Gene Action for Various Grain and Fodder Quality Traits in Zea Mays

Transcription

1 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 204, Vol. 2, No. 0, Available online at Science and Education Publishing DOI:0.269/jfnr209 Gene Action for Various and Quality Traits in Zea Mays Qurban Ali,2, Arfan Ali 2,, Muhammad Tariq 2, Malik Adil abbas 2, Bilal Sarwar 2, Mukhtar Ahmad 2, Mudassar Fareed Awaan 2, Shafique Ahmed 2, Zaheer Ahmad Nazar 2, Faheem Akram 2, Atif Shahzad 2, Tahir Rehman Samiullah 2, Idrees Ahmad Nasir 2, Tayyab Husnain 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan Corresponding author: arfan.ali@cemb.edu.pk Received September 09, 204; Revised September 24, 204; Accepted September 29, 204 Abstract A Zea may is an important cereal crop. To nourish human and livestock, it is very important that the quality of maize grain and fodder must be higher. A study was conducted to evaluate maize accessio for grain and fodder quality traits. Results indicated that higher heritability was found for nutrient detergent fiber, fodder cellulose, fodder fiber, fodder and fodder moisture percentage while genetic advance was higher for fodder cellulose, fodder protein and fodder ash percentage. High significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found among grain protein, oil and starch percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, fodder cellulose, fodder fiber & protein and fodder moisture percentage. The higher cumulative additive effect was recorded for acid detergent fiber, fodder fiber; nutrient detergent fiber and fodder cellulose suggested that selectio may be made to develop synthetic varieties for better quality. Higher dominance effect and degree of dominance indicated that selection may be useful for the development of good quality maize hybrids through heterosis breeding programme. Principle component biplot analysis indicated that B EV347, B, Sh39, EV097 E322, Sh39 B36, B327 E 322, B36, Rakaposhi, B Pop/209, B336 EV340, B327 E322, B327 F96, EV097 E322, Rakaposhi EV347, EV097 Pop/209 and EV097 EV340 performed better for grain and fodder quality and may be used for improvement of grain and fodder quality of maize. Keywords: zea mays, additive, dominance, degree of dominance, genetic advance, quality Cite This Article: Qurban Ali, Arfan Ali, Muhammad Tariq, Malik Adil abbas, Bilal Sarwar, Mukhtar Ahmad, Mudassar Fareed Awaan, Shafique Ahmed, Zaheer Ahmad Nazar, Faheem Akram, Atif Shahzad, Tahir Rehman Samiullah, Idrees Ahmad Nasir, and Tayyab Husnain, Gene Action for Various and Quality Traits in Zea Mays. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 2, no. 0 (204): doi: 0.269/jfnr209.. Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) plant has a remarkable productive potential and world s leading cereal food crop with added importance for countries like Pakistan where quickly increasing population has already facing less availability of food supplies. Maize is the third important cereal crop in Pakistan than wheat and rice. Maize accounts for 5.67 of the value of agriculture output. It accounts for 083 thousands hectares of total cropped area in Pakistan with annual production of 427 thousand to. Maize is the dual purpose cereal crop as used in human food, livestock feed and industrial raw material for the manufacturing of various byproducts. It has highest protein 9.9 at early and at full bloom stages which decreases to 7 at milk stage and to 6 at maturity. Maize has highly nutritive value as it contai 72 starch, 0 protein, 4.80 oil, 9.50 fiber, 3.0 sugar,.70 ash, 82 endosperm, 2 embryo, 5 bran testa and tip cap []. Pakistan have livestock population of 54.7 million heads which produce about million to of milk,.60 million to of beef and million to of mutton. The livestock sector of Pakistan contributes about 53.2 of the agriculture outputs and.4 to national GDP of Pakistan. Green fodder is the most cheapest and precious source for livestock food. It is rich an important source of 3540 cellulose, hemicelluloses, 0.30 fat, fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, 40.6 dry matter, 4 ash, carbohydrates, 9.22 moisture, 2.84 ether extract and protei []. The milk production of livestock animals may be increased up to 00 by using good quality and highly nutritive fodder [,2]. Around 8090 of nutrient requirements of livestock are met from the fodder crops but the present fodder supply is /3 times less than the actual needs and the majority of the animals remain under fed especially during JuneJuly (extremely hot season) and December January (extremely cold season). In Pakistan out of total cropped area of 23.5 million ha only 2.46 million ha was under fodder crops with total

