Expressions of the Self in Individualistic vs. Collective Cultures: a cross-cultural-perspective teaching module
|
|
- Marcia Mason
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Psychology Learning and Teaching Volume 11 Number Expressions of the Self in Individualistic vs. Collective Cultures: a cross-cultural-perspective teaching module BERNARDO J. CARDUCCI Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, USA ABSTRACT To help instructors develop lecture material to introduce the cross-cultural perspective in psychology, the author describes a self-contained teaching module that includes a summary of information, along with supporting references, describing the importance of the cross-cultural perspective while introducing students to two fundamental concepts in the study of the cross-cultural perspective: individualistic and collectivistic cultures. A series of selected topics relating to the expressions of the self (e.g., feelings of happiness and shame/guilt and explanations of personal success and failure) is presented to illustrate these cultural differences. To supplement lecture material and facilitate in-class discussion of these cultural differences, each selected topic includes a brief summary of the major findings, illustrative examples, and supporting references. The nature of the information in this teaching module is appropriate for use by instructors teaching a variety of courses seeking a concise introduction to the topic of the cross-cultural perspective in psychology. In an attempt to promote an appreciation for diversity among individuals in general and within the study of psychology in particular, there is an established trend in the teaching of psychology for the inclusion of the cross-cultural perspective (e.g., Kitayama & Cohen, 2007). A particularly important lesson to communicate to students is the value of the cross-cultural perspective as both a research tool and a framework for achieving a greater understanding of the differences among people (Heine, 2012; Triandis, 2007). As a research tool, cross-cultural comparisons are important as a means of testing and verifying the generalizability of psychological processes, principles, and dynamics found in one culture to other cultures (Benet-Martínez, 2008). As a framework for achieving a greater understanding of the differences among people, the cross-cultural perspective makes visible the systems of meanings and practices the language, the collective representations, the metaphors, the social scripts, the social structures, the policies, the institutions, the artifacts within which people come to think and feel and act (Cross & Markus, 1999, p. 380). In support of this reasoning, the purpose of this article is to provide instructors with a self-contained teaching module for introducing a cross-cultural perspective. The teaching module includes supporting material that instructors can use to develop a brief lecture to illustrate the cross-cultural perspective by examining differences in expressions of the self by individuals in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Procedures Instructors can start this teaching module by introducing students to two fundamental concepts in the study of the cross-cultural perspective: individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Such introductory remarks should include a brief definition of the individualistic and collectivistic cultures and examples of their characteristic features. The following information, along with the references that I provide, will help instructors begin to develop supplementary lecture material on 413
2 Bernardo J. Carducci individualistic and collectivistic cultures. The estimated time for presenting the lecture material and subsequent class discussion is 20 to 30 minutes. Individualistic Cultures: the squeaky wheel gets the grease Individualistic cultures, such as North American and Western European countries, are characterized by a cultural perspective that emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual s personal characteristics, needs, and motives as the focal point of predicting and understanding the individual s actions (Chiu, Kim, & Wan, 2008). In contrast to collectivistic cultures, individualistic cultures place more emphasis on the expression and satisfaction of the individual s needs than on conformity to public norms (Oyserman & Lee, 2007). These cultures are sometimes described as complex societies because people have considerable societal flexibility to join many different groups and exercise a wide range of choices in the expression of various social roles. For example, in American society, although parents might have certain expectations of their children to go to college, the children are relatively free to choose a major that reflects their personal needs and interests. Due to their emphasis on the expression of the needs and desires of the individual, such complex, individualistic cultures illustrate the proverb the squeaky wheel gets the grease. Collectivistic Cultures: the nail that stands out gets pounded down In contrast to individualistic cultures, collectivistic cultures such as Japan, India, and China tend to be characterized by a cultural perspective that places less emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual s personal characteristics as the focal point of predicting and understanding the individual s actions. Instead, such cultures place more of an emphasis on the person s identification with a group, such as family, country, occupation, or caste, and the expectations, duties, and roles associated with being a member of a group as the primary source for understanding the individual (Benet-Martínez & Oishi, 2008). These cultures appear as tight societies because of the high expectations they place on people to conform to societal values, roles, and norms. For example, even though she may not like studying economics, a young Japanese college student may pursue a career as an economist to fulfill the wishes of the elder members of her family. Due to their restrictive nature, such tight, collectivistic cultures illustrate the proverb the nail that stands out gets pounded down. These descriptions of individualistic and collectivistic cultures represent general patterns of thinking and behavior associated with certain cultural guidelines. As a point of clarification, within any given culture there will be personal expression by individuals who do not conform