POTENTIAL TOXICITY of PLASTIC LITTER on PELAGIC and BENTHIC ORGANISMS

Transcription

1 POTENTIAL TOXICITY of PLASTIC LITTER on PELAGIC and BENTHIC ORGANISMS MAIJA BALODE & LIENE MUZIKANTE Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology

2 Plastic litter s distribution Plastics constitute the major part of marine litter worldwide Specific weight of plastics can reach even 90% of marine litter Acccording Derraik J. (2002) Beach 32 90% Surface water 86% Sea floor 47 85%

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4 Global production of plastics has increased from 1,5 million t in 1950 to 230 million t by 2008 and 25% of plastics is produced in Europe The first nowadays plastic product was produced in 1907 Since 1990ies plastic pollution in Indian ocean increased 100 times (Copello & Quintara, 2003)

5 World s plastic production goes hand in hand with plastic litter Due to the increasing plastic production, increases of plastic debris have been also observed

6 Plastic litter s distribution Plastic litter is found: On shorelines; Floating; On the sea and ocean surface; Troughout the water column; Debris on the seafloor. Nowadays PL of all sizes and shapes have become a serious transboundary problem

7 Safe plastic types High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) Used in opaque milk, water and juice containers, bleach, detergent and shampoo bottles, garbage bags, yogurt and margarine tubs and cereal box liners Used in grocery store, dry cleaning, bread and frozen food bags, most plastic wraps, and squeezable bottles (honey, mustard). Used in ketchup bottles, yogurt and margarine tubs, medicine and syrup bottles, straws, and Rubbermaid and other opaque plastic containers, including baby bottles. Used in soft drink, juice, water, beer, mouthwash, peanut butter, salad dressing, detergent and cleaner containers Considered a safer plastic. Research on risks associated with this type of plastic is ongoing Considered a safer plastic. Research on risks associated with this type of plastic is ongoing. Considered a safer plastic. Research on risks associated with this type of plastic is ongoing. Leaches antimony trioxide and (2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) DEHP has been strongly linked to asthma and allergies in children. It may cause certain types of cancer and it has been linked to negative effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, bone formation, and body weight.

8 Hazardous plastic types Polystyrene (PS) Polyvinyl chloride (V or Vinyl or PVC) Polycarbonate (O or Others) Used in Styrofoam containers, egg cartons, disposable cups and bowls, take-out food containers, plastic cutlery, and compact disc cases Used in toys, clear food and non-food packaging (e.g., cling wrap), some squeeze bottles, shampoo bottles, cooking oil and peanut butter jars, detergent and window cleaner bottles, shower curtains, medical tubing, and numerous construction products (e.g., pipes, siding). Beverage bottles, baby milk bottles, electronic casing, Nalgene type water bottles Leaches styrene is an endocrine disruptor mimicking the female hormone estrogen, and thus has the potential to cause reproductive and developmental problems. Styrene migrates significantly from polystyrene containers into the container s contents when oily foods are heated in such containers PVC has been described as one of the most hazardous consumer products ever created leaches di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) used as the plasticizer or softener (usually DEHP). The basis of this plastic type is hydrolysis (degradation by water, often referred to as leaching) occurring at high temperature, release bisphenol A.

9 Types of plastics commonly encountered in the marine environment Plastic class Specific gravity Percentage production* Products and typical origin Polypropylene Rope, bottle caps, PP 0,85-0,83 24% netting Low-density polyethylene LDPE LLDPE 0,91-0,93 21% Plastic bags, six-pack rings, bootles netting, drinking straws Polyvinylchloride Plastic film, bottles, PVC 1,38 19% cups Thermoplastic Plastic beverage PET 1,37 7% polyester bottles Polystyrene Plastic utensils, food PS 1,05 6% containers Nylon PA <3% Netting and traps Foamed Polystyrene Floats, bait boxes, foam cups Celuloze acetate CA Cigarette filters

