Extracellular Enzymes Lab
|
|
- Candace Mills
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biochemistry Extracellular Enzymes Lab All organisms convert small organic compounds, such as glucose, into monomers required for the production of macromolecules; e.g., Building Blocs Monomers Macromolecules Glucose Glucose-6-P Pentose-5-P Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA xalacetate Erythrose-4-P etc Fatty Acids Sugars Amino Acids Nucleotides Lipids Glycogen Proteins RNA DNA
2 Metabolism The synthesis of building bloc compounds, monomers and macromolecules from glucose (and other simple compounds, such as C ) is conducted by the metabolic reactions of the cell, such as the highly abbreviated synthesis of amino acids shown here: EMP Pathway Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glucose (C 6 ) Pentose (C 5 ) istidine (C 6 ) Glycine (C ) Serine (C 3 ) Cysteine (C 3 ) Triose (C 3 ) Tetrose (C 4 ) Alanine (C 3 ) Lysine (C 6 ) Pyruvate (C 3 ) AcetylCoA (C ) Shiimate (C 7 ) Phenylalanine (C 9 ) Tyrosine (C 9 ) Tryptophan (C 11 ) Methionine (C 5 ) Aspartate (C 4 ) Threonine (C 4 ) Isoleucine (C 6 ) aa (C 4 ) Citrate (C 6 ) TCA Cycle xoglutarate (C 5 ) Valine (C 5 ) Leucine (C 6 ) Phenylalanine (C 9 ) Tyrosine (C 9 ) Tryptophan (C 11 ) All of these reactions, of which there are more than 1000, are catalyzed by enzymes.
3 Amino Acids
4 More Complete Metabolic Networ TP
5
6 Chemical Potential Enzymes Enzymes are large proteins that all organisms synthesize to catalyze metabolic reactions. Enzymes are typically highly specific, converting only one substrate to one product. Almost all reactions that occur within the cell, including energy production (catabolism) and biosynthesis (anabolism), are catalyzed by enzymes. Reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable (i.e., endoergic) require an energy source, such as ATP to proceed. Catalysts AB Reaction: A B A Energy released by reaction E A without catalyst B E A with catalyst Activation energy, E A, must be supplied to most reactions in order for them to proceed. A catalyst lowers the activation energy, allowing a reaction to proceed at lower temperatures. Catalysts are neither consumed nor produced in the reaction. Enzymes are a class of catalysts Reaction Extent Broc: pp , Sec. 4.5
7 Enzyme Catalysis The sequence of amino acids that comprise enzymes convey a 3D structure that: Allows only specific substrates and cofactors to bind with the enzyme Aligns the substrate with the reaction center of the enzyme The 3D enzyme structure and catalytic activity can be lost by exposing the enzyme to high temperatures, salinity, p, and other extremes. These extremes denature the enzyme. Many enzymes have a reaction center that contains a metal cofactor, such as Mg, Mo, Cu, Fe, etc. Regulatory (or allosteric) enzymes are affected by other compounds (modulators) that can either inhibit or activate an enzyme s catalytic properties. Enzyme Substrate Modulator Mo Mo Reaction Center With modulator, enzyme can bind with substrate to produce product Without modulator, enzyme can not bind with substrate
8 Bovine ribonuclease A hydrolyzes RNA during digestion space-filling model of RNAse A with a bound substrate ribbon model of the protein bacbone substrate binding site For molecular structures and imaging see particulate methane monooxygenase
9 Reaction Kinetics Elementary Reactions Reaction rder Rxn Rate Units of A B First V = [A] d -1 A + B C Second V = [A][B] d -1 M -1 Complex Reactions bserved: A F Propose mechanism consisting of elementary reactions: A B + C B D C E D + E F Derive reaction inetics d[ F] V 4[ D][ E] dt Need to solve for [D] and [E], etc so that given the concentration of A, the overall reaction rate can be determined.
