Scientific Writing Ethics, Rights and Permission. Mahyar Sakari School of Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Transcription

1 Scientific Writing Ethics, Rights and Permission Mahyar Sakari School of Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sabah

2 Ethics Plagiarism: - Ideas-processes-results-words - It can be intentional and unintentional. - Self-Plagiarism is also a scientific offence. Authorship

3 Publication Ethics Originality Plagiarism Duplication, multiple, concurrent and simultaneous publication and submission is strongly prohibited. Scientific frauds Conflict of interest(s)

4 Originality The contribution is new (a new problem, a new approach, new data, a new theory or a new explanation)

5 Is my work original?

6 Your work as thesis submitted to the university considered the university asset! This is an academic offence to steal and give UMS a wrongful appropriation

7 Plagiarism is Stealing This is the matter of copying, mimicking, purloining and owning someone s else: 1. Sentences and language 2. Thoughts and ideas 3. Data and Results 4. Methods (in case if method is final result)

8 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary, 1995 Plagiarism is defined as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work

9 Duplication, multiple, concurrent and simultaneous publication and submission is strongly prohibited.

10

11 Scientific frauds

12 Scientific Misconduct (Fraud) Intention[al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or publication; or distortion of the research process in other ways

13 Types of Scientific Misconduct by: National Science Fundation Fabrication is making up results and recording or reporting them. This is sometimes referred to as "drylabbing". A more minor form of fabrication is where references are included to give arguments the appearance of widespread acceptance, but are actually fake, and/or do not support the argument. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. One form is the appropriation of the ideas and results of others, and publishing as to make it appear the author had performed all the work under which the data was obtained. A subset is citation plagiarism willful or negligent failure to appropriately credit other or prior discoverers, so as to give an improper impression of priority The violation of ethical standards regarding human and animal experiments such as the standard that a human subject of the experiment must give informed consent to the experiment. Failure to obtain ethical approval for clinical studies characterised the case of Joachim Boldt. Ghostwriting the phenomenon where someone other than the named author(s) makes a major contribution. Typically, this is done to mask contributions from drug companies. It incorporates plagiarism and has an additional element of financial fraud. Conversely, research misconduct is not limited to NOT listing authorship, but also includes the conferring authorship on those that have not made substantial contributions to the research. This is done by senior researchers who muscle their way onto the papers of inexperienced junior researchers as well as others that stack authorship in an effort to guarantee publication. This is much harder to prove due to a lack of consistency in defining authorship" or "substantial contribution Photo manipulation

14 Plagiarism-Fabrication - the act of taking an unrelated figure from an unrelated publication and reproducing it exactly in a new publication (claiming that it represents new data). Recent papers from the University of Cordoba have come to light showing how this can go undetected and unchallenged for years. Self-plagiarism or multiple publication of the same content with different titles and/or in different journals is sometimes also considered misconduct; scientific journals explicitly ask authors not to do this. It is referred to as "salami" (i.e. many identical slices) in the jargon of medical journal editors (MJE). According to some MJE this includes publishing the same article in a different language

15 Examples of Misconduct (Figure) I use the same map as my friend used because our study area are the same/is hard to make another one/ I can t make a better one/ I got permission Prepare your own even ugly one but yours. Try to make better than your friends. Prepare in various angles and look.

16 Examples of Misconduct (table) I use the same table as published earlier because I need the same/is hard to make another one/ I can t make a better one/ I got permission Always cite them on the table caption (if needed). Try to mix your table and other previously published in order to make a meaning

17 Examples of Misconduct (Sentences) I use the same/ almost the same phrase as used earlier because I mean the same/ Ohh My English/ I got permission Learn how to write (before get late)/ Rephrase sentences/ Get ideas on how to develop a new sentence ONLY/

18 Examples of Misconduct (Data Cooking) I missed the chance to make it/ This is the fault of my friend/ This is because of my parents who forced me to finish early/ I was naughty/ I believe no one will know it/ I m sure the original is the same. This is a fraud and scientific offence. NO WAY, Sorry!!!

19 Examples of Misconduct (problems) I have problem in some parts of my work. Should I hide/ or cook/ or guess? Just be honest to others either accept or reject your work. Tell them the truth. In many cases, there are evidences to understand and accept. Losing one is better than all.