2 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 705 fodder production of million to [3] that is not sufficient enough to fulfill the requirements of nutrition for the existing livestock. The livestock feed pool in Pakistan is deficient by 2 of total dry matter (DM), and by 33 of protein requirements [2]. The poor yield is due to growing pressure of human population, less and irregular rainfalls, scarcity of irrigation water, less priorities for fodder crop production and imbalance use of fertilizers [4,5,6]. Present study was conducted to evaluate maize inbred lines and F hybrids for various grain and fodder quality traits. Gene action provides plant breeder a plate form to select genotypes with better grain yield and quality [,75]. 2. Materials and methods The present study was carried out in the research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan to evaluate the selected maize parents and F hybrids for grain and fodder quality traits at maturity during crop growing season 202. The samples were collected from the field at anthesis stage and various quality traits were recorded (AOAC, 996) in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Ititute of Animal Nutrition University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Parents and F crosses used in evaluation experiment Sr. No. Genotypes Sr. No. Genotypes Sr. No. Genotypes Pop/209 7 B F96 33 B327 EV340 2 B36 8 B EV B327 E322 3 EV340 9 B336 Pop/ B327 F96 4 E B336 B36 36 B327 EV347 5 F96 2 B336 EV Rakaposhi Pop/209 6 EV B336 E Rakaposhi B36 7 B 23 B336 F96 39 Rakaposhi EV340 8 B B336 EV Rakaposhi E322 9 EV EV097 Pop/209 4 Rakaposhi F96 0 B EV097 B36 42 Rakaposhi EV347 Rakaposhi 27 EV097 EV Sh39 Pop/209 2 Sh39 28 EV097 E Sh39 B36 3 B Pop/ EV097 F96 45 Sh39 EV340 4 B B36 30 EV097 EV Sh39 E322 5 B EV340 3 B327 Pop/ Sh39 F96 6 B E B327 B36 48 Sh39 EV347 The seed of F hybrids along with their parents were sown in field following a triplicated randomized complete block design. The plant to plant and row to row distances were maintained as 25 and 75 cm, respectively. 2.. Quality Parameters The grain and plant samples containing leaves and stem will be collected and grounded into fine powder and the following quality traits including grain protein percentage, grain oil percentage, grain starch percentage, grain fibre percentage, nutrient detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, fodder cellulose, carbohydrates, fodder fibre, fodder protein and fodder moisture percentage were estimated using (Proximate analysis, AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) 996). The percentage of the embryo was recorded by using following formula: Embryo = [Embryo weight/seed weight] 00 The fresh weight of the sample was recorded with the help of electronic balance (OHAUSGT4000, USA). The sample was dried out in oven at 06 C for 24hours. The dried sample was again weighed with the help of electronic balance. The difference in the weight was recorded that was the estimation of dry matter in the sample. Dry matter = [Fresh sample weight dry sample weight] 00 The moisture percentage was calculated was using following formula. Moisture = [Sample amount of water (FW DW)/Sample weight (FW)] 00 FW = Fresh sample weight, DW = Dry sample weight 2.2. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance technique (Steel et al. 997) and Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test at 5 significance probability level and it was used to compare the treatments mea. Significantly varying genotypes were subjected to North Carolina Design II matting scheme (Comstock and Robion, 948, 952) to estimate their gene action. Phenotypic (r p ) and genotypic (r g ) correlation coefficient was calculated as outlined by Kwon and Torrie (964). 3. Results and Discussion It was suggested that significant differences were recorded for grain protein percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average grain protein percentage was recorded as ±0.072 (Table ). It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (96.70) and lower genetic advance (3.69) was recorded for grain protein percentage. It was suggested from Table 4 that higher grain protein percentage was recorded for EV097 EV 347 (0.77), EV097 F96 (0.67), B327 Pop/209 (0.33) and EV097 EV340 (0.33) while lower grain protein percentage was recorded for Sh39 B36 (9.267), Sh39 E322 (9.200), Sh39 EV340 (9.200) and Rakaposh Pop/209 (9.67). The higher values of grain protein percentage for F hybrids EV 097 EV347, EV097 F96, B327 Pop/209 and EV 097 EV340 indicated that selection of EV097, B327, EV347, F96 and EV340 may be used for developing higher grain protein percentage hybrids. It was found from Table that significant differences were recorded for grain oil percentage. The mean performance of parents

3 706 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research and F hybrids indicated that average grain oil percentage was recorded as 4.85± Source of vartiatio n protein M.S.S G.M±S E ± oil ± Table. Genetic components for various grain and fodder quality traits in maize Neutrie Acid fodder nt Embryo deterge dry starch deterge Cellulose fiber nt matter fiber nt fiber fiber ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± protein moisture ± ± G.V o.o GCV PV PCV EV ECV h 2 bs S.E h 2 bs GA Source of variation Ether extractable Nitrogen free extract fat ash Mean Sum of Squares (M.S.S) Grand mean (G.M) Standard error (S.E) Genotypic variance (GV) Genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV ) Phenotypic variance (PV) Phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV ) Environmental Variance (EV) Environmental coefficient of variance (ECV ) Broad see heritability (h 2 bs ) Standard error for broad see heritability (S.E h 2 bs) Genetic advance (GA ) It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (96.30) and lower genetic advance (8.98) was recorded for grain oil percentage. It was indicated from Table 4 that higher grain oil percentage was recorded for B327 B36 (5.27), Rakaposhi B36 (5.37), E 336 Pop/209 (5.40) and Rakaposhi EV340 (5.33) while lower grain oil percentage was recorded for Sh39 (4.3), E322 (4.20), B EV340 (4.27) and F96 (4.03). The higher values of grain oil percentage for F hybrids B327 B36, Rakaposhi B36, E 336 Pop/209 and