10 Enzyme Kinetics Mechanism 1 E + S ES Enzyme binds w/ substrate -1 S E P ES E + P Enzyme releases product Kinetic equations V o = [ES] Reaction rate. d [ ES] 1[E][S] 1[ES] dt [ES] [E T ] = [E] + [ES]; where [E T ] is the total amount of enzyme present. Analytical solution is not possible with above equations; however, Steady state assumption turns out to be good approximation d[es] dt 0
11 Derivation [ES] [E][S] [ES] [ES] [E][S] ES SSA dt d ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ES E E T [ES] [S] ]-[ES] [E 1 T 1 [S] ][S] [E [S] ][S] [E [ES] 1 1 T 1 1 T 1 [S] ][S] [E [ES] v 1 1 T o
12 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics The four inetic equations can be solved to give: V o V K M [S] [S] MAX where V K MAX M 1 1 [E T ] Maximum reaction rate Michaelis-Menten constant, or half saturation constant V MAX Reaction rate, V o When [S] = K M, V o = ½V MAX Asymptotes As [S] ; V o V MAX MAX V As [S] 0; V o [S] [S] K M K M [S]
13 a, b Michaelis-Menten versus 1 st order inetics r r a, b First rder Kinetics Michaelis-Menten Kinetics r = 1 [A]; 1 = A MAX V [A] r ; V K [A] MAX = 1, K M = M A d[a] r; dt B A d[b] r dt Time A B d[a] r; dt d[b] r dt B A Time Note, for Michaelis-Menten inetics the increase in [B] and the decrease in [A] occurs linearly while [A] >> K M Can use linear increase to measure V MAX
14 Transport across the cell membrane The concentration of substrates outside the cell are usually at low concentration, i.e. nm The concentration of substrates inside the cell are usual at high concentrations, i.e. mm Consequently, the cell must actively transport material across the cell membrane. Special proteins embedded in the cell wall and membrane are responsible for transporting material into and out of the cell. These transport systems only operate on relative small molecules, i.e. < 1000 MW Transport proteins utside Cell Inside Cell See Broc, pp Sec. 3.6
15 Peptidoglycan Example (E. coli) NAG N-acetylglucosamine NAM N-acetylmuramic acid NAG is also the monomer of chitin
16 Possible Lignin Structure
17 Diagenetic Reactions
18 Bacterial Substrates All organisms are comprise of mostly polymeric material: protein, cellulose, starch, lipids, peptidoglycans, lignin, RNA, DNA, etc. Consequently, dead organic material available for bacterial consumption is mostly large polymeric material with high molecular weights. Large polymeric compounds can not be transported across the cell wall. As organic material is exposed to environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light, absorption onto minerals (clay, etc) and bacterial degradation, the organic material becomes even more amorphous. Problem: monomers exist at low concentration and mae up only a small percent of the extracellular PM+DM pool. ow do bacteria breadown and consume the large polymeric material?
19 Extracellular Enzymes In order to breadown large polymeric organic material into small monomers, bacteria produce extracellular and ectoenzymes. Extracellular Enzymes: Excreted from cell and exist in solution in free form. Ectoenzymes: Bound to cell surface, but can attac extracellular substrates. Both types of enzymes are produced by both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria Gram Negative Gram Positive membrane cell wall membrane periplasmic space See Broc, pp Sec Bacterial growth may often be limited by the hydrolysis rate of extracellular macromolecules (area of current research).
20 Gram Negative Cell Wall Diagram
21 Enzyme Assay Extracellular and ectoenzymes catalyze hydrolysis reactions, which are exoergic, so do not require an energy source, such as ATP, to proceed: -A-A-A-A- + -A-A- + -A-A- Because of the low concentrations of the substrates, it is not practical to measure the decrease in concentration of the natural substrates. Fluorogenic substrates are used as analogs to the true substrates. MUF-R: 4-methylumbelliferyl-R MUF: 4-methylumbelliferyl R Any molecule + R- + - Fluoresces C 3 C 3 MUF fluoresces provided nothing is bound to -. At low p, MUF will become MUF- and will not fluoresce. By using different molecules bound to MUF (i.e., -R), different enzymes can be assayed.