to such cultural guidelines. More specifically, even in tight, collectivistic cultures there will be those individuals whose actions reflect to a greater degree their personal needs, motives, and values. For example, even in highly repressive cultures, there will be those individuals who will pursue their academic interests (e.g., study forbidden texts), creative passions (e.g., play music), and/or political views (e.g., anti-government protesting) that are at odds with the cultural guidelines. Suggestions for Facilitating In-class Discussion: cultural differences in expression of the self The previous information is designed to introduce the cross-cultural concepts of individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures. Instructors can use the information on the following topics to supplement the lecture material from the previous section and facilitate in-class discussion on various aspects of self-expression by individuals living in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. For each topic, I present a brief summary of the research along with some illustrative examples that instructors can introduce to facilitate in-class discussion. Using these examples, instructors can ask students to provide additional examples based on their personal experiences (e.g., students visiting different cultures) or shared experiences (e.g., information provided by a friend or co-worker from a different culture) of these expression of the self as a means of stimulating in-class discussion. For those instructors who wish to develop additional material on a topic, I have included reference sources in parentheses within each entry. 414
3 Cross-cultural Perspective Teaching Model Feelings of Happiness In which culture would you expect a greater degree of happiness? In a survey of nations that included 75% of the world s population, the level of happiness was positively associated with the degree to which a country was rated as individualistic (Diener, Diener, & Diener, 1995). Feelings of independence and autonomy tend to contribute to a greater sense of life satisfaction for those individuals living in individualistic cultures (Lucas & Diener, 2008). Such individuals tend to be happier because their life choices reflect their personal needs and values to a greater degree than individuals whose choices reflect more the needs and values of others. For example, a young female who is allowed to marry someone she selects for herself after deciding to attend college is likely to feel more happy than a young female who marries the man selected by her parents and enters the family business instead of pursuing her desire to attend college. Feelings of Shame and Guilt Because of their emphasis on public aspects of the self, collective cultures promote greater feelings of shame and guilt than individualistic cultures (Buss, 2001; Carducci, 2009). For example, a young male feels guilty about the sense of shame he will bring to his family in their neighborhood by refusing an arranged marriage to a local woman whom he does not love. Explanations for Personal Success In western cultures, people assume personal responsibility for their success through selfenhancement (e.g., I worked really hard for my raise ; Carducci, 2009). People in eastern cultures, however, tend to perceive their success in a self-effacing manner and as being due to situational factors (e.g., I received my raise because my boss is a generous person ). This East-West difference in the pattern for promoting self-enhancement appears not just within individuals but also when they evaluate groups to which they belong. For example, individuals in western cultures often perceive others as more personally responsible for their success (e.g., She put in a lot of overtime ), whereas individuals in eastern cultures often perceive the success of others as being due to situational factors (e.g., He works for a company that provides lots of training for its employees ). Explanation for Personal Failures In western cultures, people are likely to downplay personal responsibility for their failures in a manner that protects their self-image (e.g., I did not get a raise because my boss dislikes me and is cheap ). In eastern cultures, however, people are likely to explain their failures by elevating others personal attributes (e.g., I did not get the raise because I did not work as hard as my co-workers ; Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999). In fact, this tendency for individuals from collective cultures to take less credit for success and more credit for failure may contribute to increased feelings of depression and loneliness (Anderson, 1999). Expression of Emotions In western cultures, people are likely to experience emotions related directly to a personal sense of self, such as pride (e.g., I did a great job ) or frustration (e.g., I was cheated out of a raise ), to a greater degree than people in Eastern cultures (Eid & Diener, 2001). People from collective cultures are more likely than people from individualistic cultures to base their emotional expression on assessments of social worth and shifts in relative social worth, which emphasizes the relatedness of the person to others (Mesquita, 2001). For example, individuals in collectivistic cultures may experience more pride when their efforts have positive consequences for others (e.g., I helped my teammates do well ) and more sadness when their efforts have negative consequences for others (e.g., My poor play cost our team the victory ). This pattern of emotional expression would intensify as the significance of the social relatedness increases. For example, the nature of the 415
4 Bernardo J. Carducci emotional expression would intensify more when the consequences affect immediate family members vs. co-workers or casual acquaintances. Summary This article provides a self-contained teaching module that includes information to assist instructors in the development of some basic lecture material to illustrate the cross-cultural perspective in psychology. Its principal focus is to illustrate how the concepts of individualistic and collectivistic cultures can serve as conceptual frameworks for understanding cultural differences among individuals. I have provided a series of selected topics relating to the expressions of the self to illustrate these cultural differences and serve a as a basis for facilitating in-class discussion of these differences. The content of the information is appropriate for use in such courses as introductory psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and psychology of adjustment, as well as any other course featuring a discussion of the cross-cultural perspective in psychology. Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the constructive comments provided by the two anonymous reviews of previous versions of this manuscript. Their comments did much to improve the overall quality of this article. References Anderson, C. A. (1999). Attributional style, depression, and loneliness: A cross-cultural comparison of American and Chinese students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, Benet-Martínez, V. (2008). Cross-cultural personality research. In R. W. Robins, C. R. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds). Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Benet-Martínez, V., & Oishi, S. (2008). Culture and personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Buss, A. H. (2001). Psychological dimensions of the self. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage. Carducci, B. J. (2009). The psychology of personality: Viewpoints, research, and applications (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. Chiu, C., Kim, Y., & Wan, W. W. N. (2008). Personality: Cross-cultural perspectives. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), The Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment: Vol. 1. Personality theories and models (pp ). Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage. Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (1999). The cultural constitution of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, Heine, S. J. (2012). Cultural psychology (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive selfregard? Psychological Review, 106, Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Guilford Press. Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2008). Personality and subjective well-being. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, Oyserman, D. & Lee, S. W. (2007). Priming culture : Culture as situated cognition. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. 416
5 Cross-cultural Perspective Teaching Model Triandis, H. C. (2007). Culture and psychology: A history of the study of their relationship. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. BERNARDO J. CARDUCCI is professor of psychology and Director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast; he is also a Fellow of Division 2: Society for the Teaching of Psychology and of Division 52: International Psychology of the American Psychological Association, and President of the Italian American Psychology Assembly. Work on this project was supported by instructional release time for research awarded to the author by the Office of Academic Affairs at Indiana University Southeast. This article is based on a presentation at the meeting of the 2003 American Psychological Association in Toronto. Correspondence: bcarducc@ius.edu Manuscript received 25 August 2011 Revision accepted for publication 4 April
Poster Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. Toronto, August Running Head: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Cross-Cultural Perspective 1 Poster Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association Toronto, August 2003 Running Head: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Looking for Love: A Cross-Cultural
More informationPYSC 224 Introduction to Experimental Psychology
PYSC 224 Introduction to Experimental Psychology Session 7 Personality and Culture Lecturer:, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information: mamankwah-poku@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationSHORT NOTE Which studies test whether self-enhancement is pancultural? Reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea, 2007
Asian Journal of Social Psychology (2007), 10, 198 200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00226.x SHORT NOTE Which studies test whether self-enhancement is pancultural? Reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea,
More informationBasic Needs and Well-Being: A Self-Determination Theory View
Suggested APA style reference: Lynch, M. (2010). Basic needs and well-being: A self-determination theory view. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas10/article_70.pdf Article 70 Basic
More informationCulturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being: Preliminary Psychometric Evidences
SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health (2012) 19 : 25-31 Culturally Construed Dual Sources of Well-being: Preliminary Psychometric Evidences Rakesh Pandey and Nimita Srivastava Researches indicate that culturally
More informationRunning Head: SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING 1
Running Head: SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING 1 Does Cultural Differences in Emotion Impact how People Rate their Subjective Well-Being? A Literature Review Aimee C. Cross Grenfell Campus, Memorial University SUBJECTIVE
More informationIs the power of weak ties universal? A crosscultural comparison of social interaction in Argentina and Canada
Published in Revue Tranel (Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique) 68, 107-112, 2018 which should be used for any reference to this work Is the power of weak ties universal? A crosscultural comparison of
More informationDevelopment of Positive Psychology: Contributions from Traditional Psychological Disciplines
Development of Positive Psychology: Contributions from Traditional Psychological Disciplines Canadian Conference on Positive Psychology June 17, 2016 Weiting Ng What is positive ology? Positive Psychology
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION VOLUME: 1 ARTICLE NUMBER: 0056 Online Supplement On the benefits of explaining herd immunity in vaccine advocacy Cornelia Betsch
More informationPsychological Experience of Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Function of Manipulated Source of Conflict and Individual Difference in Self-Construal
Seoul Journal of Business Volume 11, Number 1 (June 2005) Psychological Experience of Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Function of Manipulated Source of Conflict and Individual Difference in Self-Construal
More informationCultural Models and Implicit Theories of Self and World: A View from (Cross-)Cultural Psychology!
