 2 Northern Blot Hybridization Analysis 102 Protein Analyses 102 Other Experimental Procedures 10 3 Results 10 3 Effect of Quercetin on ras-transformed NIH/3T3 Cells 10 3 Effect of Quercetin on Human Mammary Carcinoma Cells Carrying Mutan t p Discussion 10 7 Acknowledgments 10 8 References 10 9 Chapter 9 Effects of Monoterpenes and Mevinolin on Murine Colon Tumor CT 26 in Vitro and Its Hepatic "Metastases" in Vivo 11 1 Selwyn A. Broitman, John Wilkinson IV, Sonia Cerda, and Steven K. Branch Introduction 11 1 Materials and Methods 11 8 Cell Culture 11 8 Preparation of Lipoprotein-Deficient Serum (LPDS) 11 8 Preparation of MEV 11 8 Protein Determinations 11 8 Inhibition of Cell Growth with MEV and Perillyl Alcohol Combinations 11 8 Cholesterol Synthesis Assay 11 9 Protein Isoprenylation Assay 11 9 Tissue Culture for Mouse Implantation 120 Diets Used for Animal Studies 120 Direct Hepatic Implantation 120

7 Hepatic Colonization from Intrasplenic Inoculation 12 0 Measurement of HMG CoA Reductase Activity in Liver and CT-2 6 Implanted in the Liver of Balb/C Host 12 1 Results and Discussion 12 1 Summary 12 7 Acknowledgments 12 8 References 12 8 Chapter 1 0 Antitumorigenic Effects of Limonene and Perillyl Alcohol against Pancreatic and Breast Cancer 13 1 Pamela L. Crowell, A. Siar Ayoubi, and Yvette D. Burke Abstract 13 1 Dietary Sources of Monoterpenes 13 1 Antitumor Activity of Limonene 13 2 Limonene Metabolism 13 2 Structure-Activity Relationships among Monoterpenes 13 3 Chemotherapeutic Effects of Perillyl Alcohol 13 3 Mechanisms of Action of Perillyl Alcohol and Limonene 134 Summary 13 5 References 13 5 Chapter 1 1 Monoterpenes as Regulators of Malignant Cell Proliferation 13 7 Raymond J. Hoh l Abstract 13 7 Monoterpenes 13 7 ras and Its Relationship to the Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway 13 8 Anti-ras Activity by the Monoterpenes 14 0 Applications of the Monoterpenes to Clinical Trials 14 3 Acknowledgment 14 4 References 14 4 Chapter 1 2 Organosulfur Compounds and Cancer 147 Michael A. Lea Introduction 147 Epidemiological Studies of Garlic and Cancer 147 Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Garlic and Garlic Constituents 14 8 Effects of Garlic and Garlic Constituents on Metabolism 14 8 Carcinogen Metabolism 14 8 Polyamine Metabolism 14 9 Sufhydryl Groups and Glutathione S-Transferase 14 9 Other Actions that May Be Related to Cancer 15 0 Effects on Tumor Growth and Differentiation 15 0 Summary 15 1 References 151