Rakaposhi EV340 indicated that selection of Rakaposhi, B327, Pop/209, B36 and EV 340 may be used for developing higher grain oil percentage hybrids. Findings were reported similar to Yousaf and Saleem, 200. It was indicated from Table that significant differences were recorded for grain fiber percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average grain fiber percentage was recorded as ± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (9.30) and lower genetic advance (2.66) was recorded for grain fiber percentage. It was suggested from Table 4 that higher grain fiber percentage was recorded for E 336 B36 (9.87), E336 E322 (9.80), EV097 (9.80) and E336 EV340 (9.77) while lower grain fiber percentage was recorded for Sh39 (9.3), B36 (9.2), E336 EV347 (9.0) and B (9.0). The higher values of grain fiber percentage for F hybrids E336 B36, E336 E322 and E 336 EV340 indicated that selection of EV097, E336, B36, E322 and EV340 may be used for developing higher grain fiber percentage hybrids[4,7,8,9,20]. It was shown from Table that significant differences were recorded for grain starch percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average grain starch percentage was recorded as 7.966±0.33. It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (9.0) and lower genetic advance (.25) was recorded for grain starch percentage. It was suggested from Table 4 that higher grain starch percentage was recorded for B B36 (74.20), B Pop/209 (73.7), Sh39 (73.63) and Rakaposhi (73.20) while lower grain starch percentage was recorded for Rakaposhi EV347 (7.7), E336 (7.20), Rakaposhi E322 (7.20) and B F96 (7.7). The higher values of grain starch percentage for F hybrids B B36 and B Pop/209 indicated that selection of B, B36, Rakaposhi and Sh39 may be used for developing higher grain starch percentage hybrids. Findings were reported similar to [6,8,20]. It was found from Table that significant differences were recorded for grain embryo percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average grain embryo percentage was recorded as.77±0.20. It was also indicated from Table that higher heritability (77.30) and lower genetic advance (2.6) was recorded for grain embryo percentage. It was suggested from Table 4 that higher grain embryo percentage was recorded for B EV347 (2.60), E 336 Pop/209 (2.20), E336 (2.3) and EV097 (2.20) while lower grain embryo percentage was recorded for Rakaposhi F96 (.50), Sh39 EV347 (.20), Rakaposhi E322 (.57) and Sh39 F96 (.37). The higher values of grain embryo percentage for F hybrids B EV347 and E336 Pop/209 indicated that selection of B, E336, EV347 and EV 097 may be used for developing higher grain embryo percentage hybrids with greater hybrid vigor. Greater embryo percentage indicated the health of the seed and seedlings. Similar results were reported by

4 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 707 [4,,7,8,9,2]. It was indicated from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder acid detergent fiber percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder acid detergent fiber percentage was recorded as ± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (96.50) and lower genetic advance (8.0) was recorded for fodder acid detergent fiber percentage. It was suggested from Table 4a that higher fodder acid detergent fiber percentage was recorded for E336 EV347 (26.0), B EV340 (25.03), B (25.03) and E336 (24.87) while lower fodder acid detergent fiber percentage was recorded for Rakaposhi F96 (9.97), E336 (20.80), Rakaposhi Pop/209 (20.37) and B327 F96 (20.63). The higher values of fodder acid detergent fiber percentage for F hybrids E336 EV347 and B EV 340 indicated that selection of E336, B, EV347 and EV340 may be used for developing good quality fodder acid detergent fiber percentage hybrids. Higher fodder acid detergent fiber indicated better quality of maize fodder [,4,,8,2,22]. It was suggested from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage was recorded as 5.696± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (99.30) and lower genetic advance (9.66) was recorded for fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage. It was indicated from Table 4a that higher fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage was recorded for EV 097 EV340 (56.83), EV097 E322 (58.87), EV 097 F96 (57.97), Sh39 EV340 (55.76) and B 327 EV340 (55.67) while lower fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage was recorded for B327 E322 (40.0), B327 F96 (43.60), Rakaposhi Pop/209 (45.03) and B327 EV347 (45.40). The lower values of fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage for F hybrids B327 E322, B327 F96, Rakaposhi Pop/209 and B 327 EV347 indicated that selection of B327, E322, EV347, Rakaposhi and F96 may be used for developing good quality fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage hybrids. Lower fodder nutrient detergent fiber percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder [2327]. It was shown from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder cellulose percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder cellulose percentage was recorded as ± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (99.40) and moderate genetic advance (6.79) was recorded for fodder cellulose percentage. It was suggested from Table 4a that higher fodder cellulose percentage was recorded for EV097 EV340 (33.97), EV097 E322 (36.43), EV097 F96 (34.33) and B327 EV340 (33.53) while lower fodder cellulose percentage was recorded for B327 E322 (7.20), B 327 F96 (22.97), EV097 (24.47) and B327 EV 347 (24.40). The lower values of fodder cellulose percentage for F hybrids B327 E322, B327 F96 and B327 EV347 indicated that selection of B327, E322, EV347, EV097 and F96 may be used for developing good quality fodder cellulose percentage hybrids. Lower fodder cellulose percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder [26,28,29]. It was indicated from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder dry matter percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder dry matter percentage was recorded as 40.78± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (9.30) and lower genetic advance (2.64) was recorded for fodder dry matter percentage. It was suggested from Table 4a that higher fodder dry matter percentage was recorded for EV097 Pop/209 (4.67), EV097 EV347 (4.33), EV097 E322 (4.40), E336 F96 (4.57) and Sh39 Pop/209 (4.40) while lower fodder dry matter percentage was recorded for Rakaposhi B36 (39.0), EV340 (38.93), EV347 (38.3) and E322 (38.03). The higher values of fodder dry matter percentage for F hybrids EV 097 Pop/209, EV097 EV347, EV097 E322, E 336 F96 and Sh39 Pop/209 indicated that selection of E336, E322, Sh39, EV097 and F96 may be used for developing good quality fodder dry matter percentage hybrids. Higher fodder dry matter percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder. Findings were reported similar to [30,3,32]. It was found from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder fiber percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder fiber percentage was recorded as ± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (99.40) and lower genetic advance (7.02) was recorded for fodder fiber percentage. It was suggested from Table 4a that higher fodder fiber percentage was recorded for EV097 (28.50), B327 (29.3), Rakaposhi (28.99), EV097 F96 (28.40) and Sh 39 EV347 (28.50) while lower fodder fiber percentage was recorded for E336 EV340 (24.30), B (24.3) and E336 (24.0). The higher values of fodder fiber percentage for F hybrids EV097 F 96 and Sh39 EV347 indicated that selection of B327, EV347, Rakaposhi, Sh39, EV097 and F96 may be used for developing good quality fodder fiber percentage hybrids. Higher fodder fiber percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder [29,33,34]. It was suggested from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder protein percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder protein percentage was recorded as 0.353± It was also persuaded from Table b that higher heritability (99.30) and moderate genetic advance (7.30) was recorded for fodder protein percentage. It was suggested from Table 4b that higher fodder protein percentage was recorded for Sh39 (2.69), Rakaposhi (3.20), E 336 Pop/209 (2.69), B B36 (.8) and E 336 E322 (.96) while lower fodder protein percentage was recorded for B Pop/209 (8.82), B 327 EV340 (8.53), B327 F96 (7.8) and EV 097 EV347 (7.73). The higher values of fodder protein percentage for F hybrids E336 Pop/209, B B36, and E336 E322 indicated that selection of E 336, Rakaposhi, Sh39, EV097 and Pop/209 may be used for developing good quality fodder protein

5 708 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research percentage hybrids. Higher fodder protein percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder [20]. It was found from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder moisture percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder moisture percentage was recorded as 9.095± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (99.30) and lower genetic advance (2.55) was recorded for fodder moisture percentage. It was suggested from Table 4b that higher fodder moisture percentage was recorded for B327 (9.24), E336 (9.24), E336 E322 (9.22), E 336 F96 (9.24) and B327 EV340 (9.2) while lower fodder moisture percentage was recorded for B Pop/209 (8.79), B B36 (8.92), B36 (8.5) and EV097 Pop/209 (8.9). The higher values of fodder moisture percentage for F hybrids E 336 E322, E336 F96 and B327 EV340 indicated that selection of E336 and B327 may be used for developing good quality fodder moisture percentage hybrids. Higher fodder moisture percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder (Khalil et al., 2000; Awan et al. 200; Yousaf and Saleem. 200; Mazur et al. 200; Dubey et al., 200; Rai et al and Xiang et al. 200). It was revealed from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder ether extractable fat percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder ether extractable fat percentage was recorded as ± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (92.00) and lower genetic advance (9.09) was recorded for fodder ether extractable fat percentage. It was suggested from Table 4b that higher fodder ether extractable fat percentage was recorded for F96 (3.03), B327 EV347 (3.027), B 327 F96 (3.07) and Sh39 B36 (3.007) while lower fodder ether extractable fat percentage was recorded for B F96 (2.727), Rakaposhi (2.753), B327 (2.70) and EV097 (2.747). The higher values of fodder ether extractable fat percentage for F hybrids B 327 EV347, B327 F96 and Sh39 B36 indicated that selection of E336, F96, B36 and B327 may be used for developing good quality fodder ether extractable fat percentage hybrids. Higher fodder ether extractable fat percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder. Findings were found similar to [,25]. It was shown from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder nitrogen free extract percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder nitrogen free extract percentage was recorded as 4.86± It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (9.75) and lower genetic advance (9.43) was recorded for fodder nitrogen free extract percentage. It was suggested from Table 4b that higher fodder ether extractable fat percentage was recorded for E336 (46.), B Pop/209 (46.28), B327 F96 (46.28) and E 336 E322 (46.8) while lower fodder nitrogen free extract percentage was recorded for B327 Pop/209 (39.), Rakaposhi (37.84), EV347 (39.56) and Sh39 (38.84). The higher values of fodder nitrogen free extract percentage for F hybrids B Pop/209, B 327 F96 and E336 E322 indicated that selection of E 336, F96, B and B327 may be used for developing good quality fodder nitrogen free extract percentage hybrids. Higher fodder nitrogen free extract percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder [20,24,25]. It was indicated from Table that significant differences were recorded for fodder ash percentage. The mean performance of parents and F hybrids indicated that average fodder ash percentage was recorded as ±0.00. It was also persuaded from Table that higher heritability (94.9) and moderate genetic advance (4.362) was recorded for fodder ash percentage. It was suggested from Table 4b that higher fodder ash percentage was recorded for EV097 F96 (9.69), EV097 E 322 (9.80), B EV340 (9.9) and B E322 (.7) while lower fodder ash percentage was recorded for B F96 (8.4), Rakaposhi (8.06), B EV 347 (8.05) and Sh39 (8.). The higher values of fodder ash percentage for F hybrids EV097 F96, EV 097 E322, B EV340 and B E322 indicated that selection of EV097, F96, B and EV340 may be used for developing good quality fodder ash percentage hybrids. Higher fodder ash percentage indicated better quality of maize fodder [20,35]. 3.. Correlation Analysis It was found that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between grain protein percentage and grain oil percentage, embryo percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, cellulose percentage and dry matter percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for fodder protein and ether extractable fat percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (Table 2 and 2a). Significant correlatio indicated that selection of good grain and fodder quality may be helpful for improving maize germplasm (Xiang et al. 200; Ali et al. 20b and Ali et al. 202a). It was suggested that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between grain oil percentage and grain protein percentage, embryo percentage and nitrogen free extract percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for grain starch percentage, fodder protein and ether extractable fat percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Significant correlatio indicated that selection of good grain and fodder quality may be helpful for improving maize breeding material (Table 2 and 2a). Findings were found similar to Ali et al [7]. It was revealed from Table 2 and 2a that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between grain fiber percentage and embryo percentage and fodder moisture percentage. It was suggested that a negative significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between grain starch percentage and grain oil percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, cellulose percentage, fodder moisture percentage and nitrogen free extract percentage (Table 2 and 2a). The quality of fodder may be enhanced by selecting genotypes on the basis of nutrient detergent fiber percentage [5,36]. It was persuaded from Table 2 and 2a that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between embryo percentage and grain oil and protein percentage, grain fiber percentage, acid detergent fiber and fodder moisture percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for nutrient detergent fiber, cellulose percentage, fodder ash

6 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 709 percentage and ether extractable fat percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Traits protein oil fiber starch Embryo Acid deterge nt fiber Neutrie nt deterge nt fiber cellulos e fodder dry matter fodder fiber protein moistur e Ether free extracta ble fat Nitroge n free extract oil fiber Table 2. Genotypic correlatio of various grain and fodder quality traits in maize Neutri Acid Fodd Fodde ent Fodde deterg er r Embry deterg r dry starch ent cellulos moistur o ent matter fiber e fiber protei e fiber n = Significant at 5 significance level, = Significant at significance level, = Noignificant It was found that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between acid detergent fiber and embryo percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, fodder protein percentage and fodder moisture percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for nitrogen free extract percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (Table 2 and 2a). It was revealed that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between nutrient detergent fiber and grain protein percentage, acid detergent fiber, fodder fiber percentage, cellulose percentage and fodder dry matter percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for embryo percentage, grain starch percentage and nitrogen free extract percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels Ether free extracta ble fat Nitrog en free extract Fodd er ash (Table 2 and 2a). Positive and significant correlatio suggested that grain and fodder quality may be improved by selecting genotypes on the basis of grain protein and starch maize germplasm [37,38]. It was suggested that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between cellulose percentage and nutrient detergent fiber, grain protein percentage, fodder fiber percentage and fodder dry matter percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for embryo percentage, grain starch percentage and fodder moisture percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (Table 2 and 2a). It was revealed that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between fodder dry matter percentage and cellulose percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, grain protein percentage and

7 70 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research fodder ash percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for nitrogen free extract percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (Table 2 and 2a). Good grain and fodder quality may be improved for maize germplasm [7,5,3,38]. It was suggested from Table 2 and 2a that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between fodder fiber percentage and cellulose percentage and nutrient detergent fiber while a significant and negative correlation was found for ether extractable fat percentage and nitrogen free extract percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Traits protein oil fiber starch Embryo Acid deterge nt fiber Neutrie nt deterge nt fiber cellulos e dry matter fiber protein moistur e Ether free extracta ble fat Nitroge n free extract oil Grai n crud e fiber Table 2a. Phenotypic correlatio among various grain and fodder quality traits in maize Neutri Acid Fodde Fodde ent Fodde deterg r r Embry deterg r dry starch ent cellulos moistur o ent matter fiber e fiber protei e fiber n = Significant at 5 significance level, = Significant at significance level, = Noignificant It was shown from results that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between fodder protein percentage and acid detergent fiber while a significant and negative correlation was found for grain protein and oil percentage and nitrogen free extract percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (Table 2 and 2a). It was indicated from results that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between fodder moisture percentage and grain fiber percentage, embryo percentage and acid Ether free extract able fat Nitrog en free extract Fodd er ash detergent fiber while a significant and negative correlation was found for grain starch percentage, cellulose percentage and fodder ash percentage at both genotypic and phenotypic levels (Table 2 and 2a). Significant correlatio higher grain and fodder quality maize germplasm may be developed [8,24,28,38,39]. It was persuaded from Table 2 and 2a that a negative significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between fodder ether extractable fat percentage and fodder moisture percentage and grain protein, oil, starch,

8 embryo percentage, fodder dry matter percentage and fodder fithat a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correber percentage. It was suggested from Table 2 and 2a lation was found between fodder nitrogen free extract percentage and grain oil percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for acid detergent fiber, nutrient detergent fiber, fodder fiber percentage and fodder protein percentage at both SOV/Traits Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 7 genotypic and phenotypic levels. It was suggested from Table 2 and 2a that a positive significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found between fodder ash percentage and fodder dry matter percentage while a significant and negative correlation was found for embryo percentage and fodder moisture percentage [3,7,5,2,36] North Carolina Mating DesignII Table 3(a). Analysis of variance for grain and fodder quality traits in maize (North Carolina matting designii) Acid detergent Neutrient Embryo protein oil fiber starch fiber detergent fiber cellulose Replication Males Females M F Error SOV/Traits (b). various genetic components for grain and fodder quality traits in maize (North Carolina matting designii) Acid detergent Neutrient detergent Embryo protein oil fiber starch fiber fiber cellulose σ 2 m σ 2 f σ 2 m f σ 2 D σ 2 H [σ 2 H/σ 2 D] / = Significant at significance level, = Significant at 5 significance level, = Noignificant σ 2 m = male additive variance, σ 2 f = Female additive variance, σ 2 m f = m f interaction additive variance, σ 2 H = Dominance variance, σ 2 D = cumulative additive variance, [σ 2 H/σ 2 D] /2 = Degree of dominance SOV/Traits Table 3a. (a). Analysis of variance for fodder quality traits of maize (North Carolina matting designii) dry ether nitrogen free extract matter fiber protein moisture extractable fat (Carbohydrate ) ash () Replication Males Females M F Error SOV/Traits (b). various genetic components for fodder quality traits of maize (North Carolina matting designii) ether protein moisture extractable fat fiber dry matter nitrogen free extract (Carbohydrate ) ash () σ 2 m σ 2 f σ 2 m f σ 2 D σ 2 H [σ 2 H/σ 2 D] / = Significant at significance level, = Significant at 5 significance level = Noignificant, σ 2 m = male additive variance, σ 2 f = Female additive variance, σ 2 m f = m f interaction additive variance, σ 2 H = Dominance variance, σ 2 D = cumulative additive variance, [σ 2 H/σ 2 D] /2 = Degree of dominance

9 72 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research Table 4.Statistical significance of parents and F hybrids of maize for various grain quality traits Genotypes protein oil fiber starch Embryo Pop/ BC 5.200ABCD 9.490DEFGHI 7.53JKLMNO.77CDEFGH B CD 4.800FGH 9.20 NO 7.77HIJKL.60 FGHI EV EFG 4.770FGHI 9.350HIJKLM DEF.60 FGHI E LMNOPQ MN FGHIJ DE.57 GHI F KLMNOP N 9.520DEFGH 72.7DEFGH.60 FGHI EV KLMNOP 4.730FGHIJ 9.30IJKLMN 7.50JKLMNO.67DEFGHI B 0.27 BC DE 9.00 O 7.50JKLMNO 2.03 BCD E BC 5.230ABCD JKLMNO 7.20 O 2.3 BC EV097Q 9.367MNOPQ 5.00 D AB 72.20DEFGH 2.20 B B MNOPQ 4.730FGHIJ CDEF 72.20DEFGH.80CDEFGH Rakaposhi 9.400LMNOPQ IJK 9.330HIJKLM C.77CDEFGH Sh FGHIJKL 4.30 MN 9.30 NO B.67DEFGHI B Pop/ FGHIJKL FGH KLMNO 73.7 C.57 GHI B B FGHIJKL 4.730FGHIJ 9.400FGHIJK A.67DEFGHI B EV EFG LM DEFGHI 73.7 C.77CDEFGH B E NOPQ 5.30 CD BCD DEFG.63 EFGHI B F CD 5.30 CD EFGHI 7.7 O.67DEFGHI B EV BC 5.230ABCD GHIJKL 7.23 NO 2.60 A E336 Pop/ BCD A BCD 7.37 LMNO 2.20 B E336 B DE 5.00 D A 7.43KLMNO 2.03 BCD E336 EV EFGHIJ 4.830FGH ABC 7.67JKLMN.67DEFGHI E336 E JKLMNO EF AB 7.43KLMNO.60 FGHI E336 F GHIJKLM 4.770FGHI 9.370GHIJKL 7.30 MNO.70DEFGHI E336 EV EFGHIJ 4.700FGHIJ 9.00 O 7.60JKLMNO.73DEFGHI EV097Q Pop/ EFGHI HIJ LMNO 7.30 MNO.70DEFGHI EV097Q B BC GHIJ BCD 7.53JKLMNO.73DEFGHI EV097Q EV B FGHI EFGHI 7.73IJKLM.60 FGHI EV097Q E BC FGH EFGHI 72.7DEFGH.73DEFGHI EV097Q F A FGH BCDE DEF.80CDEFGH EV097Q EV A 5.30 CD 9.500DEFGHI 72.3DEFGHI.83BCDEFGH B327 Pop/ B ABCD 9.400FGHIJK D 2.00 BCDE B327 B EFG ABCD 9.530DEFGH 72.23DEFG 2.3 BC B327 EV BCD 4.700FGHIJ 9.430FGHIJ D.93BCDEFG B327 E EFGH FGHI DEFG D.87BCDEFGH B327 F EF GHIJ 9.70 MNO D.83BCDEFGH B327 EV HIJKLMN JK BCD 7.90EFGHIJ.97 BCDEF Rakaposhi Pop/ Q 5.200ABCD 9.470EFGHI DE.97 BCDEF Rakaposhi B LMNOPQ AB FGHIJ 7.83FGHIJK.73DEFGHI Rakaposhi EV IJKLMNO ABC 9.70 MNO 7.77HIJKL.77CDEFGH Rakaposhi E EFGHIJK 5.70 BCD LMNO 7.20 O.57 GHI Rakaposhi F GHIJKLM 5.30 CD 9.370GHIJKL 7.37LMNO.50 HIJ Rakaposhi EV KLMNOP FG FGHIJ 7.7 O.77CDEFGH Sh39 Pop/ JKLMNO HIJ 9.500DEFGHI DEF.67DEFGHI Sh39 B OPQ 4.770FGHI BCDE 7.80GHIJKL.60 FGHI Sh39 EV PQ GHIJ 9.500DEFGHI 7.77HIJKL.73DEFGHI Sh39 E PQ FGHI 9.500DEFGHI 7.70IJKLM.73DEFGHI Sh39 F IJKLMNO KL 9.70 MNO 7.50JKLMNO.37 IJ Sh39 EV MNOPQ FG 9.370GHIJKL 7.37LMNO.20 J

10 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 73 Table 4a. Statistical significance of parents and F hybrids of maize for various fodder quality traits Genotypes Acid detergent fiber Neutrient detergent fiber cellulose dry matter fiber Pop/ RST 5.57MNOP FG 39.33OPQ CD B TUV 53.43GHIJ C 40.27GHIJKLM F EV DEFGH GHI GH Q F E BCDE D 3.3 DE R F F KLMNOPQ HIJ EF 39.47MNOPQ JK EV GHIJKLM 5.47MNOP I 38.3 R E B B RST LM 39.40NOPQ 24.3 QR E BC D EF 40.00IJKLMNO 24.0 R EV097Q BCDE UV M 40.87ABCDEFGH C B FGHIJKL OPQ IJK 40.27GHIJKLM 29.3 A Rakaposhi 23.20HIJKLMN QRS K 40.00IJKLMNO B Sh FGHIJKL UV LM 39.90JKLMNOP CD B Pop/ PQR 48.90TUV K 40.63DEFGHIJ QR B B FGHIJKL PQR 27.7 JK 39.93JKLMNO Q B EV B 5.83 LMN K 40.0HIJKLMNO 25.3 O B E KLMNOPQ STU K JKLMNO NO B F NOPQ STU JK LMNOPQ 27.2 FG B EV CDEFG 5.37MNOP JK OPQ 27.3 F E336 Pop/ CDEF 5.60 MNO IJK GHIJKL E E336 B BCD GH GH EFGHIJK P E336 EV PQRS UV K IJKLMNO QR E336 E OPQR RST IJK 4.00 ABCDEFG MN E336 F BCDE RST L 4.57 AB LM E336 EV A 5.00 NOP LM 4.20 ABCDEF J EV097Q Pop/ TUV 52.27KLM 3.43 DE 4.67 A F EV097Q B PQRS 53.53GHIJ 3.43 DE 40.87ABCDEFGH F EV097Q EV JKLMNOPQ C B 40.63DEFGHIJ F EV097Q E MNOPQ A A 4.40ABCD CD EV097Q F EFGHIJ B B 4.33 ABCDE CD EV097Q EV NOPQ DEF C 4.33 ABCDE 28.2 DE B327 Pop/ RST V K 40.70CDEFGHIJ F B327 B IJKLMNO 5.03 NOP IJ 40.30GHIJKLM F B327 EV PQRS D B IJKLMNO F B327 E JKLMNOP 40.0 Y 7.20 O JKLMNO GH B327 F UVW X N OPQ NO B327 EV TUV W M MNOPQ 25.3 O Rakaposhi Pop/ VW W LM MNOPQ KLM Rakaposhi B QRS KLM FG 39.0 PQ 26.9 JKL Rakaposhi EV LMNOPQ GHI 3.07 DE IJKLMNO 26.4 IJ Rakaposhi E QRS IJK DE GHIJKLM IJ Rakaposhi F W 5.43 MNOP 3.47 DE 40.83BCDEFGHI HI Rakaposhi EV STU JKL 3.27 DE 4.33ABCDE IJ Sh39 Pop/ FGHIJK FG EF 4.47 ABC 27.9 E Sh39 B CDEF DE 3.0 DE 40.47FGHIJK 27.2 F Sh39 EV DEFGHI D 3.80 D 39.90JKLMNOP F Sh39 E MNOPQ 5.47 MNOP H 40.20GHIJKLMN E Sh39 F FGHIJKL EFG DE 39.70KLMNOPQ 28.3 DE Sh39 EV DEFGH DEF DE 40.0HIJKLMNO C

11 74 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research Table 4b.Statistical significance of parents and F hybrids of maize for various fodder quality traits Genotypes nitrogen free ether moisture extract protein extractable fat (Carbohydrate ) ash Pop/ OPQ 9.90BCDE 2.867IJKL 4.36JKLMNO 8.600MNOPQ B S 8.50 P 2.903EFGHIJK BC 9.30HIJK EV NOP 9.20GHIJ 2.950BCDEFGHI 4.63HIJKLMN 9.40GHIJK E322.8 CD IJ BCD QRS 8.930JKLM F96.0 IJ IJ 3.03 A 4.78GHIJKLM LMNO EV347.8 CD 9.20GHIJ 2.97DEFGHIJK RS MNO B.0 IJ 9.60DEFG 2.940BCDEFGHI 43.3 BCDE FGHI E PQ 9.240A 2.80 LMNO 46. A 8.270QRSTU EV097Q 9.630OPQ 9.200ABCD OP 40.69MNOPQR 9.70FGHIJ B NOP A 2.70 P OPQR MNOP Rakaposhi 3.20 A 9.70CDEF NOP T U Sh B 9.40FGH KLM ST 8.0 TU B Pop/ ST O GHIJKL A KLMN B B36.8 CD N HIJKL 43.8BCDEF LMNO B EV340.3FGHI MN 2.933CDEFGHIJ 4.59HIJKLMNO 9.90 B B E JK 9.60DEFG 2.963BCDEFGH NOPQR.7 A B F96.66CDE 9.200ABCD OP 4.5 KLMNOP 8.40 TU B EV347.0 IJ 9.200ABCD IJKL 4.55IJKLMNO U E336 Pop/ B 9.50EFGH BCD 39. S 8.70 STU E336 B36.23GHI 9.090IJ BCDE B 8.90 RSTU E336 EV ST 9.200ABCD BCDE 46.8 A 8.50 OPQR E336 E C AB 2.957BCDEFGHI 4.60HIJKLMNO 8.60 MNOP