22 MUF Enzyme Assays Endopeptidase N C C R N C C R + N C C R + N C R C Assay substrate: L-Leucine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride Phosphatase R--P R- + P 4 - Assay substrate: MUF-phosphate
23 More MUF Enzyme Assays -1,4-glucosidase (cellobiase) C C + Glucose Assay substrate: MUF--D-glucoside N--D-acetyl-glucosaminidase (Chitobiase) C N C + N-acetyl-glucosaminide N C= C= C 3 C 3 Assay substrate: MUF-N--D-acetyl-glucosaminide
24 Eco- and Extracellular Enzyme Assay MUF Conc. (nm) Introduce MUF substrate for enzyme to be assayed Measure accumulation of free MUF with fluorometer over time. Plot MUF concentration versus time (mae sure to account for dilution). Determine slope of line that best fits the data. This slope is V MAX d [MUF ] V MAX dt Enzymes Assayed: Chitobiase Phosphatase Endopeptidase Cellobiase Time (h) ow might V MAX be used to determine the state of an ecosystem? Note, the enzyme activity measured is not the activity that occurs in the natural environment! Why?
25 Example Applications From: Chróst, R.J. (1991) Microbial enzymes in aquatic environments.
Extracellular Enzymes Lab
Biochemistry Extracellular Enzymes Lab All organisms convert small organic compounds, such as glucose, into monomers required for the production of macromolecules; e.g., Building Blocks Monomers Macromolecules
More informationAMINO ACIDS NON-ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL
Edith Frederika Introduction A major component of food is PROTEIN The protein ingested as part of our diet are not the same protein required by the body Only 40 to 50 gr of protein is required by a normal
More informationThe building blocks of life.
The building blocks of life. The 4 Major Organic Biomolecules The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently. via anabolism Small molecules
More informationBIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM LAB SECTION
BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM NAME KEY LAB SECTION ID# (last four digits of SS#) STUDENT PLEASE READ. Do not put yourself at a disadvantage by revealing the content of this exam to your classmates. Your
More informationGlycolysis. Cellular Respiration
Glucose is the preferred carbohydrate of cells. In solution, it can change from a linear chain to a ring. Energy is stored in the bonds of the carbohydrates. Breaking these bonds releases that energy.
More informationSix Types of Enzyme Catalysts
Six Types of Enzyme Catalysts Although a huge number of reactions occur in living systems, these reactions fall into only half a dozen types. The reactions are: 1. Oxidation and reduction. Enzymes that
More informationEnzymes: The Catalysts of Life
Chapter 6 Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life Lectures by Kathleen Fitzpatrick Simon Fraser University Activation Energy and the Metastable State Many thermodynamically feasible reactions in a cell that could
More informationE.coli Core Model: Metabolic Core
1 E.coli Core Model: Metabolic Core 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Each student should be able to: Describe the glycolysis pathway in the core model. Describe the TCA cycle in the core model. Explain gluconeogenesis.
More informationIf you ate a clown, would it taste funny? Oh, wait, that s cannibalism . Anabolism
If you ate a clown, would it taste funny? Oh, wait, that s cannibalism. Anabolism is about putting things together. Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis Anabolism energy from catabolism is used
More informationFIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/ MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302
FIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/2016 10-11 40 MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302 The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control General theory of enzyme action, by Leonor Michaelis
More informationCellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular respiration: Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates: Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels. polysaccharides glucose
More informationObjective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of
Objective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of nucleic acids determine the properties of that polymer. Do Now: Read the first two paragraphs from enduring understanding 4.A Essential knowledge:
More informationEnzymes. Ms. Paxson. From food webs to the life of a cell. Enzymes. Metabolism. Flow of energy through life. Examples. Examples
From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions sun transforming energy from one form to another solar energy ATP & organic molecules
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 30 Outline Amino acids are obtained from the
More informationIntroduction to Carbohydrate metabolism
Introduction to Carbohydrate metabolism Some metabolic pathways of carbohydrates 1- Glycolysis 2- Krebs cycle 3- Glycogenesis 4- Glycogenolysis 5- Glyconeogenesis - Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) - Curi
More informationAmino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle
Amino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle Amino Acids: Final class of biomolecules whose oxidation contributes significantly to the generation of energy Undergo oxidation in three metabolic circumstances
More informationAP Biology. Metabolism & Enzymes
Metabolism & Enzymes From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions transforming energy from one form to another organic molecules
More informationChapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis
Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis Matching A) high B) deprotonated C) protonated D) least resistance E) motion F) rate-determining G) leaving group H) short peptides I) amino acid J) low K) coenzymes L) concerted
More informationShort polymer. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO 1 2 3 H HO H Short polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Unlinked monomer H 2 O HO 1 2 3 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO 1 2 3
More informationEnzymes. Enzyme. Aim: understanding the basic concepts of enzyme catalysis and enzyme kinetics
Enzymes Substrate Enzyme Product Aim: understanding the basic concepts of enzyme catalysis and enzyme kinetics Enzymes are efficient Enzyme Reaction Uncatalysed (k uncat s -1 ) Catalysed (k cat s -1 )
More informationMacromolecules Structure and Function
Macromolecules Structure and Function Within cells, small organic molecules (monomers) are joined together to form larger molecules (polymers). Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands
More informationGRU3L1 Metabolism & Enzymes. AP Biology
GRU3L1 Metabolism & Enzymes From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions u transforming energy from one form to organic molecules
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Overview
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationMicrobial Metabolism (Chapter 5) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus
Microbial Metabolism (Chapter 5) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Source for figures and content: Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction
More informationFour Classes of Biological Macromolecules. Biological Macromolecules. Lipids
Biological Macromolecules Much larger than other par4cles found in cells Made up of smaller subunits Found in all cells Great diversity of func4ons Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules Lipids Polysaccharides
More informationJeopardy Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400
Jeopardy Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Energy & Reactions Q $100 Q $200 Q $300 Q $400 Q $500 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $400 Q $400
More informationChapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes. AP Biology
Chapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Chemical reactions of life Metabolism forming bonds between molecules dehydration synthesis anabolic reactions
More informationExamples. Chapter 8. Metabolism & Enzymes. Flow of energy through life. Examples. Chemical reactions of life. Chemical reactions & energy
WH Examples dehydration synthesis Chapter 8 Metabolism & Enzymes + H 2 O hydrolysis + H 2 O Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Examples dehydration synthesis hydrolysis 2005-2006
More informationLecture 11 - Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
Lecture 11 - Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction Biosynthetic pathways for amino acids, nucleotides and lipids
More informationMoorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall Instructor: Professor Gopal. Examination # 5: Section Five May 7, Name: (print)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Instructor: Professor Gopal Examination # 5: Section Five May 7, 2013 Name: (print) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TEN total pages (including this
More informationThe MOLECULES of LIFE
The MOLECULES of LIFE Physical and Chemical Principles Solutions Manual Prepared by James Fraser and Samuel Leachman Chapter 16 Principles of Enzyme Catalysis Problems True/False and Multiple Choice 1.
More informationMidterm 1 Last, First
Midterm 1 BIS 105 Prof. T. Murphy April 23, 2014 There should be 6 pages in this exam. Exam instructions (1) Please write your name on the top of every page of the exam (2) Show all work for full credit
More informationChapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.
More informationBiological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A
Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A Homework Watch the Bozeman video called, Biological Molecules Objective:
More informationPast Years Questions Chpater 6
Past Years Questions Chpater 6 **************************************** 1) Which of the following about enzymes is Incorrect? A) Most enzymes are proteins. B) Enzymes are biological catalysts. C) Enzymes
More informationMetabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler
More informationChapter 8 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life
Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life / Building Your Knowledge 1) What are the two branches of metabolism? a. b. Which branch synthesizes large molecules from small subunits?
