Integrated General Biology

Transcription

1 Integrated General Biology A Contextualized Approach FIRST EDITION Jason E. Banks Julianna L. Johns Diane K. Vorbroker, PhD

2 Chapter 13 Life, Organization, Anatomy & Physiology Section 13.1 The Facts of Life Directions for the Student: This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary. Objectives: 1. Describe and define the nine characteristics of life 1. Describe environmental pressures and explain the role of these pressures in evolution 2. Define and describe both anatomy and physiology 3. Describe how anatomy and physiology are related 4. Define and describe the chemical, cellular, tissue (including the four primary classes of tissues), organ, and organism levels of organization If you encountered an unknown substance, how would you know whether it s living or not? What traits would this substance have to possess in order for you to determine that it was alive? 1. Write a list of the requirements that a substance would have to meet in order to convince you that it was alive. 2. If the substance were alive which elements would you expect to find? 3. Which molecules would you expect to find? Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, etc. If we were to detect amino acids, carbohydrate, DNA or Lipids then this substance MAY be alive because all of the life forms that we know of contain these types of molecule. That doesn t conclude though, that simply having these molecules is enough to convince you that it is alive. 4. If we mix up some olive oil, powdered sugar, protein powder and extracted DNA would this mixture be alive? 5. If you looked at this substance through a light microscope what structures would you expect to find if it were alive? No. Cells or organelles. If you look through your microscope and you see the image below. It appears to be a cell. Are you convinced that it is alive? The Facts of Life 2

3 6. What might we notice that would further support the claim that the substance is alive (and not just a dead cell or something that sort of looks like a cell)? 7. If the cell was visibly swimming or if structures were moving inside of the cell would that evidence support the claim that the substance is alive? 8. Give an example of a chemical reaction that we might find going on inside of this cell if it were alive. Yes Cellular respiration, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, fermentation, chemosynthesis etc. Evolution is one of the characteristics of life that is only apparent in a life form if we follow it through generations. Below is a population of bacteria cells. Within this population there is some degree of genetic diversity. Each cell is a little different than the others genetically. In this example we will focus on differences in the thickness of the cell wall. The Facts of Life 3

4 Assume there is a fluid surrounding these bacterial cells, and a chemical is added to the fluid. This particular chemical can kill the cells if it is able to soak through the cell wall. The thicker the cell wall the more difficult it will be for this chemical to soak in. 9. In the picture above Draw an "X" through the cells that are more likely to be killed in this situation. After these "X"ed bacteria are killed. The remaining cells will go on growing and dividing. Take a moment to imagine what the growth of these surviving bacterial colonies might look like. 10. Describe how the next generation of these cells will compare with the original population. The next generation will have comparatively thicker cell walls than the original population. Evolution is described as the change in genetic composition of a population over time. This change occurs due differential reproductive success. Individuals in a population who are better suited for survival and reproduction in that environment are selected, hence the term natural selection. 11. Define anatomy. science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts 12. Define physiology. biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. The Facts of Life 4

5 13. Anatomy and physiology are intricately related. Below describe the relationship between the two. Anatomy (structure) is constructed in a manner as to allow for physiology (function). As we go from examining life at the chemical level all the way to examining whole organisms. Depending upon the level at which we examine different properties come into play. 14. List the levels of organization from smallest to largest in order. 15. Give an example of how a change in some factor on the chemical or molecular level might affect the cellular or organismal level. Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere The Facts of Life 5

6 Section 13.2 Homeostasis Directions for the Student: This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary. Objectives: 1. Define homeostasis and describe how these regulations of the internal environment are essential to life 2. Describe a negative-feedback system and give specific examples of one 3. Describe a positive-feedback system and give specific examples of one More than any other organism, humans have spread and migrated to all different parts of the world In all of these different places and situations human bodies must be able to respond in order to maintain balance in the body 1. List environmental conditions that the body must regulate in order to keep balance internally. In order to maintain the conditions necessary for life an organism must be able to sense the internal conditions and respond in a manner as to maintain appropriate conditions. One of the major ways that organisms maintain this homeostasis is through negative feedback systems. Your textbook describes the negative feedback systems by which the body temperature is regulated. Homeostasis 6

7 2. In regards to homeostasis what is the setpoint for body temperature? 98.6 F 3. How does the body cool itself if the body temperature begins to rise? 4. How does the body warm itself if the internal temperature begins to drop? -vasodilation -sweating -increases breathing -vasoconstriction -shivering Although most of systems within the body are concerned with maintaining the same internal conditions sometime the body has one-way processes that are "self-accelerating" and continue in the same direction until they are completed. These self-accelerating systems are known as positive feedback loops. The process of childbirth is a great example of positive feedback. 5. What is the chemical signal that causes the uterus to contract? Where does is this chemical produced? Oxytocin is secreted by the pituitary gland. 6. What does pressure on the cervix trigger? Nerve impulses from the cervix to the brain triggers the signal for the production of oxytocin. 7. How does this process come to an end? Childbirth is completed. Homeostasis 7

8 Imagine you take a five question quiz at the end of a lesson and you get all 5 questions wrong. 8. Would your score on this quiz be an example of negative feedback or positive feedback? 9. What would be your response to this feedback signal? 10. Will you change something about what you were doing to prepare for quizzes in response to this feedback or not? Negative feedback Change something In response to this feedback you should take various actions in order to increase knowledge and the chance to succeed in the course. Imagine you take a quiz and get all of the questions right and you even get a smiley face sticker when your test is handed back to you. 11. Would this be negative feedback or positive feedback? 12. What would your response to this feedback be? Would you be encouraged to keep going in the same direction with your studies? Positive feedback There is encouragement to continue working hard. The student should feel like they are on the right track and continue the activities that are working. Homeostasis 8

9 Section 13.3 Medical Terminology Directions for the Student: This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary. Objectives: 1. Explain why modern anatomical terminology is so heavily based on Greek and Latin 2. Recognize eponyms when you see them 3. Break medical terms down into their basic word elements 1. Examine the following terms. Without looking them up online think about what they may possibly mean. transient lingual papillitis gustatory rhinitis bursitis akolosing spondiylitis 2. What are the similarities and differences between these words? Sometimes it seems like scientists are speaking another language! Although there is not an exact system for devising each term there often is some reason why terms are what they are. Examine the word "histopathology". There are three basic elements contained in the word. 3. Below describe what is meant by each part of the word. histo- patho- logy- Tissue Disease Study of When you encounter a new word, especially in allied health contexts, take the time to compare it to words you already know. Many health care and medical terms are strongly tied to latin-roots and some of these you use in contexts outside of health care. In fact, you may be surprised how many word elements are already used in words that you already know, and these will give you vital clues to determining what a new word might mean. Below is a list of common medical terms that you may see in future coursework. Some of these elements you have already seen in words you know from this course. Use this list of terms to answer the questions that follow. Medical Terminology 9

10 Common Medical Terms a- without gingiv- gums ab- away gluco-/glyco- glucose/sugar adeno- gland cyto-, -cyte cell aero- oxygen, air derma-, dermato- skin gastro- stomach -lysis to split amphi- both, either fibro- fiber an- without -ectomy removal of -ase enzyme -globin protein blasto precursor -logy the study of carcino cancer -tomy process of cutting cardi- heart -itis inflammation amyl- starch nephro- kidney cranio- skull -philic love, attraction myo- muscle -phobic fear epi- above, on -physis to grow ex out of lypo- lipid sub- below -ic pertaining to hypo- under, lower than normal patho- disease hyper- over, above normal sym- together histo- tissue neuro- nerve hemo- blood adipo- fat 4. An adjective describing a molecule s love of water? hydrophilic 5. An adjective describing a molecule s fear of water? hydrophobic 6. An adjective describing a molecules love of lipids? lipophilic 7. An adjective describing a molecule that loves both lipids and water? (Remember phospholipids?) 8. An aerobic process happens in the presence of oxygen. What describes a process that happens without oxygen? amphiphillic anaerobic Medical Terminology 10

11 9. Before a glucose molecule enters the mitochondria it is split in two. What is the name of this "splitting of glucose"? (Is this process catabolic or anabolic?) glycolysis. catabolic 10. What would be a possible name for a blood protein? hemoglobin 11. If a blood cell is put into a hypotonic environment it will take in water through osmosis and can burst. What is it called when a blood cell bursts ("splitting blood")? 12. Red blood cells are anuclear. What does anuclear mean? 13. Inflammation is a factor in many diseases and disorders. What is inflammation of the gums known as? hemolysis without a nucleus gingivitis 14. Another word for inflammation of the skin? dermatitis 15. In order to maintain homeostasis blood glucose must be kept within a certain range. If someone s blood sugar is too high we would say that the person is "hyperglycemic". What would we call a person whose blood glucose was too low? hypoglycemic 16. What is another word for the study of nerves? neurology 17. What is another word for the study of disease? pathology 18. The body stores energy in the form of fat. What is another term for a fat cell? 19. Some cells specialize in contracting, which then causes parts of the body to move. Usually referred to as muscle cells, what else are these cells called? 20. Symphysis is a process a place when bones are closely joined, either forming an immovable joint, or become completely fused. What does symphysis mean? 21. What is a possible disease that would require someone to receive a craniotomy? adipocyte myocyte cells growing together brain cancer 22. What is myocardial tissue? heart tissue 23. Where on the body is the epigastric region? Above the stomach 24. What does it mean to get a subdermal implant? something inserted below the skin 25. What is a nephrectomy? the removal of a kidney 26. What is an enzyme that breaks down starch? amylase Medical Terminology 11

12 Hopefully this activity has helped you to think about words in terms of their elements. Rather than simply just attempting to memorize a new word, try to break the word down into its parts and this will often improve both your understanding of the term and your capacity to recall its meaning. transient lingual papillitis - Bump on the tongue (inflamed taste bud) gustatory rhinitis - Runny nose from eating spicy food bursitis - Inflammation in the fluid filled sacs within joints. akolosing spondiylitis- Autoimmune disorder resulting from inflammation of the spine causing vertebrae to fuse together. Medical Terminology 12