Roofing Materials Assessment

Transcription

1 Roofing Materials Assessment Investigation of Toxic Chemicals in Roof Runoff Lisa Rozmyn December 5, 2017

2 Background WA Department of Ecology study Study based on Assessment of Toxic Chemicals in the Puget Sound Basin (Ecy Publication # ) Sparked an interest from stakeholders in the roofing industry Manufacturers Associations Material purchasers and providers 2

3 Why the Interest in Roofing? Roofing identified as significant source of several contaminants copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, and arsenic lesser extent PAHs and phthalates

4 Why Are We Concerned? Metals are of concern in surface water and sediments Studies on copper & zinc show impacts to salmon Can roofing runoff water be reused safely?

5 What we know about roof runoff Composition of roof affects runoff quality Metals, phthalates, PAHs, & flame retardants

6 What We Know about Roof Runoff Precipitation intensity, duration, and volume (depth) affect runoff quality As does the ph of the rainwater and runoff

7 What We Know about Roof Runoff The slope and the length of the roof are related to the length of time a rain drop stays on the roof (or retention time). The prevailing wind conditions affect how much rain actually hits a roof

8 Original Study Questions What are the concentrations of chemicals in runoff from roofing materials? Total metals PAHs Phthalates PBDEs (flame retardants) Do roofing materials leach at different rates with different precipitation intensities, durations, or depths?

9 Current Study Questions Are the amounts of pollutants affected by weathering and age of roof materials? Are the pollutants toxic to aquatic life in amounts released from roofing runoff? 9

10 Original Study Design 18 pilot roof panels (14 roof types and two controls) Each 4 by 8 Slope typical of residential or commercial roofs Exposure to same storm events Panels face SSW prevailing wind direction

11 Table ES-1. Roofing panel materials and identification codes. Roofing Panels Roofing Materials Description ID Code Steep-Slope panel Asphalt shingle-composite of 6 types of shingles with algae resistant (AR) copper- containing granules Asphalt shingle-composite of 6 types of shingles without algal resistant (AR) granules Copper Concrete tile Manufacturer-painted galvanized steel, painted with silicone-modified polyester paint Manufacturer treated wood shake, treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) AAR AS-1, AS-2, AS-3 CPR CTI PAZ TWO Wood shingle Frosted glass (steep-slope control) Stainless-steel Low-Slope panel WOS GST STS Modified built-up roof with atactic polypropylene (APP) granulated cap sheet Built up roofing with oxidized asphalt granulated cap sheet Modified built up roof with styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) granulated cap sheet Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) Zincalume Frosted glass (low-slope control) BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO11

12 Original Study Design Rain event definition Between 0.05 inch and 0.75 inch events 6-hour dry period (0.1 inch) between rain events 20 separate events Sample whole storm runoff Avoids only first flush or only steady state Composite sample

13 Conclusions: Round 2 Good news: New asphalt shingles, release low concentrations of metals. New roofing materials generally released low concentrations of metals. Exceptions: Copper and arsenic from the treated wood Copper from the copper Zinc from the Zincalume and EPDM

14 Round 3: Roofing Panels at the Washington Stormwater Center

15 Round 3: New Study Design Added stainless steel panel Chemical analyses: Dissolved metals vs total metals PAHs and phthalates Toxicological analyses Same storm definition 8 storm events

16 Arsenic Analysis: Control vs Panels Algae resistant asphalt shingle, concrete tile, treated wood shake, wood shingle and PVC significantly higher than controls (GST & GLO) Arsenic Concentrations (ug/l) Steep-Slope panel AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST STS Mean concentration Significant Difference * * * * Arsenic Concentrations (ug/l) Low-Slope panel BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Mean concentration Significant Difference * 16

17 Arsenic Analysis: Round 2 to 3 Arsenic Round 2 vs 3 Concrete tile, treated wood shake and PVC panels decreased significantly Arsenic Concentrations (ug/l) Steep-Slope panel AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST Round 2 As (total) , Round 3 As (dissolved) Significant difference * * Arsenic Concentrations (ug/l) Low-Slope panel BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Round 2 - As (total) Round 3 - As (dissolved) Significant difference * 17

18 Cadmium Analysis Cadmium to Glass controls No significant differences Cadmium Round 2 vs Round 3 Increase in copper panel, painted galvanized steel, treated wood, glass steep slope, PVC, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), and Zincalume Cadmium Concentrations Steep-Slope panel (ug/l) AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST Round 2 - Cd (total) Round 3 - Cd (dissolved) Significant difference * * * * Cadmium Concentrations Low-Slope panel (ug/l) BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Round 2 - Cd (total) Round 3 - Cd (dissolved) Significant difference * * 18

19 Copper Analysis: Control vs Panels Copper to Glass Control Copper panel, algae resistant asphalt shingle, and treated wood shake are all significantly higher than control Copper Concentrations (ug/l) Steep-Slope panel AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST STS Mean concentrations , Significant Difference * * * Copper Concentrations (ug/l) Low-Slope panel BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Mean concentrations Significant Difference 19

20 Copper Analysis: Round 2 to 3 Copper Round 2 vs. Round 3 Copper decreased significantly in copper panel, treated wood shake, and TPO Copper Concentrations (ug/l) Steep-Slope panel AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST Round 2 - Cu (total) , Round 3 - Cu (dissolved) , Significant difference * * Copper Concentrations (ug/l) Low-Slope panel BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Round 2 - Cu (total) Round 3 - Cu (dissolved) Significant difference * 20

21 Lead Lead to Glass controls Significantly lower in concrete tile Lead panel Round 2 vs Round 3 Significantly higher in built up roofing with atatic cap and PVC Significantly lower in asphalt shingle replicates, concrete tile, TPO, Zincalume, and glass low slope Lead Concentrations (ug/l) Steep-Slope panel AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST Round 2 - Pb (total) Round 3 Pb (dissolved) Significant difference * * Copper Concentrations (ug/l) Low-Slope panel BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Round 2 - Pb (total) Round 3 Pb (dissolved) Significant difference * * * * * 21

22 Zinc Zinc to Glass controls Significant higher concentrations in painted galvanized steel and Zincalume Significantly lower concentrations of zinc in asphalt shingle replicates. Zinc concentrations (in ug/l) Steep-Slope panel AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST STS Mean concentration Significant Difference a * Zinc concentrations (in ug/l) Low-Slope panel BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Mean concentration Significant Difference * 22

23 Zinc Round 2 vs 3 Zinc in Round 3, significantly lower in EPD Higher average release of zinc in Zincalume panel in Round 3 Never less than average of 1 ug/l on any panel Zinc Concentrations Steep-Slope panel (ug/l) AAR AS A CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST Round 2 - Zn (total) Round 3 - Zn (dissolved) Significant difference α Zinc Concentrations Low-Slope panel (ug/l) BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Round 2 - Zn (total) Round 3 - Zn (dissolved) Significant difference a 23

24 Phthalates and PAHs Organics low across Round 2 and Round 3 No statistical analysis performed Phthalates: Bis 2-ethylhexyl phthalate had elevated concentrations (8 ug/l) in Event 8 on PVC panel PAHs: Phenanthrene detected in runoff from all panels in every measured event 24

25 Toxicity Studies Three types of bioassays Ceriodaphnia dubia (7 events and all panels) 48 hour lethality test Zebra fish embryos (6 events and 7 panels) 48 hour test for lethal and sub-lethal effects Coho salmon (1 event and 4 panels) 96-hour test for lethal and behavioral effects

26 C. dubia Bioassay Environmental indicators Run on Events replicates, 10 neonates per cup, per panel ph and ion buffering 26

27 C. dubia Results Significant mortality in ALL panels but concrete tile and wood shingle Highest average % mortality (7 rain events) Copper panel-100% Treated wood shake-99% Zincalume -96% Algae resistant asphalt shingle-87% Rain Steep-Slope panels Event AAR AS1 AS2 AS3 CPR CTI PAZ TWO WOS GST Mean Std. Dev Median Rain Low-Slope panels Event BUA BUR BUS EPD PVC TPO ZIN GLO Mean Std. Dev Median

28 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Standard Toxicology organism Rapid development Develops from embryo to hatching (72 hpf) Transparent body Observable organ development 28

29 Zebrafish Developmental abnormalities and mortalities Areas measured Periventral area Pericardial area Eye area Body length Panel runoff vs laboratory controls (AAR, BUR, CPR, EPD, GLO, TWO, ZIN) 29

30 Zebrafish bioassay Results Pericardial and Periventral areas affected consistently Zincalume and Glass low slope had highest impact on body length Copper analysis not possible Event 3 Event 4 Roofing Roofing PCA PVA Eye Length panel panel PCA PVA Eye Length Steep-Slope panel Steep-Slope panel AAR * * AAR * * TWO * * * TWO * * Low-Slope panel Low-Slope panel BUR * * BUR * * EPD EPD ZIN * * ZIN * * * GLO * * GLO Roofing panel Event 5 Event 6 PCA PVA Eye Length Roofing panel PCA PVA Eye Length Steep-Slope panel Steep-Slope panel AAR * * * AAR TWO * * * TWO * Low-Slope panel Low-Slope panel BUR * * BUR * EPD * * EPD ZIN * * ZIN GLO * GLO Event 7 Event 8 Roofing Roofing PCA PVA Eye Length panel panel PCA PVA Eye Length Steep-Slope panel Steep-Slope panel AAR * * * AAR * * * TWO * TWO * * Low-Slope panel Low-Slope panel BUR BUR * * * 30 EPD * EPD *

31 Coho Salmon Bioassay Iconic salmon species in PNW Pre-spawn mortality issues Species sensitive to stormwater runoff (McIntyre et al., 2015) 31

32 Toxicology Study: Coho Salmon Coho salmon Selected 4 roof panels plus laboratory control to use for assays. Runoff was diluted 50/50 with rearing water Panels run include: Algae resistant asphalt shingle (AAR), copper panel (CPR), Built up roofing (BUR), and Zincalume (ZIN) 3 replicates with 10 salmon in each tank per panel

33 Results: Coho Salmon 100 % Mortality in copper runoff exposed Coho (within 48 hours) (17 individuals-day 1, 13 individuals-day 2) 0% Mortality in AAR, BUR, or Zincalume panels Livers harvested for future enzymatic tests 33

34 Future Studies Enzymatic Injury tests on Coho livers Roofing study continue into future (5, 10, 15 years) Lifetime of a roof Metals, phthalates, and PAHs LC 50 test for Copper exposed zebrafish Other salmon species exposure (Chinook, Chum etc.) Solar panels 34

35 Questions