More informationAssignment #1: Biological Molecules & the Chemistry of Life
Assignment #1: Biological Molecules & the Chemistry of Life A. Important Inorganic Molecules Water 1. Explain why water is considered a polar molecule. The partial negative charge of the oxygen and the
More informationCHM 341 C: Biochemistry I. Test 2: October 24, 2014
CHM 341 C: Biochemistry I Test 2: ctober 24, 2014 This test consists of 14 questions worth points. Make sure that you read the entire question and answer each question clearly and completely. To receive
More informationAmino acid Catabolism
Enzymatic digestion of dietary proteins in gastrointestinal-tract. Amino acid Catabolism Amino acids: 1. There are 20 different amino acid, they are monomeric constituents of proteins 2. They act as precursors
More informationMetabolism & Enzymes. From food webs to the life of a cell. Flow of energy through life. Life is built on chemical reactions
Metabolism & Enzymes 2007-2008 From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions transforming energy from one form to another organic
More informationLecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism
Lecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction 2 Proteins are degraded into amino acids. Protein
More informationChapter 6. Flow of energy through life. Chemical reactions of life. Examples. Examples. Chemical reactions & energy 9/7/2012. Enzymes & Metabolism
Flow of energy through life Chapter 6 Life is built on chemical reactions Enzymes & Metabolism Chemical reactions of life Examples Metabolism Forming bonds between molecules Dehydration synthesis Anabolic
More informationMetabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationMetabolic Biochemistry / BIBC 102 Midterm Exam / Spring 2011
Metabolic Biochemistry / BIBC 102 Midterm Exam / Spring 2011 I. (25 points) Fill in all of the enzyme catalyzed reactions which convert glycogen to lactate. Draw the correct structure for each intermediate
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationChemical Composition of the Cell. B. Balen
Chemical Composition of the Cell B. Balen Table 2-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008) 1. Water the most abundant substance in the cell! Where did it come from? several hypothesis: -
More information(30 pts.) 16. (24 pts.) 17. (20 pts.) 18. (16 pts.) 19. (5 pts.) 20. (5 pts.) TOTAL (100 points)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring 2009 Instructor: Professor Torres Examination # 5: Section Five April 30, 2009 ame: (print) ame: (sign) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TWELVE total
More informationChapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011 1 Macromolecules Fig. 5.1 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymer - large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
More informationChapter 8. Metabolism. Topics in lectures 15 and 16. Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Topics in lectures 15 and 16 Metabolism Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis 1 Metabolism Chemical Foundations Enzymes REDOX Catabolism Pathways Anabolism Principles and pathways 2 Enzymes
More informationCarbohydrates. Building a carbohydrate:
Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple s) Example: glucose, fructose Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides joined together Example: sucrose (glucose + fructose) olymer: olysaccharide (starch) Example:
More informationSPRINGFIELD TECHNICAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
SPRINGFIELD TECHNICAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE ACADEMIC AFFAIRS Course Number: BIOL 140 Department: Biology Course Title: Biochemistry/Health Sciences Semester: Spring Year: 1997 Objectives/ Course Number: BIOL
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. DATE: Oct. 22, 2002 Midterm EXAMINATION. PAPER NO.: PAGE NO.: 1of 6 DEPARTMENT & COURSE NO.: 2.277/60.
PAPER NO.: PAGE NO.: 1of 6 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS You must mark the answer sheet with pencil (not pen). Put your name and enter your student number on the answer sheet. The examination consists of multiple
More informationLecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes
Chem*3560 Lecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes Metabolic pathways do not run on a continuous basis, but are regulated according to need Catabolic pathways run if there is demand for ATP; for example
More informationChap 3 Metabolism and Growth
Chap 3 Metabolism and Growth I. Metabolism Definitions: Metabolism includes two parts: anabolism and catabolism Catabolism: Anabolism: Aerobic metabolism: catabolism anabolis m catabolis anabolis m Anaerobic
More informationMacromolecules. Honors Biology
Macromolecules onors Biology 1 The building materials of the body are known as macromolecules because they can be very large There are four types of macromolecules: 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids 3. arbohydrates
More informationStudent Number: To form the polar phase when adsorption chromatography was used.
Name: Student Number: April 14, 2001, 1:30 AM - 4:30 PM Page 1 (of 4) Biochemistry II Lab Section Final Examination Examiner: Dr. A. Scoot 1. Answer ALL questions in the space provided.. 2. The last page
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Overview
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism Last Week Most of the Animal Kingdom = Lazy - Most higher organisms in the animal kindom don t bother to make all of the amino acids. - Instead, we eat things that make the essential
More informationStudent Number: THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA April 16, 2007, 9:00 AM -12:00 PM Page 1 (of 4) Biochemistry II Laboratory Section Final Examination
Name: Student Number: THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA April 16, 2007, 9:00 AM -12:00 PM Page 1 (of 4) Biochemistry II Laboratory Section Final Examination MBIO / CHEM.2370 Examiner: Dr. A. Scoot 1. Answer ALL
More informationBio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages)
Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages) READ THIS: Take a numbered test and sit in the seat with that number on it. Remove the numbered sticker from the desk, and stick it on the
More informationFatty acids and phospholipids
PYS 4xx Intro 2 1 PYS 4xx Intro 2 - Molecular building blocks We now describe in more detail the nomenclature and composition of several classes of compounds of relevance to the cell, including: membrane
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers Polymer long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. Monomer the small building block molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins
More information24. What is the half-life of a compound (reactant) and does it depend on the concentration of this compound (reactant) in a first order process? 25. W
Water 1. Why is water so different compared to methane although they have nearly the same molecular weight? 2. What are the main differences between water and methane which has nearly the same molecular
More informationStudent name ID # 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration? In photosynthesis?
