Wednesday February 12, 2014 Managing P and Zn

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1 John Kruse, PhD Research Agronomist Koch Agronomic Service, LLC Bobby Golden, PhD Asst. Professor Mississippi State University Wednesday February 12, 2014 Managing P and Zn 1

2 Clear as mud P = the element Phosphorus P 2 O 5 = fertilizer standard (an expression) ~ 44% P H 2 PO 4 = orthophosphate (form of plant uptake) Soil test reports usually make recommendations in terms of P 2 O 5

3 Energy (ATP) DNA and RNA (cell division and protein synthesis) Phospholipids (cellular membranes) Seedling and root growth Substantial grain accumulation Manure implications (feed) Plant Use and Uptake

4 Crop P 2 O 5 Total crop removal (lbs/a) Corn uptake (bu1) (200 bu) Corn removal (bu1) % removed 65% Soybean uptake (bu1) (60 bu) Soybean removal % removed 66% Cotton uptake (bale1) (3 bale) Cotton removal % removed 64% Wheatwtr. Uptake (bu1) (60 bu) Wheatwtr. Removal % removed 71%

5 Phosphorus in the soil Fe/Al (OH) 3 Fe/Al O (OH) Organic P (labile & nonlabile) Microbial P (nonlabile) H 2 PO 4 HPO 4 2 CaCO 3 Soil P moves by DIFFUSION (mm to microns)

6 Phosphorus in the soil 2 PO H 2 PO 4 H H 4 2 PO 2 PO 2 PO H 2 PO 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 4 H 2 POH H 2 PO PO 4 H 2 PO 2 PO H PO 2 PO 4 H 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 H 2 PO 4 2 PO PO H 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 4 H 2 PO 4 2 PO H H 2 PO PO 4 2 PO 4 2 PO H 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 4 H 2 PO 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 H H 2 PO 4 2 PO 4 H 2 PO 4 2 PO H 2 POH PO 2 PO H 4 2 PO PO H 2 PO 4 H 4 2 PO 4 H 2 PO 4 Plant root Iron and aluminum hydroxides and oxyhydroxides (or CaCO 3 )

7 Phosphorus in the soil Fertilizer P Organic P (labile & nonlabile) Microbial P (nonlabile) Fe/Al (OH) 3 Fe/Al O(OH) H 2 PO 4 HPO 4 2 CaCO 3 O Al Al OH 2 OH H 2 PO 4 O Al Al O OH OH P O OH O Al Al O O P O OH labile nonlabile

8 Soil Test P probability of response LOW (025 FertIndexValue). The nutrient concentration in the soil is inadequate for the growth of most plants and will very likely limit plant growth and yield. There is a high probability of a favorable economic response to additions of the nutrient. Dr. Tubana: critical soil test P value: ~30 ppm (M3) Credit: extension.udel.edu

9 N & P interaction

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17 Wheat response to added P

18 SSP (0200) TSP (0460) MAP (11520) DAP (18460) APP (10340) OP (6246) Phosphate Fertilizers Source: Rock Phosphate (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (X) 2 where X=F, OH, or Cl (apatites) Florida, Morocco, Russia, South Africa, China

19 Orthophosphate and Ammonium Polyphosphate

20 Corn Response to infurrow starter Beneficial when soils are cold and wet. Use 4 gal (max) APP/acre for wide rows. Provides a concentrated nutrient supply directly in the root zone of young plants Sequesters P from CaCO 3 in calcareous soils Photo: Larson Photo: Bond No Starter Starter Fertilizer

21 Corn Response to infurrow starter Yield Increases most likely to occur: Planting reduced till Coarse textured; low O.M. soils Cold, poorly drained soils Fields with low soil test P High ph (calcareous) soil Salt Index comparisons for commonly used starters, (expressed as lbs salt effect/gal) Product Analysis Salt Index, (lb/gal) Value Relative to APP OP UAN ATS S Salt index adapted from Pioneer

22 Corn Response to infurrow starter Early season plant growth increased in all trials. Plant height increase remains until tassel. Authors attributed growth increase to P 2 O 5 content of starter. Source: Mascagni et al., Better Crops 91:2 (2007)

23 Corn Response to infurrow starter No Starter 4 gal WL lb Zinc Inconsistent with respect to increases in grain yield Lower harvest moisture and earlier Mid silk dates when no yield response observation Consistently enhances plant growth and maturity

24 P is very immobile Moves by diffusion Phosphorus Summary Apply P to sufficiency level (30 ppm M3) If low soil test P, use a starter fertilizer at planting If sufficient soil test P, utilize crop replacement levels at a minimum Ownland versus rentland strategies

25 Zinc Agronomics

26 Zinc in Soil and Plant Tissue Immobile Nutrient (plant & soil) Soil CEC (mostly SOM) Challenge: High ph and high soil test P A key Micronutrient for Corn Relatively high demand by the plant Enzyme synthesis Necessary for chlorophyll formation Involved in growth hormone and auxin production Co Factor for alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

27 Zinc Promotes Earlier Tassel recall the importance of cool temperatures during pollination No Zinc 1 lb Zn Foliar

28 Herbicide Injury or Nutrient Deficiency? Zinc Mesotrione

29 Zinc Deficiency Symptomology

30 Soil and tissue test Zn interpretation

31 Methods of Zn fertilization Soil Applied 510 lb Zn/acre as a granular fertilizer Adjust rates based on water solubility of Zn sources (oxides, sulfates and oxysulfates) Foliar Applied Apply 12 lb Zn/acre after emergence Chelated for soil application (Little foliage for interception) Sulfate for foliar application (larger plants)

32 Zinc research in corn (Dr. Dustin Harrell, ) Year P Zn Mehlich III =12 bu ZnSO 4 banded in furrow at planting =25 bu

33 Cheneyville, 2011 Source Rate, lbs/a Zinc Research in Corn (Red River alluvial soils) Soil Test Zn, ppm V3 leaf stage V8 leaf stage Grain Yield, bu/a Zn, ppm P/Zn Zn, ppm P/Zn ZnSO ZnEDTA Soil test P = 50 ppm; ph = 7.5

34 2011 Red River alluvial Zn trial A Zn application rate of 5 lbs/a was required for soil testing <1.5 ppm Zn. An average of 35 bu/a increase in grain yield was obtained Lower application rate was required if applied as ZnEDTA A marginal increase in grain yield was observed when 2.5 lbs Zn/A (regardless of source) was applied to corn grown on soil with Zn < 2.5 ppm.

35 Corn Response to Zn Rate Mean corn grain yield (bu ac 1 ) Sunflower 2011 (12 bu increase) DREC 2011 (no response) Total Zn Rate (lb Zn ac 1 ) Golden unpublished data (2013)

36 Corn Response to Zn Rate Mean corn grain yield (bu ac 1 ) Bolivar 2012 (29 bu increase) DREC 2012 (16 bu increase) Total Zn Rate (lb Zn ac 1 ) Golden unpublished data (2013)

37 Corn Response to Zn Rate Mean corn grain yield (bu ac 1 ) Bolivar 2013 (no response) DREC 2013 (33 bu increase) Total Zn Rate (lbs Zn ac 1 ) Golden unpublished data (2013)

38 Corn response to infurrow starters White Lightning + EDTAZn + CaptureLFR Washington Co. Treatment White Lightning + EDTAZn + Quadris White Lightning + EDTAZN Mean corn grain yield (bu ac 1 ) Source: Scott; unpublished data (2013)

39 Zn Product Foliar Burn Citric Acid 2lb Zn EDTA 2lb Zn

40 Zinc Product Foliar Injury at 9d after Application Visual Leaf Injury (%) EDTA Chelate Citric Acid Chelate D C D Zn Rate x Product Interaction (p<0.0001) B Total Zn Rate (lb Zn ac 1 ) C A Golden unpublished data (2013)

41 Zinc Product Tissue Concentration at 2w after Application Corn Tissue Zn Concentration (mg/kg) Main effect of Zn Rate (p= ) LSD Golden unpublished data (2013)

42 Zinc Product Tissue Concentration at 2w after Application Corn Tissue Zn Concentration (mg/kg) Foliar Zn Product Main effect of Zn Product (p<0.0001) Citric Acid EDTA LSD Golden unpublished data (2013)

43 Zinc Product Tissue Concentration at 2w after Application Mean Corn Grain yield (bu ac 1 ) EDTA Citric Acid Total Zn Rate (lb Zn ac 1 ) Golden unpublished data (2013)

44 Zinc Source Foliar Burn Citrate 1 lb Zn/ac Zinc 1 lb Zn/ac Smart 1 lb Zn/ac EDTA 1 lb Zn/ac

45 Zinc program basics Soil test Zn coupled with ph is a good indicator of need Not all Zn fertilizers are created equal Must take into account water solubility Supply Zn early Soil test Zn should be above 1.5 ppm Broadcast at a rate of 510 lbs Zn/acre Higher applications may provide enough Zn to remain effective for multiple years Zn can be banded or added to APP starter at rate of lbs Zn/acre as chelate or 24 lbs Zn/acre as sulfate lbs Zn/acre as a foliar Less residual effect, so repeat annually Zn is immobile in soil so subsurface banding is best for notill

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