Response of Two Sesame Varieties (Sesamum indicum L.) to Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bio-organic Fertilizers

Transcription

1 Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): , , INSInet Publication Response of Two Sesame Varieties (Sesamum indicum L.) to Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bio-organic Fertilizers El-Habbasha, S.F., Abd El Salam, M.S. and Kabesh, M.O. Field Crops Research Dept., National Research Centre,Dokki,Giza, Egypt. Abstract: Two field trials were conducted during e two successive summer seasons of 2005 and 2006 in a private farm at El Nagah Village, Sou El-Tahrir Province, El Behaira Governorate. The present work aimed to investigate partial replacement of NPK chemical fertilizers by bio-organic fertilizers on sesame yield and its attributes of two varieties (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) grown in poor sandy soil. Seven treatments used which were e combinations of e recommended chemical fertilizer NPK 3 (40 :30 : 48), organic farmyard manure (20 m /fad*) and 75,50 or 25 % of e recommended doses wi biofertilizers ( microbien and cerealine ). Data presented clear significant differences between treatments for most studied characters. Treatment of 75 % rec. chem. fert % organic + bio came in e first order for sesame yield attributes (number of capsules/plant and seed weight/plant), yield and yield components i.e. seed, straw and biological yield as kg/fad, oil and protein yield (kg/fad ) and P% in sesame seeds. While treatment of 50 % rec. chem. fert % organic + bio came in e second order wi higher seed index. The lowest treatment was by using organic fertilization alone in comparison wi e oer experimental treatments for all characters studied. Concerning e effect of varietal differences, data illustrate no significance differences between e two varieties in all determined characters except for plant height, Shandawel 3 surpassed Giza 32 in plant height and K% and protein % in seeds. The effect of e interaction between varietal differences and fertilization treatments on all grow, yield, yield components and chemical traits in sesame seeds are not significant. The results showed e importance of applying bio-organic fertilizers against chemical fertilizers to protect e environment from harmful chemical pollution. Key words: Sesame, Recommended chemical fertilizer, Organic fertilizer, Bio-fertilizer, Grow characters, Yield and yield attributes. INTRODUCTION Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop in e tropics and subtropics, however most of its cultivated area are grown in developing countries where usually grown by small holders. Sesame crop has an important advantage because it could be grown under fairly high temperature, low [19,2] water supply and low levels of oer inputs. In Egypt, sesame is consider a food crop raer an oilseed crop because most of its seeds production is used for snacks, confectionery, bakery products, tehena and halawa purposes. The cultivated area of sesame in Egypt increased markedly during e last few years while, e productivity was not increased by e same relative. However, e local production of sesame did not cover e national requirements, us a lot of amount of sesame seed was imported every year. So, increasing e productivity could be achieved rough generate a new varieties wi high yield potentiality as well as application e suitable cultural practices such as fertilization, irrigation and weed control etc. The use of chemical fertilizers has been doubled [6] during e last two decades. Thus e coincident application of organic manures and bio-fertilizers is frequently recommended for improving biological, physical and chemical properties of soil and to get agricultural products wi good quality and free pollutants. Concerning sesame yield and its [11,17,5,14,18,16,13] components, reported at seed yield, number of capsules/ plant, 1000-seed weight and seed oil content were increased due to e application of chemical fertilization (NPK) and bio-organic manure in [10] different combinations. Imayavaramban et al., found at farmyard manure at 12.5 ton/ha + NPK of 35:23:23 kg / ha + Azospirillum inoculum improved Corresponding Auor: El-Habbasha, S.F., Field Crops Research Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 563

2 e varied grow characters, yield and yield attributes of sesame and e increment in yield was 49.2 % over recommended application of NPK alone. [9] Ghosh and Mohiuddin found at e use of biofertilizer showed significant improvement in sesame plant height and number of branches/ plant. It increased e yield components such as number of capsules / plant, number of seeds / capsule, 1000 seed weight and seed yield over ose obtained wiout having any [8] biofertilizer (control). While, Ghosh reported at e use of biofertilizer did not influence significantly e grow and yield attributes and yield of sesame over [3] control. Basavaraj et al., found at e concentration of N, P and K in sesame seeds did not differ significantly due to varieties. Growing sesame in e sandy soils usually produce good yield in case of use high rates of e chemical fertilizers because such soils having some nutrient problems such as less fertility in general and deficiency of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients.this problem is present in sandy soils of Sou El-Tharir province in Egypt. Therefore, This study aimed to replace part of NPK chemical fertilizers by bio-organic fertilizer to reduce environmental pollution, production costs and improving biological, physical and chemical properties of ese poor sandy cultivated soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two field experiments were carried out in a private farm at El Nagah Village, Sou El Tahrir Province, El Behaira Governorate, Egypt,, during two successive summer seasons 2005 and Soil samples were taken at dep of 30 cm for mechanical and chemical analyses as described by Chapaman and Pratt [4] (Table 1).The split plot design wi ree replicates was used where e cultivars found in e main plot while e fertilization treatments found in e subplot. 2 The experimental unit area was 10.5 m (i.e. 1/400 faddan)consisting of five rows (3.5 m long and 60 cm between rows ). Sesame seeds were sown on May 15 and 11 in e first and second seasons, respectively. Two varieties of sesame seeds (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 c.vs.) were coated just before sowing wi biofertilizers, using Arabic gum as an adhesive agent and were sown at hills 10 cm apart. The seeds rate amounted 3 kg /faddan. The recommended dose of chemical fertilizer NPK (40 : 30 : 48 ) was added as positive control i.e. nitrogen fertilizer was added at a rate of 200 kg /fad ammonium sulfate (20.6 % N) in two equal doses at 15 and 45 days after sowing, while phosphorus and potassium were added at a rate of 200 kg/fad calcium superphosphate (15.5 % P O ) and Table 1: Mechanical and chemical analyses of e experimental soil (2005 and 2006 seasons) Properties Year Mechanical analysis Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Soil texture Sandy Sandy Chemical analysis PH E.C. m mohs/cm CaCO3 ( % ) Organic matter % Soluble N ppm Available P ppm Exchangable K ppm kg/fad potassium sulfate (48 % K2O), respectively. 75 %, 50 % and 25 % of recommended chemical fertilizer plus 25 %, 50 % and 75 % of recommended organic fertilizer and biofertilizers were used. Sprinkler irrigation was applied as plants needed. Normal cultural practices of growing sesame and weed control of sesame conducted in e usual manner followed by e farmers of is district. The proceeding winter crop was barsseum (Trifolium alexandrinum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) in e first and e second season, respectively. Sesame was manually harvested on September 24 and 20 in e first and second season, respectively. The Experimental Treatments Were: Chemical fert. (Rec.) NPK (40:30:48) 3 Organic fert. (Rec.) 20 m /faddan Chemical fert. (Rec.) + Biofertilizers 3 Organic fert. 20 m /faddan + Biofertilizers 75% Chemical fert.+ 25% Organic fert.+ Biofertilizers 50% Chemical fert.+ 50% Organic fert.+ Biofertilizers 25% Chemical fert.+ 75% Organic fert. + Biofertilizers The biofertilizers used were microbien and cerealine contains Azotobater, Azospirillum (Azospirillum brasilense) and phosphate dissolving bacteria (Bacillus megaerium). Peat based inoculum contains Azotobacter or Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus megaerium at e concentration of 10 7 colony forming unit /g for each was used. Organic Fertilizer (FYM) Contents Were: (Organic matter 39.7 %, organic carbon %, C/N ratio H , P 7.96, EC 2.81 mmhos cm, total N.87 %, available P 84.5, and K 84 ppm) and was used at a 564

3 3 rate of 20 m /fad as recommended dose, 25 %, 50 % and 75 % of recommended dose were added to plots 15 days before sowing. Data Recorded: At harvest, a random sample of 10 plants from e two central rows in each plot was taken to determine: Grow Characters and Yield Attributes: Plant height, number of branches/plant, e height of first branch, height of first capsule and leng of fruiting zone, number of capsules/plant, seed yield/plant and seed weight were determined. Yield and Yield Contents: All plants from each plot were harvested and were leave in e field until full drying to determine seed, straw and biological yield/fad, harvest index, seed oil yield/fad and seed protein yield/fad. Oil yield and Seed protein yield were calculated by multiplying seed yield seed oil percentage and seed protein %, respectively. Chemical Traits: Seed content of N,P and K were [1] determined according to A.O.A.C.. Seed protein % calculated by multiplying N (%) Seed oil [1] content was analyzed according to A.O.A.C. wi Soxhelt. Data were subjected to statistical analysis of [15] variance as described by Snedecor and Cochran and e combined analysis of e two seasons results were conducted. Mean values of e recorded data were compared by using e least significant differences (L.S.D. 5%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Grow Characters and Yield Attributes: Varietal Differences: Data presented in Table (2) show varietal differences between e two varieties of sesame (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) in plant height, number of capsules/ plant, number of branches / plant, first capsule height, leng of fruiting area, seed weight / plant and 1000-seed weight (seed index). Where, e data illustrate no significant differences between e two varieties in all e above studied characters except plant height where, Shandawel 3 surpassed in plant height ( cm) while Giza 32 recorded cm. Alough ere no significant differences between e two varieties in most characters, Shandawel 3 variety surpassed in number of capsules/plant, seed weight / plant, number of branches / plant, first capsule height, leng of e fruiting area and plant height while, Giza 32 variety surpassed in 1000-seed weight. These results agreed [16] wi ose obtained by Subrahmaniyan et al., and El [7] Kramany et al.,. Effect of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bio-organic Fertilization: Data presented in Table (3) illustrate at e effect of partial replacement of chemical fertilization by bio-organic fertilization on plant height, number of capsules/ plant, number of branches / plant, first capsule height, leng of fruiting area, seed weight / plant and 1000-seed weight (seed index). Where, significant differences between e treatments were found in 1000-seed weight, number of branches / plant, first capsule height and leng of fruiting area while, plant height, number of capsules/ plant and seed weight/ plant did not differ significantly. The treatment, 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers records e highest values of number of capsules/ plant and seed weight / plant and followed by e treatment 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers while, recommended chemical fertilization records e highest plant height ( cm) followed by 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers ( cm) seed weight differ significantly between e treatments where, 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers records e highest value followed by 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers and ere is no significant differences between e two treatments and e treatment recommended chemical fertilization. Number of branches/ plant, first capsule height and leng of fruiting area differ significantly between treatments where e treatment 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers records e highest values for number of branches/ plant and leng of fruiting area followed by 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers and recommended chemical fertilization and ere is no significant differences between e ree treatments, while 50 % chem % organic + biofertilizers records e lowest value of first capsule height followed by 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers and 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers and ere is no significant differences between e ree treatments. The abovementioned insignificant difference between some treatments clearly illustrate e benefit role of nitrogen fixers for enhancing plant grow rough eir capacity in nitrogen fixation as well as e effect of eir metabolites secretions on bo e plant in general and rhizobia in particular. In e same time, biofertilizers contains free living nitrogen fixing microorganisms which could be participate in supplying e growing plants partially by eir nitrogen requirement. The present results cleared at dual application of mineral fertilization and biofertilizers or organic fertilization and biofertilizers were better an addition of mineral fertilization or organic fertilization alone. This may be due to mineral fertilization enhanced plant grow which increased plant metabolites which encouraged e grow of 565

4 Table 2: Effect of varietial differences on grow and yield attributes of sesame plants ( combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Varieties "Plant height "Number "Number "First capsule "Leng of "Seed weight "1000-seed Yield attributes (cm)" capsules/plant" branches/plant" height(cm)" fruiting area (cm)" /plant (g)" weight (g)" Giza Shandawel LSD (5%) 3.14 NS NS NS NS NS NS Table 3: Effect of fertilization treatments on grow and yield attributes of sesame plants ( combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Treatments "Plant height "Number "Number "First capsule "Leng of "Seed weight "1000-seed Yield attributes (cm)" capsules/plant" branches/plant" height (cm)" fruiting area (cm)" /plant (g)" weight (g)" Chemical fert. (Rec.) Organic fert (Rec.) Chem. fert (Rec.)+ Biofert. Organic fert Biofert. 75% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. 50% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. 25% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. LSD (5%) NS NS NS 0.74 Table 4: Effect of interaction between varietial differences and fertilization treatments on grow and yield attributes of sesame plants (combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Varieties Treatments "Plant height "Number "Number "First capsule "Leng of "Seed weight "1000-seed Yield attributes (cm)" capsules/plant" branches/plant" height (cm)" fruiting area(cm)" /plant (g)" weight (g)" Giza 32 Chemical fert. (Rec.) Organic fert.(rec.) Chem. fert (Rec.)+ Biofert. Organic fert Biofert. 75% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. 50% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. 25% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. Shandawel 3 Chemical fert. (Rec.) Organic fert.(rec.) 566

5 Table 4: Continued Chem fert (Rec.)+ Biofert. Organic fert Biofert. 75% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. 50% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. 25% Chem % Org.+ Biofert. LSD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Table 5: Effect of varietial differences on yield and yield components of sesame plants ( combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Varieties "Seed yield "Straw yield "Biological yield "Harvest "Oil yield Protein yield Yield components (kg/fad)" (kg/fad)" (kg/fad)" index%" Kg/fad" (kg /fad) Giza Shandawel LSD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS NS Table 6: Effect of fertilization treatments on yield and yield components of sesame plants ( combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Treatments "Seed yield "Straw yield "Biological "Harvest "Oil yield Protein yield Yield components (kg/fad)" (kg/fad)" yield (kg/fad)" index %" Kg/fad" (kg /fad) Chemical fert. (Rec.) Organic fert.(rec.) Chem. fert. (Rec.)+ Biofert Organic fert. + Biofert % Chem. + 25% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 50% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 75% Org.+ Biofert LSD (5%) microorganisms rough e save of organic matter. Also, e presences of organic fertilization may be tended to supplement continuously of nutrients to e growing plants at necessitates to e development of sustainable agricultural practices. This may be due to a good supply of K leads to increase in photosynesis, which is actively concerned in e process of sugar formation and translocation of starch as well as photosynates. These results are in concert wi ose [18] obtained by Venkatakrishnan, Subrahmaniyan et [16] [7] [13] al.,, El Kramany et al., and Narkhede et al.,. Effect of Interaction Between Sesame Varieties and Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bioorganic Fertilization: Data presented in Table (4) shows e interaction between two sesame varieties (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) and partial replacement of chemical fertilizers by bio-organic fertilization treatments on plant height, number of capsules/ plant, number of branches / plant, first capsule height, leng of fruiting area, seed weight / plant and 1000-seed weight (seed index), where no significant differences were observed between treatments on e studied characters. The use of 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers wi Shandawel 3 gave e highest values of plant height, number of capsules/ plant, seed weight/ plant and leng of fruiting area, also e same variety wi 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers records e lowest first capsule/ plant, while Giza 32 wi e treatment 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + 567

6 Table 7: Effect of interaction between varietial differences and fertilization treatments on yield and yield components of sesame plants (combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Varieties Treatments "Seed yield Straw yield Biological yield "Harvest Oil yield Protein yield Yield components (kg/fad)" (kg/fad) (kg/fad) index %" (kg / fad) (kg /fad) Giza 32 Chemical fert. (Rec.) Organic fert.(rec.) Chem fert. (Rec.)+ Biofert Organic fert. + Biofert % Chem. + 25% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 50% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 75% Org.+ Biofert Shandawel 3 Chemical fert. (Rec.) Organic fert.(rec.) Chem fert. (Rec.)+ Biofert Organic fert. + Biofert % Chem. + 25% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 50% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 75% Org.+ Biofert LSD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS NS Table 8: Effect of varietial differences on chemical traits of sesame seeds ( combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Varieties NPK in seed Oil (%) "Seed protein %" Traits N (%) P (%) K (%) Giza Shandawel LSD (5%) NS NS NS biofertilizers gave e highest number of branches / plant, wi 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers gave e highest 1000-seed weight. Yield and Yield Components: Varietal Differences: Data presented in Table (5) show varietal differences between e two varieties of sesame (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) in seed yield /fad, straw yield /fad, biological yield/fad, harvest index %, oil yield/ fad and seed protein yield/fad. Where e data illustrate no significant differences between e two varieties in all e abovementioned characters where, Shandawel 3 surpassed in straw yield/fad, biological yield/fad, oil yield/fad and seed protein yield /fad while, Giza 32 surpassed in seed yield /fad and harvest index %. This may be resulted from e Giza 32 variety is more sufficient in partitioning e photosynates between e economic yield (seeds) and straw yield. These results agreed wi ose obtained [16] [7] by Subrahmaniyan et al., and El Kramany et al.,. Effect of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bio-organic Fertilization: Data presented in Table (6) illustrate at e effect of partial replacement of chemical fertilization by bio-organic fertilization on seed yield /fad, straw yield /fad, biological yield/fad, harvest index %, oil yield/ fad and seed protein yield/fad. Where, significant differences between e treatments were observed in all abovementioned characters. The treatment of 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers records e highest values of most e studied characters and followed by e treatment 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers and 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers however, ere is no significant differences between treatment of 75 % chem.+ 25 % 568

7 Table 9: Effect of fertilization treatments on chemical traits of sesame seeds (combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Treatments NPK in seed Oil (%) "Seed protein %" Traits N (%) P (%) K (%) Chemical fertilization (Rec.) Organic fertilization (Rec.) Chem. fert. (Rec.)+ Biofert Organic fert. + Biofert % Chem. + 25% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 50% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 75% Org.+ Biofert LSD (5%) NS NS NS NS Table 10: Effect of interaction between varietial differences and fertilization treatments on chemical traits of sesame seeds (combined data of 2005 and 2006 seasons) Fertilization NPK in seed Varieties Oil (%) "Seed protein %" Traits N (%) P (%) K (%) Giza 32 Chemical fertilization (Rec.) Organic fertilization(rec.) Chem. fert. (Rec.)+ Biofert Organic fert. + Biofert % Chem. + 25% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 50% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 75% Org.+ Biofert Shandawel 3 Chemical fertilization (Rec.) Organic fertilization(rec.) Chem. fert. (Rec.)+ Biofert Organic fert. + Biofert % Chem. + 25% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 50% Org.+ Biofert % Chem. + 75% Org.+ Biofert LSD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS organic + biofertilizers and treatment of 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers were observed in straw yield /fad, biological yield/fad and oil yield / fad, and between e two treatments and treatment 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers in harvest index %. The lowest treatment was by using organic fertilization alone in comparison wi oer experimental treatments for all studied characters. These results are in concert [18] wi ose obtained by Venkatakrishnan, [16] [7] Subrahmaniyan et al., El Kramany et al., and [13] [10] Narkhede et al., Imayavaramban et al., found at farmyard manure at 12.5 ton/ha + NPK of 35:23:23 kg / ha + Azospirillum inoculaum improved e yield and yield attributes of sesame. Effect of Interaction Between Sesame Varieties and Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bioorganic Fertilization: Data presented in Table (7) shows e interaction between two sesame varieties (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) and partial replacement of 569

