DOP Conference 2018, Stratford, UK

Transcription

1 DOP Conference 2018, Stratford, UK Prof Stephen A. Woods PhD CPsychol Director: Aston Business Assessments, UK Ltd & Surrey Business School, University of Surrey, UK

2 Applying the Periodic Table of Personality in Assessment Practice: Test Use and Test Design DOP 2018, Stratford,, UK Tuesday, 27 February

3 Overview The Periodic Table of Personality Construction and implications Application in Assessment Use in Organizations Methods of applying the Periodic Table Test Use Test Design Tuesday, 27 February

4 Toward a Periodic Table of Personality Traits Proposed Solution to the PI Structure Question Personality psychologists face similar issues to chemists before the proposal of the periodic table of chemical elements If we could develop a periodic table of traits, then it should: a) Provide a coherent means of defining traits in technical terms b) Explain structural relationships c) Highlight areas researched, and less well researched d) Facilitate prediction e) Help researchers understand compound traits Tuesday, 27 February

5 Horizontal Structural Methodology Should strive to conceptually model personality factorial space to achieve tighter structure AB5C model Organizes five-factor space around 10 two-dimensional circumplexes Draws on the lexical Big Five model Classifies traits on primary and secondary associations with the Big Five Represents a 45-facet classification structure independent of any inventory Tuesday, 27 February

6 AB5C Circumplex Tuesday, 27 February

7 Methodology 286 employed adults in the UK population (mean age = 32; 66% female) 1046 normal population participants from the Eugene-Springfield Community Sample (mean age = 50; 53% female) Goldberg s 100 trait adjective markers of the lexical Big Five Revised NEO PI California Psychological Inventory Multi-dimensional Personality Questionnaire HEXACO Personality Inventory The Hogan Personality Inventory The Personality and Preferences Inventory The Occupational Personality Questionnaire The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire Jackson Personality Inventory Six Factor Personality Questionnaire Woods, S. A., & Anderson, N. R. (2016). Toward a Periodic Table of Personality: Mapping Personality Scales Between the Five-Factor Model and the Circumplex Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101 (4), Tuesday, 27 February

8 Defining the Lexical Big Five & Locating Scales on the AB5C PCA of the TDA factor extraction, rotated to varimax and scored using regression method Correlations computed with each scale, classified by primary and secondary association with the Big Five Tuesday, 27 February

9 Inventory Scale E A C N O Primary r Extraversion Gregariousness Secondary r 16PF5 H Social Boldness E+ E+ 65 HEXACO PI Extraversion E+ E+ 70 HPI Likes parties E+ E+ 36 OPQ Outgoing E+ E+ 83 PAPI X Need to be Noticed E+ E+ 62 Affiliation 16PF5 F Liveliness E+ A+ 41 6FPQ Affiliation E+ A+ 54 HEXACO PI Sociability (X:Soci) E+ A+ 50 HPI Likes crowds E+ A+ 24 HPI Likes people E+ A+ 48 JPI Sociability E+ A+ 39 MPQ Social Closeness (SC) E+ A+ 50 NEO PI-R Extraversion E+ A+ 69 NEO PI-R Gregariousness (E2) E+ A+ 48 NEO PI-R Positive Emotions (E6) E+ A+ 53 OPQ Affiliative E+ A+ 56 Vector Tuesday, 27 February

