INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 6, No 6, Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 6, 6, 2016 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN Significance of water borne fungi isolated from White Nile River and Al-Feetihab town Shami E. A. Bakhiet 1, Amna A. Aboaaj 1, Maiada O. Hamid 1 and Baraa A. M. Salih 1 1- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology Faculty of Science and Technology - Al-Neelain University Khartoum, Sudan. shamielhaj@gmail.com doi: /ijes.6107 ABSTRACT A total of twenty water samples was collected from both untreated water source (White Nile River) and treated water source (Tap water) as ten water samples each site. Each sample was divided into two groups; group one was inoculated in culture medium (Potato dextrose agar containing Chloramphenicol and Rose Bengal) and group two was inoculated in culture medium (Potato dextrose agar containing Chloramphenicol only). Four genera of aquatic fungi were isolated from White Nile River that inoculated in PDA + Chloramphenicol and Rose Bengal These Were Fusarium species, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Mucor species with percentage of (36.36%, 36.36%, 18.18%, and 9.09%) respectively. While the isolated genera from White Nile River that inoculated in PDA + Chloramphenicol were five as Fusariums pecies, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candibda albicans, Mucor species and Aspergillus niger with percentage of (38.46%, 15.38%, 30.77%, 7.69% and 7.69%) respectively, and one genus was isolated from tap water that inoculated in both media PDA + Chloramphenicol and Rose Bengal, and in PDA + Chloramphenicol as Fusarium species with percentages of (20%, 10%) respectively. Most genera were shown sensitive when subjected to the different concentrations of chlorine (0.2, 0.5, and 0.7g/50ml) except Candida albicans, Fusarium species, and Aspergillus niger which were shown resist to chlorine concentration 0.5g/50ml. The recovery of fungi from drinking water indicates low levels of quality. Keywords: Fusarium, water purification, Candida albicans, Fungi, White Nile River. 1. Introduction Fungi and fungus-like organisms show a high capacity for adaptation to the environmental conditions, and are therefore widely spread in nature. They can be found in water, soil and air, being a source of infection both for plants, animals, and humans (Kiziewicz and Czeczuga, 2003). Fungi can enter drinking water distribution systems through several contamination points, including treatment breakthrough, deficiencies in stored water facilities crossconnections, mains break and intrusions, and during mains installation and maintenance. Once introduced, fungal species can become established on the inner surfaces of pipes, including interaction and reaction with sealing and coatings, and biofilms within distribution systems, or can be suspended in the water (Grabinska et al., 2007). of fungi in water distribution systems changes not only the water taste and odour for the worse but also may cause technological and operational difficulties (Utkilen and Freshaug, 1992). For example, microbiological corrosion due to production of organic acid by fungi is accelerated and water disinfection is impeded (Grabinska et al., 2007). Received on January 2016 Published on May

2 The objectives of current study were isolation of fungal species from water samples collected from White Nile and Alfeetaihab Tap water, show the effect of chlorine in water treatment and study the significance of water borne fungi in water treatment. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Collection of sample from White Nile River The water sample were collected from White Nile River as follow: 180 ml of water sample were collected in sterile clear glass container put at the angle 45º and opened under water for distance 20 cm, filled and small spaces were lift for shaking and screwed, then the bottles were transported to the laboratory using ice-bag within two hours (Cheesbrough, 1991) Collection of water sample from tap water The water sample were collected from taps as follow: 180 ml of water sample were collected in sterile clear glass bottle contained sodium thiosulphate to remove residual chlorine, the tap was cleaned by tissue and alcohol to remove the dust and sterilize by flaming, the water was flowed for one minutes before sampling without touch or contaminate cap, the sample bottle was carefully opened and filled, a small spaces were lift for shaking and screwed, the sample was transported to the laboratory using ice-bag within two hours (Cheesbrough, 1991) Isolation of fungi from water sources Twenty water samples (ten for each water type) were inoculated onto sterilized potato dextrose agar in two batches, batch one supplemented with rose Bengal and chloramphenicol while batch two supplemented with chloramphenicol only. By taken 0.1 ml of water sample and inoculated onto the surface of sterilize plates, then the plates were incubated at 28 C for 5 days (Göttlich et al., 2002) 2.4. Effect of the chlorine in fungal To study the effect of chlorine in fungal, the twenty samples were treated with 0.2, 0.5, 0.7g chlorine respectively. These concentrations were added to 50 ml of water sample and let for 1 hour. 3. Result and conclusion 3.1. Area of study This study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum Sudan. All the experiments were accomplished aseptically in the Laboratory of Microbiology Isolated fungi inoculated in PDA + Chloramphenicol + Rose Bengal (White Nile River) The dominant genera isolated from White Nile River were Fusarium species (36%) and Aspergillus fumigatus which were isolated from 4 samples out of ten (37%) followed by Candida albicans which was isolated from 2 samples (18%), and Mucor species shown in International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume

3 one sample (9%) Figure1. These findings are similar to Niaz (2012) who reported that it has also been observed that A.flavus, A.fumigatus, and A.niger are the most frequently isolated species from drinking water system of Hyderabad City-India, and the less frequent isolates were Mucor and Penicillum. The same author stated the percentage of isolated fungi is ranged depending on the location which showed A.flavus (7-45%), A.fumigatus (3-25%), A.niger (1-50%), Mucor (3-12%), and Penicillium (2-9%). Figures 1: Frequency of fungi recovered from White Nile water samples inoculated in PDA supplemented with Chloramphenicol and Rose Bengal Isolated fungi inoculated in PDA + Chloramphenicol (White Nile River) Fusarium species were also shown in 5 outgrow of thirteen samples collected (38.46%), Candida albicans which was isolated from 4 samples (30.77%), followed by Aspergillus fumigatus which was observed in 2 sample (15.38%), finally, Mucor species and Aspergillus niger which were shown in one sample (7.69%) Figure2. These findings are in line with the De Hoog et al., (2002) who stated the presence of A.niger in drinking water distribution systems which known as common allergen may cause opportunistic invasive infections in hospitalized immunized patients. Figure 2: Frequency of fungi recovered from White Nile water samples inoculated in PDA supplemented with Chloramphenicol only 3.4. Isolated fungi inoculated in PDA+ Chloramphenicol +Rose Bengal (Tap water) The dominant mould isolated from tap water was Fusarium species which was shown in 2 samples (20%) out of ten samples. International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume

4 3.5. Isolated fungi inoculated in PDA+ Chloramphenicol only (Tap water) Fusarium species also appeared as the dominant mould that isolated from one sample out of ten samples (10%). The outcome of this study is similar to the Warris et al., (2001) who reported that the dominant fungi isolated from water are Fusarium species and Aspergillus species, and it is resembled to that of Straus (2004) and Denning et al., (2006) who reported that the water are contaminated by microorganisms such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor species, Abisidia species, and Candida species. Also this study is in line with Gunhild et al., (2009) and Okpako et al., (2009) who revealed that fungi are relatively common in water distribution systems and most fungal species survive disinfection. The percentage of these fungi isolated it is semi like to Rukaia et al., (2012) who reported the percentage as the follow A. Niger 20 % more than our study 7.9 %; A. fumigatus 25% less than our findings 36.36%; Fusarium species 41.47% more than our study 38.46% and Mucor species 72.73% which is more than our findings in this study 9.09% Effect of the chlorine in fungal All samples that treated with chlorine 0.5g/50ml and 0.7g/50ml were shown no that means it inhibited with the presence of this dose in the water treatment, also five samples out of ten that treated with 0.2g/50ml shown no fungal and the other five samples out of ten exhibit resistance against this concentration ( species, and Mucor species) Table 1. These findings are in line with Bushra and Fayadh (2012) who stated that despite relatively higher concentration of free chlorine, fungi survived chlorine treatment in descending order were Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp. which were recovered with higher frequency, Alternaria spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Chaetomium sp. and Fusarium sp. with very low frequency. The treatment of water in this study shown the concentration of 0.2 g is similar to Davis and Lambert (2002), and 0.7 g (not study yet) were effective in elimination of microorganism and the concentration of 0.5 not effect in treatment water not similar to Action Contre La Faim (2005) who reported that the concentration 0.5g effect in water treatment. This study is in line with Gunhild et al., (2009) and Okpako et al., (2009) who revealed that fungi are relatively common in water distribution systems and most fungal species survive disinfection. Table 1: The Effect of different concentrations of chlorine on water microbial load. Concentration of Chlorine (gram. Resistant Fungi /50 ml) Sample 0.2g 0.5g 0.7 g 1 2 t found t found 6 t found International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume

5 t found t found 4. Conclusion We conclude, the study of fungi in drinking water has demonstrated that fungi are relatively common in water distribution system species of pathogenic, allergenic, and toxigenic concern are isolated from water, sometimes in high concentrations. Fungi in water may be aerosolized into air, and introduced to immuno-compromised patients, and sensoric changes have been associated with the occurrence of fungi in drinking water system. The recovery of fungi from drinking water indicates low levels of quality. Also the use of chlorination as a chief purification procedure has not remained assertive. 5. References 1. Action Contre La Faim. (2005), Water sanitation and hygiene for populations at risk, Ch. 11. Hermann Editeurs Des Sciences et des Arts, Paris. 2. Bushra K., and Fayadh M. (2012), Isolation and identification of some fungi from Al- Sader Water Treatment Plant, Baghdad-Iraq. Al- Mustansiriyah Journal of Science. 23(5), pp Cheesbrough M. (1991), Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Volume 2: Microbiology, pp Davis J, and Lambert R. (2002), Engineering in Emergencies. 2 nd edition, Ch.13.UK. 5. De Hoog G., Guarro J., Gene J., and Figureas M. (2002), Atlas of clinical fungi, Centraalbureau Voor Schimmecultures, Utrecht, The Netherland. 6. Denning D, O Driscoll B, Hogaboam C, Bowyer P, and Niven R. (2006), The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence. European Respiratory Journal 27, pp Göttlich E., Van der Lubbe W., Lange B., Fiedler S., Melchert I., Reifenrath M., Flemming H., and de Hoog S. (2002), Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 205, pp Grabinska-Loniewska A., Konillowicz-Kowalska T., Wardzynska G., and Boryn K. (2007), Occurrence of fungi in water distribution system. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16 (4), pp International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume

6 9. Gunhild H., Nelson L., and Ida S. (2009), The study of fungi in drinking water. Journal of Microbiological Research. 133, pp Kiziewicz B. and Czeczuga B. (2003), Dissemination on fungi in the aquatic environment. Ecological Quest Naiz A. (2012), Isolation of fungi in the drinking water distribution system of Hyderabad (Pakistan), QUAID-E. AWAM University Research Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 1(1), pp Okpako E., Osuagwul A., Dukel A., and Ntui V. (2009), Prevalence and significance of fungi in Sachet and borehole drinking water in Calabar, Nigeria, African Journal of Microbiology Research. 3(2), pp Rukaia M., Hesham M., and Youssuf A. (2012), Molecular characterization of mycobiota in four different drinking water sources in Jeddah city (Saudi Arabia) the Fifth Saudi Science Conference, anew vision of the role of basic science in development, pp Straus D. (2004), Sick building syndrome.advances in applied microbiology, 55, pp Utkilen H., and Freshaug M. (1992), Geosmin production and excretion in a planktonic and benthic oscillatoria. Journal of Water Science and Technology, 25, pp Warris A., Gaustad P., Meis J., Voss A., Verweij P., and Abrahamsen T. (2001), Recovery of filamentous fungi from water in a pediatric bone marrow transplantation unit, Journal of Hospital Infection, 47, pp International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume