Intelligence What is intelligence? Intelligence Tests and Testing
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1 Intelligence What is intelligence? What you know or how well you learn? Psychologist disagree. INTELLIGENCE Is the cognitive abilities (thinking, reasoning, and problem solving) of a person based on his or her experiences. Intelligence Tests and Testing Intelligence tests measure innate intelligence. Intelligence tests measure capacity or potential. IQ s are fixed and immutable and never change. Intelligence tests provide perfectly reliable scores. Intelligence tests measure all we need to know about a person s intelligence. IQ s obtained from a variety of tests are interchangeable. A battery of tests can tell us everything that we need to know to make judgments about a person s competence Symposium 1. What do I conceive intelligence to be, and by what means can it best be determined by group tests? 2. What are the most crucial next steps in research? The power of good responses from the point of view of truth or facts (E. L. Thorndike) The ability to carry on abstract thinking (L. M. Terman) Sensory capacity, capacity for perceptual organization, quickness, range or flexibility of association, facility and imagination, span of attention, quickness or alertness in response (F. N. Freeman) Having learned or ability to learn to adjust oneself to the environment (S. S. Colvin) Ability to adapt oneself adequately to new situations in life (R. Pinter) The capacity for knowledge and knowledge possessed (B. A. C. Henmon) A biological mechanism by which the effects of a complexity of stimuli are brought together and given a somewhat unified effect in behavior (j. Peterson) The capacity to inhibit an instinctive adjustment, the capacity 1
2 effect in behavior (j. Peterson) The capacity to inhibit an instinctive adjustment, the capacity to redefine the inhibited instinctive adjustment in the light of imaginally experienced trial and error, and the capacity to realize the modified instinctive adjustment in overt behavior to the advantage of the individual as a social animal (L. L. Thurstone) The capacity to acquire capacity (H. Woodrow) The capacity to learn or profit from experience (W. F. Dearborn) Sensation, perception, association, memory, imagination, discrimination, judgement and reasoning (N. E. Haggerty) Definitions of Intelligence Spearman Thorndike Thurstone Cattell Guilford Gardner Sternberg Spearman Unity of the Intellectual Function g factor intelligence is a general ability that is applied to all kinds of tasks. Perform at the same level on different cognitive tasks. Thorndike Spearman too simple. 7 PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES set of independent abilities that each person possesses in varying degrees. Perceptual speed speed of information processing Memory Ability to remember information Word comprehension Ability to understand verbal statements Word fluency ability to produce verbal statements 2
3 statements Word fluency ability to produce verbal statements Number facility deal with numbers and mathematical problems Inductive reasoning deal with novel problems and unfamiliar Space Visual-spatial skills Cattell - two-factor theory of intelligence Fluid intelligence Fluid intelligence assumed to be free of cultural influences included aspects such as memory for digits Crystallized intelligence included acquired skills and knowledge that are very much dependent on exposure to a particular culture as well as formal and informal education. (i.e., vocabulary, algebra, etc.) Guilford - three-dimensional structure of intellect its operation cognition, memory, divergent and convergent thinking, and evaluation; its content figural, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral; and the product resulting from the operation units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications Gardner To qualify as an "intelligence" the particular capacity under study was considered from multiple perspectives consisting of eight specific criteria drawn from the biological sciences, logical analysis, developmental psychology, experimental psychology, and psychometrics. The criteria to consider "candidate intelligences" (Gardner, 1999a, p. 36) are: 1) the potential for brain isolation by brain damage, 2) its place in evolutionary history, 3) the presence of core operations, 4) susceptibility to encoding, 3
4 ) the presence of core operations, 4) susceptibility to encoding, 5) a distinct developmental progression, 6) the existence of idiot-savants, prodigies and other exceptional people, 7) support from experimental psychology, and 8) support from psychometric findings (Gardner, 1999a) Gardner s (1999) Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Musical Interpersonal Logical/Math/Science Naturalistic What intelligence is this? Which diagram results from folding the diagram on the left? Sternberg Componential intelligence (often called analytical) Traditional notion of intelligence Abstract thinking & logical reasoning Verbal & mathematical skills Experiential intelligence (often called creative) Creativity Divergent thinking (generating new ideas) Ability to deal with novel situations Contextual intelligence (often called practical intelligence) Street smarts Ability to apply knowledge to the real world Ability to shape one s environment; choose an environment 14 Daniel Goleman Emotional intelligence how one manages and regulates their emotions. 4
5 Emotional intelligence how one manages and regulates their emotions. IQ and EQ are distinct abilities. Assessing Intelligence Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon identify students in need of special attention. (Early 1900 s) Age-graded items How many months have 28 days? How to calculate score mental age + chronological age x 100 = Score Mental age = performance on test Most Common Test Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale modern version of Binet/ Simon test. Admin. by a psychologist. Age graded items on test. Wechsler Scales Three different test for different ages. Primary scale Scale for Children Adult Scale Another example SAT and ACT designed to assess one s ability to succeed in college. Can be given to large groups at one time. Stanford/Binet one at a time. Achievement test measure a person s knowledge of a particular area. (AP exams, FCAT, etc.) Do test meet their goals? Reliability The test s ability to yield consistent results after repeating testing. EX: getting a 26 on ACT then a 27. Validity How well a test measures what it was designed to measure. EX: Test covers material learned in class. Content Validity Information included on the test measures what it was designed to measure. Do test meet their goals? Criterion Validity The ability of a test to predict how well a person will do in the future. EX: SAT Construct Validity How well the test is designed (constructed) to measure the specified theory. EX: Question 5
6 (constructed) to measure the specified theory. EX: Question in small print so a student has a hard time reading, maybe lowering their score. Standardized The process of setting a common standard by comparing one s score to those attained by a pretested group. AP Test How else can test be unfair? Racial preference - A culture can not relate to the material that does not apply to them. Bias of information Asking about snow in states that have none. Diversity in Cognition Creativity the ability to generate novel ideas or products. Divergent thinking generate multiple solutions to a problem. Convergent thinking narrowing down to a single best solution. The test is made for convergent thinkers, so divergent thinkers score worst. Below average IQ s 70 and below Retardation Retardation Retardation Factors of mental retardation Down Syndrome genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21 st chromosome. Mildly to moderately. Fetal alcohol syndrome physical and cognitive impairment and is the result of mother s consuming alcohol. Fragile X syndrome disorder that is caused by a mutated gene on the X chromosome. Factors of mental retardation Autism spectrum disorder impairment in social communication and interaction, restricted or compulsive behavior. Fastest growing. Forms: ASD Asperger syndrome 6
7 29 30 Asperger syndrome Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not otherwise specified Diagnosed between 2-5 Asperger - show no delay in language and communication. Have a narrow attention span on one thing. Obsessive Above average intelligence, but not in school, due to the obsessive preoccupations. ASD delay in language and communication. Low average of intelligence Savant Syndrome A person has cognitive impairments in certain areas but has one or more abilities that are displayed on a genius level. Seen in autism. Howard Gardner uses this to prove multiple intelligence. 7
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