Energy utilisation of infants in southern Brazil

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1 Energy utilisation of infants in southern Brazil Breast-feeding pattern and socio-economic status in relation to obesity PhD Thesis

2 Figures and cover: Dick Visser Photographs: Hinke Haisma Printed by: Drukkerij Van Denderen B.V., Groningen ISBN-number: This research was financially supported by Directorate General for International Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria Pan-American Health Organisation, Washington DC, United States of America World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland The investigations presented in this thesis were carried out at Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Medicina Social, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in collaboration with Stable Isotope Laboratory, Medical Research Council Centre for Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK; Childhood Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Child Health, London, UK; and, Centre for Isotope Research, Zoological Laboratory and, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Groningen University, the Netherlands.

3 Rijksuniversiteit groningen Energy utilisation of infants in southern Brazil Breast-feeding pattern and socio-economic status in relation to obesity Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Medische Wetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr.f. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 17 maart 2004 om uur door Hinke Hendrika Haisma geboren op 25 april 1967 te Bakkeveen

4 Promotores: Copromotor: Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. R.J. Vonk Prof. C.G. Victora Prof. W.A. Coward Prof. G.H. Visser Dr. J.C.K. Wells Prof. S. Daan Prof. J.G.A.J. Hautvast Prof. P.J. Sauer Dr. C. Lutter

5 Voor mijn ouders,

6 Da Humana Condição Custa o rico a entrar no céu (Afirma o povo e não erra) Porém muito mais difícil É um pobre ficar na terra On the human condition It is hard for a rich man to go to Heaven (With no blunder the people assert) However, much harder it is For a poor man to stay on earth (Mario Quintana, Brazilean poet, 1986)

7 Contents Abbreviations Summary Breast-feeding pattern and socio-economic status in relation to obesity: a synthesis 1. Background and justification 1.1. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 1.2. Demographic, epidemiological and nutritional transition 1.3. Growth monitoring: historical overview 1.4. Energy expenditure and requirements of infants 2. Aims of the work in the thesis and study titles 3. Methods 3.1. Study 1: Pelotas 1993 birth cohort 3.2. Study 2: The effect of breast-feeding pattern on energy intake in 4-month-old infants 3.3. Study 3: The effect of breast-feeding pattern and socioeconomic status on components of total energy expenditure (8 months of age) 4. Results 4.1. The effect of breast-feeding pattern Study 1: Pelotas 1993 birth cohort Study 2: Energy intake of breast-fed infants aged 4 months of age Study 3: Components of energy expenditure in breastfed infants aged 8 months of age 4.2. The effect of socio-economic status Study 1: Pelotas 1993 birth cohort Study 3: Components of energy expenditure in breastfed infants aged 8 months of age 5. Discussion 5.1. Effect of breast-feeding pattern 5.2. Effect of socio-economic status Annexes I. Breast milk and energy intake in exclusively, predominantly, and partially breast-fed infants - Hinke Haisma, W Andrew Coward, Elaine Albernaz, G Henk Visser, Jonathan CK Wells, Antony Wright, Cesar G Victora. EUR J CLIN NUTR 57(12)

8

9 II. III. IV. The dose-to-the-mother deuterium-oxide turnover method as a means to detect bias in estimations of intake of non-breast milk liquids in breast-fed infants - Hinke Haisma, W Andrew Coward, Elaine Albernaz, Aluísio Barros, Cesar G Victora, Antony Wright, G.Henk Visser. SUBMITTED. Complementary feeding with cows milk alters sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants - Hinke Haisma, Jonathan CK Wells, W Andrew Coward, Danton Duro Filho, Roel J Vonk, Antony Wright, G Henk Visser. SUBMITTED. Total and activity energy expenditure in breast-fed infants in southern Brazil: the influence of socio-economic and environmental factors - Hinke Haisma, W Andrew Coward, G Henk Visser, Roel J Vonk, Jonathan CK Wells, Antony Wright, Cesar G Victora. SUBMITTED References Nederlandse samenvatting Authors affiliations Publications related to the thesis Postscript

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