8 Chapter 13 Recent Results in the Organosulfur and Organoselenium Chemistry of Genu s Allium and Brassica Plants: Relevance for Cancer Prevention 15 5 Eric Block Introduction 15 5 Organosulfur and Organoselenium Compounds in Allium and Brassica spp 15 5 Selenium Biochemistry 15 6 Analysis of Selenium in Allium spp 15 8 Headspace Analysis 15 9 Selenoamino Acid Analysis 160 Human Garlic Breath Analysis 163 Cancer Preventative Activity 16 3 Epidemiological Evidence 16 3 Antibacterial Activity Relevant to Cancer Prevention 16 4 Cytotoxicity and Anti-Tumor Activity 16 5 Antioxidant Activity 16 6 Tumor Promotion Activity 16 6 Acknowledgment 16 6 References 16 6 Chapter 14 Allium Vegetables and the Potential for Chemoprevention of Cancer 17 1 Michael J. Wargovich and Naoto Uda Introduction ` 17 1 Early Studies Indicating Possible Cancer Prevention Effects for Organosulfu r Compounds 17 2 Further Evidence for Chemoprevention : Effects ofallium Volatiles in Other Animal Models and Carcinogen Detoxification Systems 17 3 Recent Studies on the Effects of Allium-Derived Organosulfur Compounds on Carcinogen Metabolism 174 Epidemiological and Clinical Studies Related to the Cancer Preventives Effects o f Allium Vegetables 175 Acknowledgments 176 References 17 6 Chapter 1 5 The Attributes of Selenium-Enriched Garlic in Cancer Prevention 17 9 Clement Ip and Donald J. Lisk Introduction 17 9 Cultivation of High Selenium Garlic 18 0 Studies of Mammary Cancer Prevention by High Selenium Garlic 180 The Anticarcinogenic Efficacy of High Selenium Garlic Is Primarily Attributabl e to the Effect of Selenium 18 1 Nutritional Bioavailability of Selenium from High Selenium Garlic 18 2 Tissue Selenium Accumulation and Tolerance Studies in Rats Fed High Seleniu m Garlic 18 4 Discussion 185

9 Acknowledgment 18 6 References 18 6 Chapter 1 6 Is There a Need to Change the American Diet? 18 9 Johanna Dwyer Introduction 18 9 Science Base for Evaluating Evidence 18 9 Expert Recommendations 19 0 What Experts Recommend Today 19 0 Are We Meeting Expert Recommendations? 190 Are New Recommendations Needed? 19 1 Next Steps 19 5 Four Paths 19 5 Wait for More Evidence to Accumulate and Let Dietary Intakes "Float" 19 5 Increase Intakes of Foods Naturally Containing Phytochemicals 195 Make Phytochemical Fortified Foods More Available and Eat Them 196 Promote Phytochemical Supplements 19 6 Conclusions 19 6 Acknowledgment 19 7 References ' 19 7 Chapter 17 The National 5 A Day for Better Health Program 19 9 Jerianne Heimendinger and Daria Chapelsky Introduction and Rationale 199 Program Design 200 Program Components 20 1 Media 202 Retail 202 Community 203 Research and Evaluation 20 3 Program Materials 204 Conclusion 204 References 20 5 Chapter 1 8 Nutritional Implications of Dietary Phytochemicals 207 Mark Messina and Virginia Messin a The Golden Ages of Nutrition 207 Phytochemicals and Their Impact on Dietary Guidelines 20 8 Changing Views of Diet and Foods 209 Phytochemical Supplements and Phytochemical Food Fortification 21 0 Summary 21 1 References 211

10 Chapter 1 9 Designer Foods : Is There a Role for Supplementation/Fortification? 21 3 John W. Finley Designer Foods 21 3 Dietary Guidelines 21 5 Materials with Perceived Efficacy 21 9 Conclusion 22 0 References 22 0 Chapter 20 Wheat Bran, Colon Cancer, and Breast Cancer : What Do We Have? What Do We Need? 22 1 Richard M. Black Introduction 22 1 Colon Cancer 22 2 Breast Cancer 224 Phytochemicals 22 7 Conclusion 22 7 References : 22 8 Chapter 2 1 Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention : Research Opportunities, Approaches, and Pitfalls 23 1 Chung S. Yang, Barbara C. Pence, Michael J. Wargovich, and Janelle M. Landau Introduction 23 1 Important, but Not Well Funded, Research Field 23 1 Common Weaknesses and Problems in Grant Applications 23 2 Ways to Strengthen Research on Diet and Cancer Prevention 23 3 New Opportunities and Approaches 234 Approaches to Increase Funding 23 5 Justifying the Importance of the Research 23 5 Increasing Support and Fund Raising 23 5 Strengthening the Study Sections and Review Panels 23 5 Writing Better Grant Applications 236 Keeping the Lines of Communication Open 23 6 Acknowledgment 23 6 References 23 6 Appendix I 23 7 Appendix Appendix Appendix Abstracts 23 9 Index 325

DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NA THAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann