Subject Index. ATP, see Mucosal energy metabolism Autophagy gastric adenocarcinoma 208, 209 gastric carcinoid

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1 Subject Index Acetic acid ulcer model gastric cancer removal 38, 39 healing studies overview 32, 33 treatment studies Achillea millefolium, acetic acid ulcer Adrenergic receptors, gastroprotection studies 165 Adrenocorticotropic hormone release, see Corticotropin-releasing factor stress response 125 AMP-activated protein kinase, acetic acid ulcer healing role 34 Amylin, gastroprotection doses in rats 163 Angiogenesis, BPC 157 studies 199 Angiotensin II, see Renin-angiotensin system Arginine vasopressin corticotropin-releasing factor regulation 220, 221 indomethacin-induced gastric mucosa injury susceptibility age dependence 224 Brattleboro rat model of ulcer healing process 227 mechanisms species for study 221, 222 Aspirin, gastric ulcer studies antiulcer drug effects aspirin/clopidogrel study of bleeding response aspirin dose 90 clopidogrel dose 90, 91 hydrochloric acid concentration 90 hemoglobin determination 89, 90 rat model for bleeding quantification 88, 89 ATP, see Mucosal energy metabolism Autophagy gastric adenocarcinoma 208, 209 gastric carcinoid Barrett s esophagus, see Gastroesophageal reflux disease Bladder, see Gastrocystoplasty BPC 157 angiogenesis 199 inflammatory disease studies duodenal lesions 193, 196 esophagitis 193 gastric ulcer 193 inflammatory bowel disease 196, 197 liver lesions 198 pancreatitis 198 periodontitis 192, 193 rat models for intestinal lesions nitric oxide system mediation 199 overview 191, 192 prospects for study 200 Brattleboro rat, vasopressin in indomethacininduced gastric mucosa injury susceptibility age dependence 224 healing process 227 mechanisms overview of model of ulcer Calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonism in gastroprotection 164 gastritis response 238 Capsaicin gastric mucosa effects stages of action 237 Chloride secretion, prostaglandin E 2 effects in small intestine

2 CHOP, gastric mucosa injury by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 73, 74 Cissus quadrangularis, acetic acid ulcer Clopidogrel gastric ulcer studies antiulcer drug effects aspirin/clopidogrel study of bleeding response aspirin dose 90 clopidogrel dose 90, 91 hydrochloric acid concentration 90 hemoglobin determination 89, 90 rat model for bleeding quantification 88, 89 mechanism of action 88 Cochinchina momordica, acetic acid ulcer treatment 38 Colitis, hydrogen sulfide in mucosa cytoprotection 215, 216 Corticotropin-releasing factor arginine vasopressin regulation 220, 221 enteric nervous system actions 118, 119 colonic stress response 121 distribution of peptides 116, 117 gastrointestinal motility effects 119, 120 receptors 117, 118 gastric ulcer protection glucocorticoids in mechanism overview 128, 129 mucosal dysfunction 120, 121 stress-induced hyperalgesia role 110 Cyclooxygenase cyclooxygenase-2 acetic acid ulcer healing role 34 gastroesophageal reflux disease role 145, 146 drug effects in small intestine 44 drugs 47 DAGO, gastroprotection studies 166, 167 Decalepis hamiltonii, see Swallowing root Diclofenac, common digital artery studies of relaxation 101 Doublecortin and calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase-like-1, acetic acid ulcer healing role 35 Duodenal ulcer history of pharmacological studies 232, 233 Duodenogastric reflux 135 ECLoma, see Gastric cancer Ellagic acid, acetic acid ulcer treatment 36 β-endorphin, gastroprotection studies 163, 166, 167 Endothelin, endothelial injury 10, 18 EP receptors EP3 in prostaglandin E 2 protection of small intestine 46 EP4 drugs 47, 48 prostaglandin E 2 protection of small intestine Esophagitis associated with glucose dysregulation 157 BPC 157 studies 193 reflux, see Gastroesophageal reflux disease Fiber, small intestine injury by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs insoluble fiber in formation soluble fiber in prevention 55, 56 Fluoro-loxoprofen, side effect profile Gastric acid, gastric mucosa injury by drugs apoptosis induction 65 ECLoma development in bladder after gastrocystoplasty 205, 206 necrosis induction 64, 65 synergism with drugs 65, 66 Gastric cancer acetic acid ulcer in removal 38, 39 acid secretion and ECLoma development in bladder after gastrocystoplasty 205, 206 adenocarcinoma autophagy 208, 209 carcinoid secretory vesicles and autophagy gastrin-ecl cell axis sex differences in control 206, 209 tumorigenesis role 202, 203 vagus nerve regulation 209 tumorigenesis Gastric cytoprotection concept cell injury stages 13 Subject Index 245

3 definitions 19 evolution of concept central modulation 7, 8 human studies 5 7 initial investigations 2 5 mechanisms of gastroprotection 8 12 international symposium, see International Symposium on Cell/Tissue Injury and Cytoprotection/Organoprotection overview 1, 2 Gastric emptying, corticotropin-releasing factor effects 120 Gastric ulcer aspirin/clopidogrel studies, see Aspirin BPC 157 studies 193 corticotropin-releasing factor protection glucocorticoids in mechanism overview 128, 129 etiology 220 models, see Acetic acid ulcer model, Aspirin, BPC 157, Brattleboro rat drug induction, see Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs Gastrin-ECL cell axis sex differences in control 206, 209 tumorigenesis role 202, 203 vagus nerve regulation 209 Gastritis, see Helicobacter pylori Gastrocystoplasty, gastric acid secretion and ECLoma development in bladder 205, 206 Gastroesophageal reflux disease Barrett s metaplasia 145, 146 diagnosis 142 epidemiology 142 glycoconjugate profiling erosive lesions 155 esophagitis associated with glucose dysregulation 157 lectins for screening 152, 153 nonerosive lesions history of physiopathology studies inflammation 145, 149, 150, 153, 155 mucosal injury mechanisms 143, 144 nonerosive reflux disease 142, 143, 149 physiology 143 proton pump inhibitor therapy 146 Gastroprotection, definition 19 Ghrelin, gastroprotection doses in rat 163 Ginger, acetic acid ulcer treatment 38 Heat shock protein 70, acetic acid ulcer healing role 34 Helicobacter pylori gastric microcirculation effects 226 gastric tumorigenesis role 203 oxidative stress 170, 171 renin-angiotensin system 185 sulforaphane in gastritis attenuation translational research 28, 29 Histamine receptor antagonists, translational research 28 Hydrogen sulfide colonic mucosa cytoprotection 215, 216 pain signaling through calcium channels 213, 214 pancreatitis pain processing 214, 215 signaling overview 212, 213 visceral pain processing 214, Hydroxydopamine, gastroprotection studies 166, 167 Hyptis Jacq., acetic acid ulcer Ibuprofen, common digital artery studies of relaxation Indomethacin, see Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs Inflammation, see BPC 157, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, specific diseases Inflammatory bowel disease, BPC 157 studies 196, 197 Indigofera suffruticosa, acetic acid ulcer treatment 36 Interleukin-8, gastroesophageal reflux disease role 144 International Symposium on Cell/Tissue Injury and Cytoprotection/Organoprotection format 16 objectives 14 origins 13, 14 outcomes and prospects scope Irritable bowel syndrome, sexual dimorphism 112 Lactobacillus, acetic acid ulcer treatment 38 Lansoprazole, acetic acid ulcer treatment 38 Leptin, gastroprotection doses in rats 163 Lipopolysaccharide, small intestine injury by drugs Subject Index

4 Liver, BPC 157 studies of lesions 198 Mitochondria, gastric mucosa injury by drugs lipid peroxidation and apoptosis 64, 73, 74 oxidative stress Morinda citrifolia, acetic acid ulcer Mouriri pusa, acetic acid ulcer Mucin-2 acetic acid ulcer healing role 33, 34 prostaglandin E 2 upregulation 46 Mucosal energy metabolism overview of study techniques 233, 234 pharmacological studies animal studies 234, 235 human studies prospects for study 239, 240 Mucus layer, prostaglandin effects 8, 9 Myeloperoxidase, aspirin response in stomach 92 Naproxen, common digital artery studies of relaxation 101 Nitric oxide angiotensin and ischemia/reperfusion injury 184 BPC 157 mediation 199 gastroprotection studies 10, 165 drug effects common digital artery studies small intestine 42, 43, 45 Nociceptin, gastroprotection doses in rat 163 Nonerosive reflux disease, see Gastroesophageal reflux disease Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, see also specific drugs common digital artery studies of relaxation gastric mucosa injury calcium flux 73, 74 capsaicin protection 238 CHOP mediation 73, 74 cytotoxicity 72, 75 defense mechanisms 62, 63 drug development 75, 76 drug types and physicochemical properties gastric acid apoptosis induction 65 necrosis induction 64, 65 synergism with drugs 65, 66 membrane permeabilization 72, 73 mitochondria role lipid peroxidation and apoptosis 64, 73, 74 oxidative stress overview 61, 62 prostaglandin-dependent mechanisms 63 trapping theory 63, 64 oxidative stress 170, 171 small intestine damage dietary factors insoluble fiber in formation soluble fiber in prevention 55, 56 enterobacteria role lipopolysaccharide 58 normal microflora in protection 59 probiotic effects 58, 59 species 56, 57 unbalanced growth 57 healing 47, 48 mechanisms prostaglandin E 2 protection uptake diffusion coefficient 81, 83 lipophilicity effects 80, 81 pka effects 80, 81, 83 vasopressin in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosa injury susceptibility age dependence 224 Brattleboro rat model of ulcer healing process 227 mechanisms species for study 221, 222 Nrf2, sulforaphane gastroprotection mechanism 173, 174 Opioids, gastroprotection studies 163, 166, 168 Oxidative stress, gastric mucosa adaptive cytoprotection 171 injury by drugs stress sources 170, 171 sulforaphane studies Helicobacter pylori gastritis attenuation nrf2 role in protective mechanism 173, 174 overview Subject Index 247