10 E+ E+E+/E-E- GR Gregariousness E A C ES O A+E+/A-E- C+E+/C-E- ES+E+/ES-E- WA PE Warmth Positive Emotionality E- A+E-/A-E+ A+ E+A+/E-A- AF Affiliation 2.14 A- E+A-/E-A+ LC Leadership (Control) 1.32 C+ E+C+/E-C- WP Work Pace C- E+C-/E-C+ ES+ E+ES+/E-ES- SP Social Poise ES- E+ES-/E-ES+ EX Expressiveness O+ E+O+/E-O- LB Leadership (Boldness) 3.79 O- E+O-/E-O A+A+/A-A A+C+/A-C- A+C-/A-C+ A+ES+/A-ES- PL Pleasantness 1.98 A+ES-/A-ES+ ES Emotional Sensitivity 0.99 A+O+/A-O- A+O-/A-O+ NU Nurturance 1.48 C+E-/C-E+ CA Cautiousness 0.66 C+A+/C-A- C+A-/C-A+ C+C+/C-C- OR Orderliness 1.98 C+ES+/C-ES- DU Dutifulness 1.32 C+ES-/C-ES C+O+/C-O- ID Industriousness C+O-/C-O+ IF Inflexibility 1.48 ES+E-/ES-E+ EC Emotional Control ES+A+/ES-A- CM Calmness 3.96 ES+A-/ES-A ES+C+/ES-C- SO Socialization 1.32 ES+C-/ES-C ES+ES+/ES-ES- ST Stability 1.15 ES+O+/ES-O- ES+O-/ES-O+ O+E+/O-E- IC Ingenuity / Creativity O+E-/O-E O+A+/O-A- O+A-/O-A+ CE Critical Enquiry 0.99 O+C+/O-C- O+C-/O-C+ UC Unconventionality 3.13 O+ES+/O-ES- EF Efficiency of Thought 1.32 O+ES-/O-ES+ O+O+/O-O- IL Intellect 0.99

11 Extraversion Gregariousness E+E+/E-E- Outgoing and preference for social stimulation Affiliation E+A+/E-A- Sociability and affiliative tendency Leadership (Control) E+A-/E-A+ Dominance, directive and controlling forms of leadership Work Pace E+C+/E-C- Pace and vigour of work activity Social Poise E+ES+/E-ES- Social- and self-confidence Expressiveness E+ES-/E-ES+ Talkativeness, tendency to express self outwardly Leadership (Boldness) E+O+/E-O- Adventurousness, social boldness and presence Agreeableness Warmth A+E+/A-E- Belongingness and warmth toward others Pleasantness A+ES+/A-ES- Interpersonal pleasantness (trust, care, and altruism) Emotional Sensitivity A+ES-/A-ES+ Sensitivity to the emotions of others Nurturance A+O-/A-O+ Preference for working with people rather than data/things (versus Self-reliance) Conscientiousness Orderliness C+C+/C-C- Organization and preference for order Cautiousness C+E-/C-E+ Cautiousness or risk-aversiveness of behavior Dutifulness C+ES+/C-ES- Adherence to external or formalized expectations of behavior or conduct Industriousness C+O+/C-O- Hard working, activity endurance/stamina Inflexibility C+O-/C-O+ Lack of spontaneity, unadaptable, predictability Emotional Stability Stability ES+ES+/ES-ES- Absence of anxiety, mood consistency and low stress/worry Positive Emotionality ES+E+/ES-E- Experience of positive emotions versus sadness or depression Emotional Control ES+E-/ES-E+ Restraint and active control of emotions Calmness ES+A+/ES-A- Evenness of emotion expression, patience, versus hostility and anger Socialization ES+C+/ES-C- Normative adjustment, conformity to social norms of behavior Openness Intellect O+O+/O-O- Preference for intellectual activity and wide ranging interests and ideas Ingenuity/Creativity O+E+/O-E- Creativity and idea generation Critical Enquiry O+A-/O-A+ Critical and conceptual thinking versus rule conformity Unconventionality O+C-/O-C+ Openness to new experiences and change,versus traditionalism Efficiency of Thought / Inquisitiveness O+ES+/O-ES- Quickness and efficiency of thinking, curiosity 11