8 chemical fertilizers by bio-organic fertilization treatments on seed yield /fad, straw yield/fad, biological yield /fad, harvest index %, oil yield/fad and seed protein yield /fad, where no significant differences were observed between treatments on e studied characters. The use of 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers wi Giza 32 gave e highest values of e studied characters, in case of Shandawel 3 show e highest values of seed yield/fad, oil yield/fad and seed protein yield/fad wi e treatment 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers and e higher straw yield/fad and biological yield/fad records by e same variety and 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers. Chemical Traits: Varietal Differences: Data presented in Table (8) show at e varietal differences between two varieties of sesame (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) in oil percentage, NPK in seed and seed protein %. Where, no significant differences were observed between e two varieties in e studied characters except K % in seed and seed protein %. However, Shandawul 3 surpassed in oil percentage, NK % in seed and protein %, while, Giza 32 surpassed in P % in seed. These results are in [3] harmony wi ose obtained by Basavaraj et al., who found at e concentration of N and K in seed did not differ significantly due to varieties. Effect of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bio-organic Fertilization: Data presented in Table (9) illustrate at e effect of partial replacement of chemical fertilization by organic and biofertilization in oil percentage, NPK in seed and seed protein %. Where, no significant differences were observed between e fertilization treatments except P % in seed. The treatment of 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers records e highest oil percentage, while treatment of 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers gave e highest values of P % in seed, no significant differences were observed between 75 % chem.+ 25 % organic + biofertilizers and 50 % chem.+ 50 % organic + biofertilizers in P % in seed. Recommended chemical fertilization gave e highest values of N % in seed and seed protein %, while 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers records e highest K % in seed. Oil percentage was not much influenced by N. However, oil percentage decreased wi increasing levels of nitrogen. Wi higher application of N ere was greater accumulation of protein at hinders e availability of carbohydrates for polymerization into fatty acids and us leading to [12] lower oil content into seed. Effect of Interaction Between Sesame Varieties and Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers by Bioorganic Fertilization: Data presented in Table (10) shows e interaction between two sesame varieties (Giza 32 and Shandawel 3 ) and partial replacement of chemical fertilizers by bio-organic fertilization treatments on oil percentage, NPK in seed and seed protein %. No significant differences were observed between treatments on e studied characters. The use of 75 % chem % organic + biofertilizers wi Shandawel 3 gave e highest values of oil percentage, P % in seed and seed protein %. However, e use of recommended chemical fertilization wi Shandawel 3 and Giza 32 gave e highest values of N % in seed in each variety soul, while e highest K % in seed recorded by Shandawel 3 wi e treatment 25 % chem.+ 75 % organic + biofertilizers. Results indicated at rationalization e consumption of e chemical fertilizers by replacing farmyard manure and biofertilizers to protect e environment from chemical pollution and its harmful effect on human and animal heal and nutrition. In e mean time, produced significantly higher sesame yield and improved e soil characters. REFERENCES 1. A.O.A.C., Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, "Official Meods of Analysis".13 ed., Washington, D.C. 2. Ashri, A., G. Roebbelen, R.K. Downey and A. Ashri, "Oil Crops of e World". McGraw- Hill, New York, pp: Basavaraj, B., R.A. Shetty and C.S. Hunshal, Nutrient content and uptake by sesame varieties to fertilizer and population levels under summer irrigated conditions.karnataka J. of Agricultural Sci., 13(1): Chapman, H.D. and R.T. Pratt, "Meods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Water". Univ. of California, Div, Agric-Sci., pp: Chatterjee, B.N. and S.S. Mondal, Potassium nutrition under intensive cropping. J. of Potassium Research, 12(4): EEAA, Environmental Action Plant of Egypt, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo, Egypt. 7. El Kramany, M.F., M.K. Ahmed, A.A. Bahr and M.O. Kabesh, Utilization of biofertilizers in field crop production 13 Effect of organic manuring, chemical and biofertilizers on yield and nutrient content of sesame grown in newly reclaimed soil. Egypt J. Appl. Sci., 15(11): Ghosh, D.C., Grow and productivity of summer sesame ( Sesamum indicum) as influenced by biofertilizer and grow regulator. Indain J. Agron., 45(2):

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