E336 F96.09HIJ A 2.933CDEFGHIJ 4.8KLMNOP BCD E336 EV347.52DEFG M 2.930CDEFGHIJ MNOPQR 9.630BCDE EV097Q Pop/ CD 8.90 N 2.943BCDEFGHI RS 9.330EFGHI EV097Q B36.38EFGH L FGHIJKL PQRS 9.400DEFGH EV097Q EV DEF KL 2.80 LMNO 39.7 RS CDEF EV097Q E S L KLMN 4.04LMNOPQ BC EV097Q F QR JK JKL 40.65MNOPQR BCD EV097Q EV U 9.0 HIJ MNOP 43.00BCDEFG FGHI B327 Pop/ OPQ 9.20GHIJ MNOP 42.63BCDEFGHI NOPQ B327 B MN 9.30FGHI MNOP 42.34CDEFGHIJK 8.350PQRSTU B327 EV T 9.20 ABC MNOP 42.83BCDEFGH 9.40DEFGH B327 E ST 9.90BCDE 2.940BCDEFGHI 42.72BCDEFGHI 9.440DEFGH B327 F U 9.60DEFG 3.07 BC A 8.330PQRSTU B327 EV347.0 IJ 9.70CDEF B 42.0FGHIJKL DEFG Rakaposhi Pop/ OPQ KL BCDE 43.03BCDEFG 9.370DEFGHI Rakaposhi B OP KL BCDE BCD 8.750LMNO Rakaposhi EV MNO 9.20GHIJ BCDE 43.04BCDEFG 8.60 MNOP Rakaposhi E MNO 9.0 HIJ BCDEF 42.94BCDEFG MNOP Rakaposhi F KL 9.30FGHI 2.950BCDEFGHI 42.08DEFGHIJKL 8.500OPQRS Rakaposhi EV L 9.40 FGH 2.930CDEFGHIJ RS OPQRS Sh39 Pop/209.0 IJ 9.20GHIJ 2.950BCDEFGHI MNOPQR 8.430OPQRST Sh39 B M 9.30FGHI BCD 42.05EFGHIJKL OPQRS Sh39 EV OP 9.40 FGH BCDE 42.22CDEFGHIJKL MNOPQ Sh39 E OPQ 9.60DEFG 2.953BCDEFGHI 4.36 JKLMNO IJKL Sh39 F RS 9.30FGHI IJKL 42.55BCDEFGHIJ 8.80 RSTU Sh39 EV S 9.50EFGH BCDEFG 4.4 KLMNOP FGHI It was suggested from results given in Table 3 that significant differences were found for grain protein percentage. The results also indicated that higher additive variance for male female interaction was found for fodder fiber, fodder nitrogen free extract (carbohydrates), acid detergent fiber, nutrient detergent fiber and fodder cellulose while lowest for fodder moisture percentage and ether extractable fat. Higher female additive variance as reported for acid detergent fiber, fodder fiber, nutrient detergent fiber and fodder cellulose while lowest for grain fiber, fodder moisture percentage and ether extractable fat. Higher male additive variance was found for acid detergent fiber, nutrient detergent fiber and fodder ash percentage. The higher cumulative additive effect was recorded for acid detergent fiber, fodder fiber, nutrient detergent fiber and fodder cellulose while lowest for grain fiber, fodder moisture percentage and ether extractable fat but higher dominance effect was recorded for grain starch percentage, acid detergent fiber, fodder fiber, nutrient detergent fiber, fodder dry matter, fodder ash, fodder fiber and fodder cellulose while lowest was recorded for fodder moisture percentage and ether extractable fat. The highest degree of dominance was recorded for grain fiber, fodder fiber and fodder ash percentage while lowest was for fodder

12 Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 75 nitrogen free extract. Higher values of dominance effect and degree of dominance indicated that over type of dominance gene action was shown for grain and fodder quality traits. The over dominance and higher degree of dominance indicated that selection on the basis of grain and fodder quality may be helpful for the development of hybrid seed with better grain and fodder quality [3942] Principle Component Biplot Analysis It was suggested from principle component biplot that the inbred lines B, B336, Sh39 and EV097 and F hybrids B EV347, B336 Pop/209, B336 B 36, B336 E322 and Sh39 F96 performed well for grain oil percentage, grain protein percentage, grain starch percentage and embryo percentage. The performance of B, B EV347, EV097 E322, Sh39 B36, B327 E322 and Sh39 F96 was higher for ether extractable fat percentage, ash percentage, fodder cellulose percentage, fodder fiber percentage and acid detergent percentage (principle component biplot 2) while B36, Rakaposhi, B Pop/209, B 336 EV340, B327 E322, B327 F96, EV097 E 322, Rakaposhi EV347, EV097 Pop/209 and EV 097 EV340 performed better for fodder moisture percentage, nitrogen free extract percentage (carbohydrates ), nutrient detergent fiber percentage, fodder protein percentage and fodder dry matter percentage (principle component biplot 3). It was concluded from principle component biplot analysis that the accessio that performed better for all grain and fodder quality traits may be used for the development of good quality maize hybrids and synthetic varieties to improve maize yield and production. Results were in favor of the finds reported by [,20,2,43]. 4. Conclusio From prescribed study, it was reported from results that higher heritability, genetic advance, significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation and cumulative additive effect for grain protein percentage, grain oil percentage, grain starch percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, fodder cellulose, fodder fiber, fodder protein and fodder moisture percentage suggested that selectio may be made to develop synthetic varieties for better quality but higher dominance effect and degree of dominance indicated that selection may be useful for the development of good quality maize hybrids through heterosis breeding program. Principle component biplot analysis indicated that B EV347, B, Sh39, EV097 E322, Sh 39 B36, B327 E322, B36, Rakaposhi, B Pop/209, B336 EV340, B327 E322, B327 F96, EV097 E322, Rakaposhi EV347, EV097 Pop/209 and EV097 EV340 performed better for grain and fodder quality and may be used for improvement of grain and fodder quality of maize. Principal Component Biplot _protein_percentage Graun_starch_percentage 23 4 Embryo_percentage _oil_percentage fibre_percentage Principal Component Biplot Ether_extractable_fat Acid_detergent_fibre _cellulose fibre Ash_percentage