20 Story of misconduct John Darsee was a reputable and admired figure in the medical research field. He was a leading researcher in the field of drugs that helped patients to recover from heart attacks. From 1974 to 1979 Darsee worked at Emory University s Grady Memorial Hospital, serving as the chief medical resident. His work then led him to work at the Cardiac Research Laboratory at Harvard University. Eugene Braunwald, the head of the lab, regarded Darsee as one of the most remarkable of the 130 fellows who had worked in his lab. By 1981, Darsee had written over 100 research papers and abstracts. Despite his apparent accomplishments, Darsee s research integrity was questioned by his co-workers. In May of 1981, two of the lab s fellows shared their concerns with the lab director, Dr. Robert Kloner. When Darsee was confronted about the authenticity of his work and was asked to show raw data for an abstract he was working on, he drew data from a single experiment involving a dog, and recorded it as data drawn from several experiments over time. After being accused of falsifying his recordings, Darsee admitted he was guilty. In total, 8 papers and 32 abstracts at Emory University, and 9 papers and 21 abstracts at Harvard University were retracted that Darsee had written. Further investigation showed that he created erroneous data as an undergraduate student at the University of Notre Dame. He was stripped of his NIH fellowship, his Harvard faculty appointment, and was barred from any NIH funding.

21 Conflict of interest (COI) COI occurs when an individual or organization is involved in multiple interests, one of which could possibly corrupt the motivation for an act in the other. (Wikipedia, 2012) If someone report or publish that others benefit is concerned ALSO. People seeking employment, promotion, relation and economic benefits and so on.

22 Prevention of Misconduct Is enough to be honest? Take a careful watch on misconduct items Always document your work (photography ans so on) Collect and keep your evidences always Submit supplementary and additional information together with your report to convince evaluators of your honesty Plagiarism report and record is evidential (available online and/or by order)

23 COI examples I prepare a result to basically my supervisor get promotion I submit a report in favor of someone to make relation I report the efficiency of a medicine in order to sell by my friends/boss company I submit the chemistry of ore in order to benefits my friend s company THIS CAN BE INHIBITORY ALSO (Not benefiting or stopping)

24 Original Rephrasing a sentence James et al, 2011 says: The majority of Orang Asli people in Borneo were migrated from Africa after examining their teeth structure and genetic. False: The majority of Orang Asli people in Borneo were migrated from Africa after examining their teeth structure and genetic (James et al, 2011). Accepted: Genetic and teeth structure evidence the majority of Orang Asli people in Borneo were originally African (James et al, 2011). Scientists have reported African origin of the majority of Borneo Orang Asli (James et al, 2011). Genetic assisted information proves that African are the ancestors of Borneo Orang Asli (James et al, 2011). Teeth structure of Borneo Orang Asli was used to proof their homeland (James et al, 2011).

25 Definitions and Narrations Should be fully quoted either you agree with them or disagree. Ligand Bond is an atom, ion, or molecule that donates or shares one or more of its electrons through a covalent bond with a central atom or ion. It is a complexing group in coordination chemistry that stabilizes the central atom and determines it reactivity (Thomas, 1966).

26 Using a published table Core Name Table. 1 Sedimentation rate in Johor City station; After Sakari et al, 2011 You may add your explanation here Core length (cm) Surface Pb clean activity (cpm) a Deep Pb clean activity (cpm) Sedimentation rate (cm/y) Core age (y) Johor City

27 Using a published figure Fig. 1 Petroleum pollution in Johor City station; After Sakari et al, 2011 You may add your explanation here

28 Summary: How to Avoid Plagiarism Using an Author's Exact Words Paraphrasing an Author's Words Borrowing Information Stating Common Knowledge Reusing Collaborative Papers Plagiarizing Accidentally Documenting the Spoken Word Respecting Others

29 Assignments Prepare a short scientific statement (paper) by combining information from other researchers and published works. Use techniques (6 out of 8)to avoid plagiarism. Highlight each technique where and how has been employed. Submit your work to me manually in my office at Water Research Unit, SST till 7 th March 2014 (Friday). Your work should not exceed a page of A4 size.