10 The main pollution sources of plastic litter ~80% land origin municipal waste industrial waste waters ~ 20 % from shipping

11 334,271 mikropl.fr./km 2 Charles Moore, 1997 The Marine Algalita Research Foundation

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13 Materials and methods

14 Series of laboratory experiments were carried out to study the impact of plastic products on different test organisms Screening for acute toxicity was made on 8 different newly bought plastic products, from 6 different plastic types Plastic products were cuted in 10 x 10 mm pieces and 10 g was placed in a 200 ml glass bottle. No pre-washing of the products was made, so the first leaching water was being tested. 100 ml of cultures growth medium was added, giving a concentration of 100 g plastic material per L -1 Bottles were places in 20 ± 2 ºC temperature for 7 days. After a week plastic product leachates were filteted through a filter paper or GF/C filter to remove plastic pieces and the water phase was tested for acute toxicity

15 Garbage bags

16 Binding covers

17 Compact disc

18 Phytoplankton bottles

19 Plastic dishes

20 Drinking water bottles

21 Plastic egg containers

22 Dish sponges

23 Plastic products used in bioassays Nr. Plastic product Plastic type Symbol Plastic code 1. Plastic dishes 2. Compact disc 3. Garbage bag 4. Dish sponge polypropylene PP 5 polyvinyle chloride PVC 3 low density polyethylene LDPE 4 polyurithene PU 7 5. Phytoplankton bottle Binding covers Drinking water bottles Plastic egg container polyvinyle chloride PVC 3 polyvinyle chloride PVC 3 polycarbonate PC 7 polystyrene PS 6

24 Materials and methods

25 Bioassays used for toxicity detection: 4 bioassays with 7 testobjects on differ. trophic level were used: Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae; using Desmodesmus communis (LVS EN ISO 8692:2005) Acute toxicity test: inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (LVS EN ISO 6341:1996) ARTOXKIT M test, using Artemia salina Acute toxicity test: inhibition of the mobility of benthic crustaceans: freshwater amphipods Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pulex; brackish wateramphipods: Monoporeia affinis, Corophium volutator (ISO 16712:2005)

26 Testobjects Desmodesmus communis Artemia salina Daphnia magna Hyalella azteca Gammarus pulex Monoporeia affinis Corophium volutator

27 Test conditions: Test standart: LVS EN ISO 8692:2005 Test organism: Desmodesmus communis Replicates: 3 Volume: 30 ml Photoperiod: day/night = 16/8 Temperature: 24 C Test medium: brackish

28 Test conditions: Test standart: LVS ISO 6341:1996 Organism: Dapnia magna Straus (younger than 24 h) Replicates: 3 Organisms per replicate: 5-7 Volume: ml Duration: 48 h Photoperiod: day/night = 16/8 Temperature: 20±1 C Test medium: freshwater

29 Test conditions: Test standart: Artoxkit M test Test oganism: Artemia salina (younger than 24 h) Replicates: 5 Organisms per replicate: 10 Volume: 3ml Photoperiod: day/night = 24/0 h Salinity: 15 Temperature: 20±1 C Test medium: marine Duration: 48 (72) h jysco.com

30 RESULTS

31 BIOASSAYS using freshwater and brackish water AMPHIPODS

32 Mortality (%) Gammarus pulex 120 Effect of plastic product leahcates on Gammarus pulex mortality h 96 h Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bag Dish sponge Phytoplankton bottle * Filtered with GF/C Binding covers

33 Mortality (%) Mortality (%) Hyalella azteca Effect of plastic product leachates on Hyalella azteca mortality 48 h 96 h ,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00-10,00-20,00 Effect of plastic product leachates on Hyalella azteca mortality 0 Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bag Dish sponge Phytoplankton bottle 48 h 96 h Binding covers * Filtred with filter paper * Filtered with GF/C

34 Mortality (%) Mortality (%) Corophium volutator Effect of plastic product leachates on Corophium voluntator mortality h 96 h Effect of plastic product leachates on Corophium volutator mortality * Filtered with filter paper h 96 h 0-20 * Filtered with GF/C

35 Mortality (%) Mortality (%) Monoporeia affinis Effect of plastic product leachates on Monoporeia affinis mortality 48 h Effect of plastic product leachates on Monoporeia affinis mortality Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bag Dish sponge Phytoplankton bottle 48 h 96 h Binding covers * Filtered with filter paper * Filtered with GF/C -20

36 BIOASSAYS using MICROALGAE

37 Specific growth rate Desmodesmus communis 0,02 Effect of plastic product leachate on Desmodesmus communis growth rate after 72 h 0,01 0-0,01-0,02-0,03-0,04 Filtrated with filter paper Filtrated with GF/C

38 BIOASSAYS using PELAGIC CRUSTACEANS

39 Mortality (%) Daphnia magna 110 Effect of plastic product leachates on Daphnia magna mortality Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bags Dish sponges Phytoplankton bottle Binding covers Water bottle Plastic egg container 0 24 h 48 h 72 h

40 Mortality (%) Artemia salina 110 Effect of plastic product leachates on Artemia salina mortality Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bags Dish sponges Phytoplankton bottle Binding covers Water bottle Plastic egg container h 48 h 72 h

41 CONCLUSIONS In general 60 % of tested plastic products (5 from 8) caused a negative impact on majority of used testobjects - microalgae and/ or crustaceans The most toxic from all tested plastic products were Compact discs (made from polyvinyle chloride PVC) and Dish sponges (made from polyurithene PU) All benthic crustaceans (freshwater amphipods Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pulex; brackish water amphipods: Monoporeia affinis, Corophium volutator ) showed the most inhibiting impact at the presence of Compact discs causing 100 % mortality after 48 hours expose and Dish sponge evoking % mortality

42 CONCLUSIONS Compact discs (made from polyvinyle chloride PVC) were toxic not only for benthic crustaceans, but also for pelagic crustaceans - Artemia salina Pelagic crustaceans (freshwater amphipods Daphnia magna and marine water amphipod Artemia salina) were more sensitive to the presence of Dish sponge, evoking % mortality after hours exposure in dish sponge leachates Dish sponge caused also significant (fourfold) decrease of microalgae Desmodesmus communis growth rate

43 CONCLUSIONS Significant toxicity showed also leachates from Garbage bags (made of low-density polyethylene LDPE) causing % morality of amphipods - Monoporeia affinis and Hyalella azteca For Hyalella azteca toxic were also leachates from Phytoplankton sampling bottles (made from polyvinyle chloride PVC), evoking % mortality, but for Daphnia magna and Artemia salina inhibition was observed after the impact of Drinking water bottles (made from polycarbonates PC), causing % mortality The lowest negative impact was caused by leachates from Plastic dishes (made from polypropylene (PP), as well as from Binding covers (polyvinyle chloride; PVC) and Plastic egg conteiners (polistyrene PS)

44 CONCLUSIONS Tested microalgae were less sensitive to the presence of potentially toxic plastics as crustaceans The most toxic were plastics, which toxic impact was indicated already in other publications, like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS, polycarbonat (PC) Diverse results using different filtration method reveal about the role of injection interpretation of experimental results In general we can conclude that plastic products can cause a negative impact on aquatic (freshwater, brackish water and marine) organisms on different trophic level and influence their sustainable development.

45 Plastmasa sintētiski organiski polimēri, ko iegūst no dabasgāzes un naftas monomēriem Satur arī pildvielas (stikla šķiedra, audums, smilts, vizla, papīrs, koka milti), plastifikatorus, krāsvielas, stabilizatorus Dominē starp jūras atkritumiem (65-90%), jo: viegli - mazāks blīvums kā ūdenim (polietilēns, polistirēns) ļoti ilgstoši nenoārdās, īpaši ūdenī (zemāks UV starojums un T, sāļums) mehāniska abrāzija + fotodegradācija (~ g.)