1. Membrane transport. A. (4 pts) What ion couples primary and secondary active transport in animal cells? What ion serves the same function in plant cells? 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor
More informationA cell s metabolism is all the organism s chemical reactions. Metabolism manages the material and energy resources of the cell.
Enzymes Metabolism Metabolism A cell s metabolism is all the organism s chemical reactions. Metabolism manages the material and energy resources of the cell. Energy is the capacity to do work. Metabolism
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Practice Quiz 1 AP Bio Sept 2016 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen.
More informationCarbon. p Has four valence electrons p Can bond with many elements p Can bond to other carbon atoms
Organic Compounds Carbon p Has four valence electrons p Can bond with many elements p Can bond to other carbon atoms n Gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. p Organic
More informationENDURANCE SPORTS NUTRITION
ENDURANCE SPORTS NUTRITION Complex carbohydrates with low glycemic index Simple carbohydrates with high glycemic index + complex carbs + proteins + electrolytes Simple carbs + complex carbs + proteins
More informationCells. Variation and Function of Cells
Cells Variation and Function of Cells Plasma Membrane= the skin of a cell, it protects and nourishes the cell while communicating with other cells at the same time. Lipid means fat and they are hydrophobic
More information3/19/2009. Ch. 5 Microbial metabolism. Metabolism basics (Fig. 5.1) Basic concepts of metabolic processes. Redox reactions (Fig. 5.
Ch. 5 Microbial metabolism Breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins to produce cellular energy (catabolism) Redox (reduction/oxidation) reactions capture, store and use energy via electron transfers
More informationThe building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases
1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule. The building blocks for this molecule are A)
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationCells extract energy from their environment and use the energy for a host of biological activities including biosynthesis.
ATP=cellular energy Cells extract energy from their environment and use the energy for a host of biological activities including biosynthesis. The reactions of energy extraction and energy use are called
More informationCarbon. Has four valence electrons Can bond with many elements. Can bond to other carbon atoms. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen
Organic Compounds Carbon Has four valence electrons Can bond with many elements Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Can bond to other carbon atoms Gives carbon the ability to form chains
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism. Metabolic balancing act. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes. Topics. Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 1 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism and anabolism simple model Catabolism Enzymes
More informationReg. No. : Question Paper Code : B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER Second Semester BT 6201 BIOCHEMISTRY
Ws 5 Reg. No. : Question Paper Code : 27075 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015. Time : Three hours Second Semester Biotechnology BT 6201 BIOCHEMISTRY (Common to Pharmaceutical Technology)
More informationMacromolecules (Learning Objectives)
Macromolecules (Learning Objectives) Recognize the role of water in synthesis and breakdown of polymers Name &recognize the monomer and the chemical bond that holds the polymeric structure of all biomolecules
More informationReading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass.
Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14
More informationSection 1 Proteins and Proteomics
Section 1 Proteins and Proteomics Learning Objectives At the end of this assignment, you should be able to: 1. Draw the chemical structure of an amino acid and small peptide. 2. Describe the difference
More informationMicrobial Metabolism. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 5 Microbial Metabolism Big Picture: Metabolism Metabolism is the buildup and breakdown of nutrients
More informationSYLLABUS MBMB/CHEM/BCHM 451b 2013 This class meets from pm every Tuesday and Thursday in Room 1059 (Auditorium) LS III.
