Myers Psychology for AP, 2e

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1 Myers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014 AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2 Unit 11: Testing and Individual Differences

4 Introduction Intelligence Intelligence test

5 Intelligence = mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

6 Intelligence Test = a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

7 Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Spearman s General intelligence (g) Factor analysis Comparison to athleticism Thurstone s counter argument g

8 General Intelligence (g) = a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

9 Factor Analysis = a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify difference dimensions of performance that underlie a person s total score.

10 Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Theories of Multiples Intelligences: Garner s Eight Intelligences Savant syndrome Gardner s Eight Intelligences Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist

11 Savant Syndrome = a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

13 Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Theories of Multiples Intelligences: Garner s Eight Intelligences Grit

14 Grit = the in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

15 Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Theories of Multiples Intelligences: Sternberg s Three Intelligences Sternberg s Three Intelligences Analytical (academic problemsolving intelligence Creating intelligence Practical intelligence

16 Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence Perceive emotions Understand emotions Manage emotions Use emotions for adaptive or creative thinking

17 Emotional Intelligence = the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

18 Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Size and Complexity Brain size studies Brain complexity studies Neural plasticity Gray matter versus white matter

19 Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Function Perceptual speed Neurological speed

21 Origins of Intelligence Testing Francis Galton s intelligence testing Reaction time Sensory acuity Muscular power Body proportions Hereditary Genius

22 Origins of Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet: Predicting School Achievement Alfred Binet Identifying French school children in need of assistance Mental age Chronological age

23 Mental Age = a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

24 Origins of Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ Stanford-Binet Test Lewis Terman New age norms Adding superior end

25 Stanford-Binet = the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet s original intelligence test.

26 Origins of Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ Intelligence quotient (IQ) IQ = (mental age/chronological age) X 100 IQ of 100 is considered average World War I testing

27 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca X 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average.

28 Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Achievement tests Aptitude tests

29 Achievement Tests = tests designed to assess what a person has learned.

30 Aptitude Tests = tests designed to predict a person s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

31 Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

32 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) = the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

33 Principles of Test Construction Standardization Standardization Normal curve (bell curve)

34 Standardization = defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

35 Principles of Test Construction Standardization Normal curve (bell curve)

36 Normal Curve = a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

37 Principles of Test Construction Standardization Flynn effect

38 Principles of Test Construction Reliability Reliability Scores correlate Test-retest reliability Split-half reliability

39 Reliability = the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test or on retesting.

40 Principles of Test Construction Validity Validity Content validity Criterion Predictive validity

41 Validity = the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to.

42 Content Validity = the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

43 Predictive Validity = the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity).

45 Stability or Change? Aging and Intelligence Cross-Sectional Evidence Longitudinal Evidence Cohort

46 Cohort = a group of people from a given time period.

47 Stability or Change? Aging and Intelligence It all depends Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence

48 Crystallized Intelligence = our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

49 Fluid Intelligence = our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

50 Stability or Change? Stability Over the Life Span

51 Extremes of Intelligence The Low Extreme Intellectual disability Mental retardation Down syndrome 21st chromosome Mainstreamed

52 Intellectual Disability = a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life. Formerly referred to as mental retardation

53 Down Syndrome = a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

54 Extremes of Intelligence The High Extreme Terman s study of gifted Self-fulfilling prophecy Appropriate developmental placement

56 Twin and Adoption Studies Identical twin studies Polygenetic Heritability Adoptive children studies

57 Hereditability = the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The hereditability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

58 Heritability

59 Environmental Influences Early environmental influences Tutored human enrichment Targeted training Schooling and intelligence Project Head Start

61 Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores Gender Similarities and Differences Spelling Verbal ability Nonverbal ability Sensation Emotion-detecting ability Math and spatial aptitudes

62 Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences Ethnic similarities Ethnic differences

63 The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias Popular sense Scientific sense Test-taker s expectations Stereotype threat

64 Stereotype Threat = a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Intelligence. Intelligence Assessment Individual Differences

Intelligence. Intelligence Assessment Individual Differences Intelligence Intelligence Assessment Individual Differences Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Intelligence Testing Test Construction Extremes of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence Creativity