12 E+ E+E+/E-E- GR Gregariousness E A C ES O A+E+/A-E- C+E+/C-E- ES+E+/ES-E- WA PE Warmth Positive Emotionality E- A+E-/A-E+ A+ E+A+/E-A- AF Affiliation 2.14 A- E+A-/E-A+ LC Leadership (Control) 1.32 C+ E+C+/E-C- WP Work Pace C- E+C-/E-C+ ES+ E+ES+/E-ES- SP Social Poise ES- E+ES-/E-ES+ EX Expressiveness O+ E+O+/E-O- LB Leadership (Boldness) 3.79 O- E+O-/E-O A+A+/A-A A+C+/A-C- A+C-/A-C+ A+ES+/A-ES- PL Pleasantness 1.98 A+ES-/A-ES+ ES Emotional Sensitivity 0.99 A+O+/A-O- A+O-/A-O+ NU Nurturance 1.48 C+E-/C-E+ CA Cautiousness 0.66 C+A+/C-A- C+A-/C-A+ C+C+/C-C- OR Orderliness 1.98 C+ES+/C-ES- DU Dutifulness 1.32 C+ES-/C-ES C+O+/C-O- ID Industriousness C+O-/C-O+ IF Inflexibility 1.48 ES+E-/ES-E+ EC Emotional Control ES+A+/ES-A- CM Calmness 3.96 ES+A-/ES-A ES+C+/ES-C- SO Socialization 1.32 ES+C-/ES-C ES+ES+/ES-ES- ST Stability 1.15 ES+O+/ES-O- ES+O-/ES-O O+E+/O-E- IC Ingenuity / Creativity O+E-/O-E O+A+/O-A- O+A-/O-A+ CE Critical Enquiry 0.99 O+C+/O-C- O+C-/O-C+ UC Unconventionality 3.13 O+ES+/O-ES- EF Efficiency of Thought O+ES-/O-ES+ O+O+/O-O- IL Intellect 0.99

13 E+ E+E+/E-E- GR Gregariousness E A C ES O A+E+/A-E- C+E+/C-E- ES+E+/ES-E- WA PE Warmth Positive Emotionality E- A+E-/A-E+ A+ E+A+/E-A- AF Affiliation 2.14 A- E+A-/E-A+ LC Leadership (Control) 1.32 C+ E+C+/E-C- WP Work Pace C- E+C-/E-C+ ES+ E+ES+/E-ES- SP Social Poise ES- E+ES-/E-ES+ EX Expressiveness O+ E+O+/E-O- LB Leadership (Boldness) 3.79 O- E+O-/E-O A+A+/A-A A+C+/A-C- A+C-/A-C+ A+ES+/A-ES- PL Pleasantness 1.98 A+ES-/A-ES+ ES Emotional Sensitivity 0.99 A+O+/A-O- A+O-/A-O+ NU Nurturance 1.48 C+E-/C-E+ CA Cautiousness C+A-/C-A+ C+C+/C-C- OR Orderliness 1.98 C+ES+/C-ES- DU Dutifulness 1.32 C+ES-/C-ES C+O+/C-O- ID Industriousness C+O-/C-O+ IF Inflexibility 1.48 ES+E-/ES-E+ EC Emotional Control 0.33 ES+C+/ES-C- SO Socialization 1.32 ES+C-/ES-C ES+ES+/ES-ES- ST Stability 1.15 ES+O+/ES-O- ES+O-/ES-O+ O+E+/O-E- IC Ingenuity / Creativity O+E-/O-E Personal Initiative E (0.33) C+A+/C-A- C (0.29) all other B5 ns Fay and Frese (2001) ES+A+/ES-A- CM Calmness 3.96 ES+A-/ES-A O+A+/O-A- O+A-/O-A+ CE Critical Enquiry 0.99 O+C+/O-C- O+C-/O-C+ UC Unconventionality 3.13 O+ES+/O-ES- EF Efficiency of Thought 1.32 O+ES-/O-ES+ O+O+/O-O- IL Intellect 0.99 Le Pine and Van Dyne (2001)