1 SYLLABUS MBMB/CHEM/BCHM 451b 2013 This class meets from 12.35-1.50 pm every Tuesday and Thursday in Room 1059 (Auditorium) LS III. FACULTY P. M. D. Hardwicke, Room 210W, Neckers "C" Wing, Tel. 618-453-6469;
More informationRegulation. 1. Short term control 8-1
Regulation Several aspects of regulation have been alluded to or described in detail as we have progressed through the various sections of the course. These include: (a) compartmentation: This was not
More informationFigure 1 Original Advantages of biological reactions being catalyzed by enzymes:
Enzyme basic concepts, Enzyme Regulation I III Carmen Sato Bigbee, Ph.D. Objectives: 1) To understand the bases of enzyme catalysis and the mechanisms of enzyme regulation. 2) To understand the role of
More informationPROTEIN METABOLISM: SPECIFIC WAYS OF AMINO ACIDS CATABOLISM AND SYNTHESIS
PROTEIN METABOLISM: SPECIFIC WAYS OF AMINO ACIDS CATABOLISM AND SYNTHESIS SPECIFIC WAYS OF AMINO ACID CATABOLISM After removing of amino group the carbon skeletons of amino acids are transformed into metabolic
More informationChapter 8. Metabolism. Topics in lectures 15 and 16. Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Topics in lectures 15 and 16 Metabolism Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis 1 Metabolism Chemical Foundations Enzymes REDOX Catabolism Pathways Anabolism Principles and pathways 2 Chemical
More informationEnzymes what are they?
Topic 11 (ch8) Microbial Metabolism Topics Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 1 Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Metabolism 2 Metabolic balancing act Catabolism Enzymes involved in breakdown of complex
More informationCOVENANT UNIVERSITY ALPHA SEMESTER TUTORIAL KIT (VOL. 2) 200 LEVEL
COVENANT UNIVERSITY ALPHA SEMESTER TUTORIAL KIT (VOL. 2) P R O G R A M M E : B I O C H E M I S T R Y 200 LEVEL DISCLAIMER The contents of this document are intended for practice and learning purposes at
More informationChapter 8.4, 8.5. Enzymes. AP Biology
Chapter 8.4, 8.5 Enzymes Activation energy Breaking down large molecules requires an initial input of energy activation energy large biomolecules are stable must absorb energy to break bonds cellulose
More informationMacromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
Macromolecules 1. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule become a molecule. A) carbohydrate B) carbonyl C) carboxyl
More information3. Hydrogen bonds form between which atoms? Between an electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative N, O or F.
Chemistry of Life Answers 1. Differentiate between an ionic and covalent bond. Provide an example for each. Ionic: occurs between metals and non-metals, e.g., NaCl Covalent: occurs between two non-metals;
More informationincrease rate of reaction without being consumed reduce activation energy don t change free energy ( G) released or required
Enzymes Enzymes Biological catalysts proteins (& RNA) facilitate chemical reactions increase rate of reaction without being consumed reduce activation energy don t change free energy ( G) released or required
More informationMultiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points.
CHEM 4420 Exam 4 Spring 2015 Dr. Stone Page 1 of 6 Name Use complete sentences when requested. There are 120 possible points on this exam. Therefore there are 20 bonus points. Multiple choice: Circle the
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam 3 BIOL 1406, Fall 2012 HCC Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure
More informationThin-Layer Chromatography of Amino Acids HASPI Medical Biology Lab 15b Background Macromolecules
Thin-Layer Chromatography of s HASPI Medical Biology Lab 15b Background Macromolecules Name: Period: Date: There are four major types of biological macromolecules that make up the human body: nucleic acids
More informationChemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, Lecture 1. What is Biochemistry? Life at the molecular level.
Chemistry 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I Fall Semester, 2013 Lecture 1. What is Biochemistry? Life at the molecular level. Figure 1. Chemistry 5.07 focuses on the study of life at the molecular level. A.
More informationBiomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry
Biochemistry Department Date: 17/9/ 2017 Biomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry Prof.Dr./ FAYDA Elazazy Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Intended Learning Outcomes ILOs By the end
More informationMetabolism and Bioenergetics. Fuel and Digestion
Metabolism and Bioenergetics Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 12 Breakdown of food biomolecules to monomers Absorption of monomers Storage metabolism Fuel and Digestion 1 Amylase in mouth, intestine Amylose
More informationTala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram
23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation
More information