5. Actions, Intentions & Goals

Transcription

1 5. Actions, Intentions & Goals

2 Onishi & Baillargeon (2005)

3 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act

4 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act

5 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

6 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

7 goal What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or goal motor representation

8 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

9 The expression the intention with which James went to church... cannot be taken to refer to a... state... Its function... is to generate new descriptions of actions in terms of their reasons; thus James went to church with the intention of pleasing his mother yields a new, and fuller, description of the action described in James went to church. (Davidson 1963: 690)

10 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention???

11 The expression the intention with which James went to church... cannot be taken to refer to a... state... Its function... is to generate new descriptions of actions in terms of their reasons; thus James went to church with the intention of pleasing his mother yields a new, and fuller, description of the action described in James went to church. (Davidson 1963: 690) Desire: to please my mother Belief: I can please my mother by going to church. Action: Go to church.

12 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention = action-causing belief desire

13 goal What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention = action-causing belief desire belief desire

14 goal What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention = action-causing belief desire belief desire

15 action belief--desire Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Action: I build a squirrel house.

16 action belief--desire Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Action: I build a squirrel house. Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Intention: that I build a squirrel house.

17 action belief--desire Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Action: I build a squirrel house. Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Intention: that I build a squirrel house. intention action

18 action belief--desire Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Action: I build a squirrel house. intention action Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Intention: that I build a squirrel house. P1. I desire to nurture squirrels P2. I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. C. My building a squirrel house would be desirable.

19 action belief--desire Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Action: I build a squirrel house. intention = judgment action Desire: to nurture squirrels Belief: I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. Intention: that I build a squirrel house. P1. I desire to nurture squirrels P2. I can nurture squirrels by building a squirrel house. C. My building a squirrel house would be desirable.

20 desire: to earn more money belief: I can earn more money by getting a new job. judgement: My getting a new job would be desirable. desire: to take it easy today belief: I can take it easy today by not getting a new job today. judgement: My not getting a new job today would be desirable.

21 desire: to earn more money belief: I can earn more money by getting a new job. judgement: My getting a new job would be desirable. desire: to take it easy today belief: I can take it easy today by not getting a new job today. judgement: My not getting a new job today would be desirable. intention: That I get a new job. intention: That I do not get a new job today.

22 intention goal action-causing belief desire pair judgment that it would be desirable

23 intention goal action-causing belief desire pair judgment that it would be desirable So what are intentions?

24 desire: to earn more money belief: I can earn more money by getting a new job. judgement: My getting a new job would be desirable. desire: to take it easy today belief: I can take it easy today by not getting a new job today. judgement: My not getting a new job today would be desirable. intention: That I get a new job. intention: That I do not get a new job today.

25 desire: to earn more money belief: I can earn more money by getting a new job. judgement: My getting a new job would be desirable. agglomeration desire: to take it easy today belief: I can take it easy today by not getting a new job today. judgement: My not getting a new job today would be desirable. intention: That I get a new job. intention: That I do not get a new job today.

26 desire: to earn more money belief: I can earn more money by getting a new job. judgement: My getting a new job would be desirable. agglomeration desire: to take it easy today belief: I can take it easy today by not getting a new job today. judgement: My not getting a new job today would be desirable. intention: That I get a new job. intention: That I do not get a new job today.

27 What are intentions for?

28 (Zhang and Rosenbaum 2007)

29 desire: to earn more money belief: I can earn more money by getting a new job. judgement: My getting a new job would be desirable. desire: to take it easy today belief: I can take it easy today by not getting a new job today. judgement: My not getting a new job today would be desirable. intention: That I get a new job. intention: That I do not get a new job today.

30 why should rational agents like us have the capacity to have both ordinary intentions (subject to demands for consistency and agglomeration) and guiding desires (which are not subject to these demands)? (Bratman 1987, pp )

31 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

32 chimpanzees understand intentions perception and knowledge Moreover, they understand how these psychological states work together to produce intentional action (Call & Tomasello 2008:191)

33 What is the relation between an action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

34 Some motor representations carry information ab comes.

35 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. same come Cattaneo et al (2010)

36 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Villiger et al (2010) same come Cattaneo et al (2010)

37 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Villiger et al (2010) same come Cattaneo et al (2010)

38 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Information ab comes guides planning.

39 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Information ab comes guides planning. hand-1 reach grasp move arrive release hand-2 reach grasp move place release

40 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Information ab comes guides planning. get it move it position it hand-1 reach grasp move arrive release hand-2 reach grasp move place release

41 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Information ab comes guides planning. Move it from there to here get it move it position it hand-1 reach grasp move arrive release hand-2 reach grasp move place release

42 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Information ab comes guides planning. Move it from there to here get it move it position it hand-1 reach grasp move arrive release hand-2 reach grasp move place release

43 Some motor representations carry information ab comes. Information ab comes guides planning. Move it from there to here Some motor representations represent comes get it move it position it hand-1 reach grasp move arrive release hand-2 reach grasp move place release

44 What is the relation between a purposive action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

45 What is the relation between a purposive action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation

46 motor representation = intention? No!

47 motor representation = intention? No!