14 Extraversion Gregariousness E+E+/E-E- Outgoing and preference for social stimulation Affiliation E+A+/E-A- Sociability and affiliative tendency Leadership (Control) E+A-/E-A+ Dominance, directive and controlling forms of leadership Work Pace E+C+/E-C- Pace and vigour of work activity Social Poise E+ES+/E-ES- Social- and self-confidence Expressiveness E+ES-/E-ES+ Talkativeness, tendency to express self outwardly Leadership (Boldness) E+O+/E-O- Adventurousness, social boldness and presence Agreeableness Warmth A+E+/A-E- Belongingness and warmth toward others Pleasantness A+ES+/A-ES- Interpersonal pleasantness (trust, care, and altruism) Emotional Sensitivity Drive for results A+ES-/A-ES+ is the enthusiasm Sensitivity to the and emotions desire of to others meet and Nurturance exceed objectives A+O-/A-O+ and targets Preference and for working improve with people one s rather own than data/things (versus Self-reliance) performance. It is about being frustrated with the status quo, Conscientiousness Orderliness wanting to improve C+C+/C-C- the way we Organization do things and preference and making for order it happen. Cautiousness C+E-/C-E+ Cautiousness or risk-aversiveness of behavior Dutifulness C+ES+/C-ES- Adherence to external or formalized expectations of behavior or conduct Industriousness C+O+/C-O- Hard working, activity endurance/stamina Inflexibility C+O-/C-O+ Lack of spontaneity, unadaptable, predictability Emotional Stability Stability ES+ES+/ES-ES- Absence of anxiety, mood consistency and low stress/worry Positive Emotionality ES+E+/ES-E- Experience of positive emotions versus sadness or depression Emotional Control ES+E-/ES-E+ Restraint and active control of emotions Calmness ES+A+/ES-A- Evenness of emotion expression, patience, versus hostility and anger Socialization ES+C+/ES-C- Normative adjustment, conformity to social norms of behavior Openness Intellect O+O+/O-O- Preference for intellectual activity and wide ranging interests and ideas Ingenuity/Creativity O+E+/O-E- Creativity and idea generation Critical Enquiry O+A-/O-A+ Critical and conceptual thinking versus rule conformity Unconventionality O+C-/O-C+ Openness to new experiences and change,versus traditionalism Efficiency of Thought / Inquisitiveness O+ES+/O-ES- Quickness and efficiency of thinking, curiosity 14

15 Extraversion Gregariousness E+E+/E-E- Outgoing and preference for social stimulation Affiliation E+A+/E-A- Sociability and affiliative tendency Leadership (Control) E+A-/E-A+ Dominance, directive and controlling forms of leadership Work Pace E+C+/E-C- Pace and vigour of work activity Social Poise E+ES+/E-ES- Social- and self-confidence Expressiveness E+ES-/E-ES+ Talkativeness, tendency to express self outwardly Leadership (Boldness) E+O+/E-O- Adventurousness, social boldness and presence Agreeableness Warmth A+E+/A-E- Belongingness and warmth toward others Pleasantness A+ES+/A-ES- Interpersonal pleasantness (trust, care, and altruism) Emotional Sensitivity Drive for results A+ES-/A-ES+ is the enthusiasm Sensitivity to the and emotions desire of to others meet and Nurturance exceed objectives A+O-/A-O+ and targets Preference and for working improve with people one s rather own than data/things (versus Self-reliance) performance. It is about being frustrated with the status quo, Conscientiousness Orderliness wanting to improve C+C+/C-C- the way we Organization do things and preference and making for order it happen. Cautiousness C+E-/C-E+ Cautiousness or risk-aversiveness of behavior Dutifulness C+ES+/C-ES- Adherence to external or formalized expectations of behavior or conduct Industriousness C+O+/C-O- Hard working, activity endurance/stamina Inflexibility C+O-/C-O+ Lack of spontaneity, unadaptable, predictability Emotional Stability Stability ES+ES+/ES-ES- Absence of anxiety, mood consistency and low stress/worry Positive Emotionality ES+E+/ES-E- Experience of positive emotions versus sadness or depression Emotional Control ES+E-/ES-E+ Restraint and active control of emotions Calmness ES+A+/ES-A- Evenness of emotion expression, patience, versus hostility and anger Socialization ES+C+/ES-C- Normative adjustment, conformity to social norms of behavior Openness Intellect O+O+/O-O- Preference for intellectual activity and wide ranging interests and ideas Ingenuity/Creativity O+E+/O-E- Creativity and idea generation Critical Enquiry O+A-/O-A+ Critical and conceptual thinking versus rule conformity Unconventionality O+C-/O-C+ Openness to new experiences and change,versus traditionalism Efficiency of Thought / Inquisitiveness O+ES+/O-ES- Quickness and efficiency of thinking, curiosity 15

