Matching and Recall: The Relationship with Awareness

Transcription

1 Matching and Recall: The Relationship with Awareness ess

2 Michael S. Humphreys The University of Queensland

3 How Do We Know That Our Memories Are Correct? The recollection of details that support the inference that we are correct? This is an example of post-access control Memory access is partially controlled by preaccess operations. These generally produce correct results so that we assume that if recall occurs it is probably correct or if a feeling of familiarity results it is evidence for an affirmative answer to the question.

4 Evaluative Conditioning as an Example of a Matching Operation Pair a previously neutral stimulus with positive stimuli and another stimulus with negative stimuli Complicate the learning situation so subjects are not aware of the pairings Test for a change in attitude such as a likeability rating

5 A Hybrid Evaluative Conditioning Source Monitoring Paradigm 24 brand names paired with 1, 3, or 6 different pictures of attractive females 24 brand names paired with 1, 3, or 6 different pictures of less attractive females Study 8 pair list then tested on 4 intact and 4 rearranged pairs. A total of 20 study lists

6 Source Monitoring Type of Pairing Number of Pairings Attractive (HR) Unattractive (FAR)

7 Likeability Ratings Type of Pairing Number of Pairings Attractive Unattractive

8 Awareness at Study Reduce the probability of categorization at Reduce the probability of categorization at study by varying the spacing between instances the number of different categories, using a rectangular distribution, etc.

9 Awareness at Test Test Condition and Item Type Recognition Response Remember Know Visual Read + Pleas Heard Auditory Read Heard.67.55

10 Conclusions Kashima and Kerekes (1994) have suggested that semantic/personal knowledge rating tasks are based on a matching operation. The transfer that is observed between the episodic task and the semantic/personal knowledge task may at times occur without awareness that the episodic task is having an effect.

11 Unbiden Recall Subjects studied and were tested on 4-pair lists. After each list 2 cues were presented and the subjects tried to recall the word paired with that cue in the list. 6 different cues were used and each cue was paired with two unrelated words. One word occurred with the cue twice as often as the other.

12 Testing for a generalized memory Over two days subjects received 8 blocks of 18 4-pair lists. Following blocks 1 and 2 subjects were given all 6 cues and asked to produce the first of the two targets that came to mind. On subsequent blocks subjects were sometimes told to produce the first of the two targets that came to mind to the first cue and then switched back to recalling from the list

13 Testing Semantic Memory At the end of day 2 subjects were given a free association test containing new words plus the 6 cues from the experiment The probability of producing the more frequent list target was.50. The probability of producing the less frequent list target was.19. Subjects were aware that these were list targets but were surprised that they were the first response to pop into mind.

14 Priming Olson and Fazio (2006) paired photos of black and white individuals with positive and negative images and words. Then photos of black and white individuals are presented just prior to the presentation of a word which has to be rapidly categorized as being good or bad. They found significant ifi priming i effects.

15 Questions Are subjects unaware that they are recalling information recently paired with the prime Is this another example of unbidden recall? Is the priming task simply a more sensitive measure of episodic learning?

16 References Humphreys, M.S., Dennis, S., Maguire, A.M., Reynolds, K., Boland, S.W., & Hughes, J.D. (2003). What you get out of memory depends on the question you ask. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, Jacoby, L. L., Bishara, A. J., & Hessels, S. (2007). Probabilistic retroactive interference: The role of accessibility bias in interference effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, Kashima, Y., & Kerekes, A.R.Z. (1994). A distributed-memory model of averaging phenomena in person impression-formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, Olson, M.A. & Fazio, R.H. (2006). Reducing automatically activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32,