2/20/2012 K.Lalla ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- Terence Welch
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1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2 ESTERIFICATION ACID + ALCOHOL ESTER + WATER CONDENSATION RXN CONDITIONS: CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID [ CATALYST & DEHYDRATING AGENT] NAMING ESTER: 1 ST NAME FROM ALCOHOL 2 ND NAME FROM ACID DRAWING ESTER: 1 ST PART: ACID 2 ND PART: ALCOHOL
3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ESTERS Covalent non-polar molecules held together by weak Van der Waals forces. Short chain acids ( C1- C4) produce esters which are oily pleasant smelling liquids. [ fruits, flowers from which perfumes & flavourings are made) Long chain acids ( C11 and >) produce esters referred to as fats and oils which are greasy, scentless solids & liquids.
4 HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS Two types: 1. Acid hydrolysis 2. Alkaline hydrolysis
5 ACID HYDROLYSIS Dilute acid is used to speed up the rxn. Ester heated under REFLUX with dilute acid. Rxn is reversible. What happens: 1. Ester + water [in presence of dil. acid] give acid & alcohol.
6 ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS Ester heated under reflux with dilute alkali Rxn is not reversible Products can separate easily. Rxn takes place in 2 stages: 1. Formation of acid and alcohol 2. The acid formed forms salt and water [in xs alkali]
7 What is it? Saponification Process by which soaps are made by the hydrolysis of natural esters. Conditions: conc. Sodium hydroxide solution. LET S GO TO THE BOARD!!!!!!!!!!!
8 Organic Chemistry POLYMERS
9 Many + Parts This name hints at how polymers are made Latin: Plasticus, that which can be molded This name honors plastics useful property of being easily molded
10 Definition of a POLYMER Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking together thousands of small molecules called MONOMERS
11 Polymers are classified according to how they are made 1. Addition polymers made by ADDITION POLYMERISATION Condensation polymers made by CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION THEY CAN ALSO OCCURE NATURALLY LIKE COTTON!!
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13 Cotton fiber is mostly cellulose, and cellulose is made of chains of the sugar, glucose linked together a certain way.
14 POLYMERISATION Addition Made from unsaturated monomers One product formed No atoms/molecules lost in the process Condensation Made from monomers with a different composition to theirs Polymer formed, along with water/ small molecules Loss of small molecules-e.g. water
15 Plastics made in ADDITION polymerisation Name of polymer Structure of monomer Used to make Polythene Polystyrene PVC/ polyvinylchloride Polypropene Teflon Packaging, plastic bags, plastic film, plastic wrap Disposable plates, cups, food containers, packaging material, heat insulator in buildings Rain coats, upholstery, suitcase coverings, plumbing fittings, water pipes, insulation of electric wires Plastic containers- buckets, food containers, bowls, coolers, hinges for lids Non-stick coatings for irons and pots Perspex Glass substitute in aircrafts windows, reflectors on vehicles, sign boards
16 Polymerisation CONDENSATION
17 Naturally Occurring: PROTEINS
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19 Synthetic/ man-made condensation polymers: Nylon Terylene
20 Condensation Polymers are grouped based on the type of linkage between the monomer units 1. Polyamides amide linkage 2. Polyesters 3. Polysaccarides ---O--- glycosidic linkage
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24 Nylon is used in clothes, shoes, jackets, belts, and accessories. It s not surprising a magazine is named after this polymer. Where did nylon get its name? Nylon was discovered in The name nylon is derived from two cities where it was discovered namely New York (NY) and London (LON).
25 Two ingredients are mixed and a solid begins to form at the junction between the two layers of liquid. Hot nylon spaghetti can be extracted. We say certain polymers are man-made, but the truth is they make themselves. Humans only have to get the ingredients near each other. The chemicals will assemble themselves.
26 Uses of Condensation Polymers Type of Polymer Example Uses Synthetic polyamide Nylon Fibres for clothing, ropes, fishing lines, nets Protein Keratin Growth & repair tissues, muscles, hair, nails, enzymes Polyester Terylene Fibres for clothing, boat sails & fishing lines Polysaccaride Starch Food reserves in plants, food source for animals
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