16 Test Use: Example 1 Applying Validity Findings Marcus, te Nijenhuis, Cremers, van der Heijden-Lek (2016) Report that HEXACO Conscientiousness and Honesty predicted supervisorratings of integrity of Dutch military police Which scales from your preferred inventory (if mapped to the Periodic Table) could be used as equivalents to the HEXACO scale? Are there any PIs that could be used as alternatives to your preferred instrument? Tuesday, 27 February

17 Test Use: Example 2 Interchangeability of Personality Inventories Consider the most recent time you used a personality instrument included in the Periodic Table What were the 3 or 4 most important scales that you focused on? Use the data tables in the Periodic Table to identify any possible substitute tools or alternatives that could be used Tuesday, 27 February

18 Test Use: Example 3 Enriching Assessment Consider the most recent time you undertook client assessment work for any purpose (with or without personality assessment) Based on your understanding of the key relevant job demands or competencies, identify 3 or 4 key facets from the 26-facet model extracted from the Periodic Table Using the data tables in the paper, identify scales of two personality inventories that could be used to measure these facets. To what extent do you think these additional scales would enrich your assessment? Tuesday, 27 February

19 Test Design Integrating New Tools to the Periodic Table A key objective of the Periodic Table is integration of research and practice Mapping new personality inventories to the Periodic Table unlocks the potential to generalise construct and criterion validity data from research to new tools in practice Mapping projects currently undertaken by Cubiks, Cut-e and Lumina Learning How should mapping be undertaken? Tuesday, 27 February

20 Methodology Step-by-step DESIGN 1. Identify the inventories to be mapped (collaboration between providers scan be helpful) 2. Access the 100 trait markers of Goldberg 1992 available online at DATA COLLECTION 1. Collect data from a research sample* for the instrument and the Goldberg markers 2. Sample N at least **, heterogeneous and as representative as reasonably possible objective is to achieve scale variance * Data for the periodic table were research based, not high-stakes ** In convergence analyses, acceptable convergence of correlations was achieved in N s of 219 and 224 (0.86 to 0.94 for the Big Five) Tuesday, 27 February

21 Methodology Step-by-step DATA ANALYSES 1. Clean data for unusable responses 2. Conduct Principal Components Analysis on the TDA 100 (specifying a 5- factor solution, rotated to varimax, factors scored through regression method) 3. Check PCA solution against Woods & Anderson (2016) to check sensible emergence of the Big Five* 4. Correlate PI scales with the Big Five factor scores 5. Classify PI scales based on primary and secondary loadings (where primary is at least 3.73x as large as the secondary, classify as factor pure) 6. Compute vector length = SQRT(Primary r 2 + Secondary r 2 ) * Some cross/mis-loadings are usual, but distribution of the traits should be such that the Big Five are discernible in the data check direction of loadings to ensure correct interpretation of the factor scores Tuesday, 27 February

22 Using Data in Test Design Check for the Following Periodic Table location of scales understand what each scale is measuring in terms of the Periodic Table facets Comparison of the facet definitions with your own scale definitions do these enrich or add to your content understanding of the scale? Co-location of scales from the PI are scales differentiated sufficiently, do tertiary loadings offer any insight? Co-located scales of other instruments how does the PI converge and diverge from existing inventories? Use this information to seek relevant validity evidence for those tools Mislocated scales are scales interpreted as representing one Big Five domain actually associated with another? Tuesday, 27 February

23 Summary The Periodic Table of Personality Traits Derived from structural analyses of 273 personality scales Application in organizational assessment Test use Test design Tuesday, 27 February

24 Tuesday, 27 February

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