Fernando Soberon Systems are important Programming from a young age Julio Giordano Basics of repro Various systems and success

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1 Sue Puffenbarger Land O Lakes Animal Milk Products Company December 2017 Fernando Soberon Systems are important Programming from a young age Julio Giordano Basics of repro Various systems and success Heather Huson Genetics and fertility Mike Overton What does it cost us to keep those heifers? Data!!! Belinda Thompson Salmonella Dublin Impacts, treatment and management Danielle Myzak Understanding how disease impacts calves How disease impacts antibiotics Evaluate treatment efficacy

2 Derek Foster How vaccines work What about Salmonella vaccines Bill Stone Majority of the immune system is in the gut Microbiome and feed additive affect it Sue Puff How to troubleshoot to improve outcomes BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND 7

3 Focus on return on investment over their productive life Minimize non completion (animals that are born and either never milk or finish a lactation) Optimize the productivity of the animal (manage them for their genetic potential starting at birth) It s the right thing to do Improved health More milk in first and subsequent lactations Lower total heifer inventory needed Less total cost and more return

4 Calfandheifer.org Growth Benchmarks to Optimize First and Subsequent Lactation Milk Yield Birth to weaning: Puberty: Breeding and Pregnancy: First lact. POST CALVING BW: double body weight 45% mature weight 55-60% mature weight 82 to 85% mature weight Mature weight determined at middle of 3 rd and 4 th lactation 80 to 200 days in milk on healthy cows, not cull cows

5 Stresses Environment LACK of clean, dry, well ventilated, comfortable housing Extreme temperatures Heat and Cold Inconsistent feeding regimes Weaning Grouping Branding Dehorning/Castration Vaccinations Climate Housing Nutrition Vaccination How is a calf born?

6 Effect of Disinfecting Versus Not Disinfecting the Navel on Calf Mortality and Incidence of Scours and Pneumonia* Treatment No. Of Calves % Mortality % Treated for Scours % Treated for Pneumonia Disinfected Not Disinfected * *Source: Calf Survival Study. Univ. Of Wisconsin *P< Calves in which the umbilicus was not disinfected were 4 times more likely to be treated for respiratory disease!!! USE REAL 7% Tincture!!!! Collection of Colostrum Cleanliness critical Harvest Storage Great growth media for bacteria Bacteria numbers double every 20 min. Goals < 100,000 total plate count < 10,000 CFU coliforms Moore et al. (2005) JDS 226 : Stewart, et al. (2005) JDS 88: Poulsen, et al. (2002) J Vet Int Med 16: 339 Effects of delayed collection Data from Holstein cows Hours after calving Colostral [IgG] g/l 6 94 g/l g/l g/l Age of the Calf at First Colostrum Feeding Calves fed single feeding of same colostrum at different ages IgG Absorption Declines Rapidly After Birth Hours **Only calves fed colostrum before 6 hrs had serum IgG levels > 10 Moore et al., JAVMA : mg/ml 24 Modified from: The Compendium 15:335, 1993.

7 Is passive transfer an issue? -How do you store colostrum? -How do you chill colostrum? -How do you freeze colostrum? -How do you thaw colostrum? -Is colostrum feeding getting done? -Is a replacer warranted? Time (Hours) Time Calves Remain With Cows After Birth and Heifer Calf Mortality* No. Herds Average Mortality (%) (Calves 1 Week-6 Months of Age) * Clemson University 26 NAHMS Dairy 2014 Participating States CA OR WA NV Regions West East ID AZ MT UT WY NM CO Upper # = respondents Lower # = operations selected for the survey SD NE TX ND KS OK MN IA MO AR LA WI MI IL MS TN IN KY AL OH GA FL SC WV PA NC NY VA MD VT NH 119 MA 340 CT NJ DE ME RI 1261 Surveys 17 major Dairy States Data in survey represents 80.2% of U.S. dairy operations and 80.3% of cows Herd Size (number of cows) Very small Small Large All (fewer (30 99) Medium ( ) (500 or more) operations than 30) Liquid diet Pct. Std. error Pct. Std. error Pct. Std. error Pct. Std. error Pct. Std. error Nonmedicated milk replacer Medicated milk replacer Any milk replacer Unpasteurized milk* Pasteurized milk* Acidified milk* Other *Saleable or nonsaleable/waste.

8 30 % of Operations Feed Calves 3X % of Operations Feed Calves 3X Coincidence or trend? Trying to do what is best for the calf! 2007 DCHA data 5.4% 2008 Personal research 6.5% 2010 ISP research - 14% 2012 DHM - 25% + 36% Considering Source: AMP 2014 CMR Nat l. Quant. Study; 246 respondents 30 Johne s Disease Mycoplasma bovis Salmonella Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) Infectious Mastitis Nutrient (Vitamin or T.M.) A (IU) D3 (IU) E (IU) C B1 B2 B3 B6 B5 B12 (mcg) Biotin (mcg) B9 Mn Zn Cu Fe Co Se I Calf Req. / lb. CMR solids (NRC 2001) 5, Nutrient/gallon of whole milk (NRC 2001) 5, N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Nutrients/Gallon 3.25% fat milk (USDA SR-21*) 3,980 0* N/R N/R 0.14 N/R Colostrum, 1 gallon, Based on Kehoe JDS ,733 N/R 29 N/R N/R 2271 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Colostrum, 1 gallon, Based on Foley JDS , N/R N/R N/R Suggested daily fort. 20,000 7, Vitamin B1 - Thiamine Vitamin B3 - Niacin Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine * USDA SR-21 for 3.25% fat milk (Vit. D used whole milk) Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin Vitamin B5 - Pant. Acid Vitamin B9 - Folic acid N/R = NOT RECORDED

9 Nutrient Variation in Waste Milk # of Farms % Solids % Protein % Fat Solids % Low High Low High Low High Saleable Milk is typically 12.5% Solids, 3.0% Protein and 3.6% Fat Colostrum is typically 24% Solids, 14% Protein and 6.7% Fat Reasons Added water No agitation of tank Transition milk vs. sick cow milk.by definition it is variable! Example of Age Distribution of Enteric Diseases in Calves Water? Know The Water Source Being Used: Well Water? Rural Water? City Water? 3 rd Party Water Analysis Both biological & mineral testing Treat according to results? 35 36

10 Water quality an issue? What Biological Pathogens We Are Dealing With? Bacterial? Viral? Protozoa? Spores? May Have A Combination of Issues That Will Dictate The Sanitizer/ Disinfection & Hygiene Regiment. Cold Stress Effects Calves at the Following Temperatures Calves < 21 Days of Age: 60 F Calves > 21 Days of Age: 42 F NRC (2001) 37 Short of bedding one day Out of grain/water for a short time Changes in weather Scours even minor cases Respiratory disease even minor cases Moderate infections increase energetic needs by 150 to 200% Effects of Increased Protein and Energy fed in Milk Replacer and Heat Stress on Growth Parameters of Neonatal Holstein Bull Calves Andy J. Krenek & Glenn A. Holub Lochmiller, R. L. and Deerenberg, C Trade offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88:

11 lbs Body Weight CMR HS CMR NHS IMR HS IMR NHS Increased Milk Replacer calves had a significantly greater Wither Height, Heart Girth, Body Length, Hip Height, and ADG than the Conventional Milk Replacer calves. Heat Stressed calves had a significantly higher Water Consumption than the Non Heat Stressed calves. Increased Milk Replacer calves had a greater Water Consumption than the Conventional Milk Replacer calves. Conventional Milk Replacer calves had Poorer Feed Conversion than the Increased Milk Replacer calves Week Interaction of Breed and Plane of Pre-weaning Nutrition on Performance and Innate Immune Responses of Pre- and Post-weaned Dairy Calves (summary) Michael A. Ballou, Ph.D. Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University Calves fed a higher plane of nutrition grew faster & taller Higher plane of nutrition improved post-weaning immune response measures Conceivable that Jersey calves could be fed even higher planes of nutrition without adversely affecting age at weaning

12 The Effect of Nutritional Plane Crypto Challenge Added Feeding Number 5 on Health and Performance of Dairy Calves after Experimental Infection with Cryptosporidium parvum TL Ollivett, DV Nydam, TC Linden, DD Bowman, M. Van Amburgh 9/10/09 HPN = High Plane Nutrition CN = Conventional Nutrition Beginning wt lbs Ending wt HPN lbs CN 94.6 lbs Ollivett et.al. abstract 2009 AABP Mode of Action of Main Enteric Diseases in Calves Type Prevention Treatment Localized in gut Examples: Crypto, Rota, Corona, Coccidia, Giardia Sanitation, Vaccine & Adequate Colostrum Clean Water Invasive, enters blood Examples: Salmonella, Clostridia E. Coli, Campylobacter Hygiene & Adequate Colostrum Electrolytes (99% respond) Coccidiostat Safe Guard (fenbendazole) Supportive therapy, antibiotics 48

13 Milk-Higher plane of nutrition at right temp F mixing, F for feeding Consistent, consistent, consistent High quality water Free Choice & mixing Electrolytes Clean water Proper Cleaning & Sanitation Anything that touches calf especially hands & feet of people Chlorine dioxide breaks down biofilms & kills crypto Dry (Great Drainage) and well ventilated housing More & better options for people & calf today Calves We feed them less in 2 or 3 feedings daily They are weaned at 2 months of age or less Surprise! They don t grow as well and aren t as healthy. Feed them more/more frequently Heifers Are we feeding them the right diet? Are we handling them correctly? Grow them later. Feed Efficiency Decreases With Age Can get 0.5 to 0.8 lbs. of gain for a lb. of feed in the first 2 months Post-weaning its 0.15 to 0.30 lbs of gain per lb of feed. Older heifers (greater than 6 months) feed conversion drops dramatically to less than 0.1

14 Our objective: Do what s right for the calf by continuing to lead the industry towards improving the health, performance and profitability of raising calves and heifers. 53 Thank you! Sue Puffenbarger SMPuffenbarger@landolakes.com