48 < different content >

49 < different content > < different format > Head down Rue Cujas toward Rue Victor Cousin. Turn right onto Rue Saint-Jacques.... Take RER B and get at the Luxembourg station, from there it's less than 5 minutes walk.

50 Head down Rue Cujas toward Rue Victor Cousin. Turn right onto Rue Saint-Jacques.... =?

51 < different format > Head down Rue Cujas toward Rue Victor Cousin. Turn right onto Rue Saint-Jacques.... e.g. rapid identification of key landmarks; slow translation into compass directions Rapid identification of direction of start from end (projectiondependent) < different performance>

52 seeing imagine

53 seeing imagine seeing actually 1

54 imagine actually seeing acting seeing acting 1 2

55 imagine actually 3 seeing acting seeing acting 1 2

56 imagine actually 3 seeing acting seeing acting 1 2 Fiori et al (submitted)

57 imagine actually 3 seeing acting seeing acting 1 2 imagine (cognitive) acting 4

58 No motor representations are propositional attitudes.

59 Only representations with a common format can be inferentially integrated. Any two intentions can be inferentially integrated in practical reasoning. My intention that I visit Glasgow on Monday is a propositional attitude. No motor representations are propositional attitudes.

60 Only representations with a common format can be inferentially integrated. Any two intentions can be inferentially integrated in practical reasoning. My intention that I visit Glasgow on Monday is a propositional attitude. All intentions are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are propositional attitudes.

61 Only representations with a common format can be inferentially integrated. Any two intentions can be inferentially integrated in practical reasoning. My intention that I visit Glasgow on Monday is a propositional attitude. All intentions are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are propositional attitudes.

62 Only representations with a common format can be inferentially integrated. Any two intentions can be inferentially integrated in practical reasoning. My intention that I visit Glasgow on Monday is a propositional attitude. All intentions are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are intentions

63 Only representations with a common format can be inferentially integrated. Any two intentions can be inferentially integrated in practical reasoning. My intention that I visit Glasgow on Monday is a propositional attitude. All intentions are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are intentions

64 Only representations with a common format can be inferentially integrated. Any two intentions can be inferentially integrated in practical reasoning. My intention that I visit Glasgow on Monday is a propositional attitude. All intentions are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are propositional attitudes. No motor representations are intentions

65 What is the relation between a purposive action and the come or comes to which it is directed? action act intention or motor representation or...

66

67 The Interface Problem:

68 The Interface Problem: Some actions involve both intention and motor representation

69 The Interface Problem: Reciprocal agent-neutral motor representations: i. represent comes; ii. ground the purposiveness of some actions Some actions involve both intention and motor representation

70 The Interface Problem: Reciprocal agent-neutral motor representations: i. represent comes; ii. ground the purposiveness of some actions Two comes, A and B, match in a particular context just if, in that context, either the occurrence of A would normally constitute or cause, at least partially, the occurrence of B or vice versa. Some actions involve both intention and motor representation

71 The Interface Problem: How are non-accidental matches possible? Reciprocal agent-neutral motor representations: i. represent comes; ii. ground the purposiveness of some actions Two comes, A and B, match in a particular context just if, in that context, either the occurrence of A would normally constitute or cause, at least partially, the occurrence of B or vice versa. Some actions involve both intention and motor representation

72 The Interface Problem: How are non-accidental matches possible? Reciprocal agent-neutral motor representations: i. represent comes; ii. ground the purposiveness of some actions; and iii. differ in format from intentions. Two comes, A and B, match in a particular context just if, in that context, either the occurrence of A would normally constitute or cause, at least partially, the occurrence of B or vice versa. Some actions involve both intention and motor representation

73 The Interface Problem: How are non-accidental matches possible? Reciprocal agent-neutral motor representations: i. represent comes; ii. ground the purposiveness of some actions; and iii. differ in format from intentions. Two comes, A and B, match in a particular context just if, in that context, either the occurrence of A would normally constitute or cause, at least partially, the occurrence of B or vice versa. Some actions involve both intention and motor representation

74 Head sheast on Rue Cujas toward Rue Victor Cousin. Turn right onto Rue Saint- Jacques.... =?

75 Follow that re =?

76 Follow that re =?

77 Do that =?

78

79 first round A (10) B (5) second round C (10) D (5) E (55)

80 first round A (10) B (5) second round C (10) D (5) E (55)

81 What events in the life of a person reveal agency; what are his deeds and his doings in contrast to mere happenings in his history; what is the mark that distinguishes his actions?

82 What events in the life of a person reveal agency; what are his deeds and his doings in contrast to mere happenings in his history; what is the mark that distinguishes his actions? agent R event intention

83 What events in the life of a person reveal agency; what are his deeds and his doings in contrast to mere happenings in his history; what is the mark that distinguishes his actions? a person is the agent of an event if and only if there is a description of what he did that makes true a sentence that says he did it intentionally (Davidson 1971: 46)

84 first round A (10) B (5) second round C (10) D (5) E (55) F (5)

85 One night in Budapest [A] My having dinner at would be desirable. [B] My visiting the theatre would be desirable. [C] My shopping at would be desirable.

86 One night in Budapest [A] My having dinner at would be desirable. [B] My visiting the theatre would be desirable. [C] My shopping at would be desirable. Alternative frame [A] & [B] [A] & [C] [B] & [C]