5 Pain, see Visceral pain Pancreatitis BPC 157 studies 198 hydrogen sulfide in pain processing 214, 215 Peptide YY, gastroprotection doses in rats 163 Periodontitis, BPC 157 studies 192, 193 Plantago lanceolata, acetic acid ulcer Probiotics protection of small intestine injury by drugs 58, 59 stress-induced analgesia enhancement 111, 112 Prostaglandins gastric cytoprotection concept evolution human studies 5 8 mechanisms 8 10, 12 prostaglandin E 2 drugs 47, 48 receptors, see EP receptors synthesis 42 Proteinase-activated receptor-2, gastroesophageal reflux disease role 144 Proton pump inhibitors, see also specific drugs gastroesophageal reflux disease management 146 translational research 28 Psychological stress, see Stress Quina-quina (Strychnos pseudoquina), acetic acid ulcer treatment 36 Red mangrove (Rhiziphora mangle), acetic acid ulcer treatment 36 Reg-1, acetic acid ulcer healing role 35, 36 Renin-angiotensin system angiotensin receptors 182 gastric mucosa Ang-(1 7) in vasodilation and protection integrity maintenance physiology 182 Rhiziphora mangle, see Red mangrove Rosiglitazone, indomethacin-induced ulcer protection 185 RU-38486, corticotropin-releasing factor gastroprotection studies 131, 132 Small intestine injury, see BPC 157, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Stomach acid secretion, see Gastric acid cancer, see Gastric cancer gastritis, see Helicobacter pylori motility, see Gastric emptying drug injury, see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ulcer, see Gastric ulcer Stress, see also Corticotropin-releasing factor angiotensin antagonism in gastroprotection 184 gastrointestinal motility effects corticotropin-releasing factor and dysmotility 119, 120 gastroduodenal zone contractile activity pathogenic role of dysmotility 139, 140 rabbit studies hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in gastroprotection oxidative stress, see Oxidative stress rodent models for pain studies visceral analgesia induction overview 106, 107 probiotic enhancement 111, 112 sexual dimorphism 111 visceral hyperalgesia induction irritable bowel syndrome 112 mechanisms 110 overview 106, 107 Strychnos pseudoquina, see Quina-quina Substance P, gastroprotection doses in rats 163 Sulforaphane, gastroprotection studies Helicobacter pylori gastritis attenuation nrf2 role in protective mechanism 173, 174 overview Swallowing root (Decalepis hamiltonii), acetic acid ulcer Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gastroprotection doses in rats 162, 163 history of gastroprotection studies 7, 8 TLQP-21 gastroprotection doses in rats 163 inhibitors 166 Translational research gastrointestinal pharmacology 248 Subject Index

6 brain-gut axis 27, 28 gastric acid inhibitors 28 gastric acid secretion 25, 26 Helicobacter pylori 28, 29 prospects for study 29, 30 overview 24, 25 Trapping theory, mucosa injury by drugs 63, 64, 80 Trefoil factor family 2, acetic acid ulcer healing role 35 TRPV receptors capsaicin as ligand 238 gastritis response 238 gastroesophageal reflux disease role 144, 143 Urocortins, enteric nervous system actions 119 expression 117 Vagus nerve capsaicin effects 238 gastrin-ecl cell axis regulation 209 Vascular endothelial growth factor acetic acid ulcer healing role 34, 35 drugs 47, 48 Vasopressin, see Arginine vasopressin Visceral pain hydrogen sulfide processing 214, 215 stress mediation, see Stress Ulcer models, see Acetic acid ulcer model, Aspirin, BPC 157, Brattleboro rat Subject Index 249