Cultural Models and Implicit Theories of Self and World: A View from (Cross-)Cultural Psychology Boris Mayer University of Bern Neena Gupta-Biener (Organizer) Workshop Tacit Knowledge in Intercultural
More informationLocus of Control and Psychological Well-Being: Separating the Measurement of Internal and External Constructs -- A Pilot Study
Eastern Kentucky University Encompass EKU Libraries Research Award for Undergraduates 2014 Locus of Control and Psychological Well-Being: Separating the Measurement of Internal and External Constructs
More informationCultural Differences in the Overtness and Covertness of Positive and Negative Emotion. Chelsea Hughes. East Carolina University
Running head: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN OVERTNESS AND COVERTNESS 1 Cultural Differences in the Overtness and Covertness of Positive and Negative Emotion Chelsea Hughes East Carolina University 2 Abstract
More informationCheck List: B.A in Sociology
Check List: B.A in Sociology Liberal Arts Core (LAC) Preferred STAT 150 Introduction to Statistical Analysis (3) (not required but preferred) ** SCI 291 Scientific Writing (3) (not required but preferred)
More informationCulture and Social Behavior, Self and Identity. Chapter 13. Defining the Concept of Self CULTURE AND THE CONCEPT OF SELF
Outline Culture and Social Behavior, Self and Identity Chapter 13 Culture and the Concept of Self-Concept Cultural Differences in Self-Concept Culture and Identity Self-Esteem and Self-Enhancement Culture
More informationHuman Motivation and Emotion
Human Motivation and Emotion 46-332-01 Dr. Fuschia Sirois Lectures 22 Nov. 28 2006 Perceived Control Expectations about desired outcomes resulting from interactions with the environment 1. Must perceive
More informationWho is happy and why? Subjective well-being and associated thinking styles of US and Canadian students.
Who is happy and why? Subjective well-being and associated thinking styles of US and Canadian students. Cheryl A. Boglarsky, Human Synergistics International, Michigan, USA Catherine T. Kwantes, University
More informationCulture & Personality. Outline. How Do We Compare? Kimberley A. Clow. What is Culture Approaches to Culture. Summary. Comparative Approach
Culture & Personality Kimberley A. Clow kclow2@uwo.ca http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/257e-570 Office Hour: Thursdays 2-3pm Office: S302 Outline What is Culture Approaches to Culture Comparative Approach
More informationFAQ: Thinking Globally, Communicating Locally
Question 1: How does culture affect interpretation of a message? Answer 1: Interculturalist John Condon, a scholar in the field of intercultural communication, helped make people aware of their own cultures
More informationFuturaDIAV Laura Smith
FuturaDIAV Date: 2014-08-20 Name: Laura Last Name: Smith Gender: Female Email: info@futurasuite.com City: Miami Country: United States Profile: Enterprising - Analytical (ENT - ANA) Copyright 2014 FuturaSUITE.
More informationCOURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科目簡介
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科目簡介 COURSES FOR 4-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES PSY2101 Introduction to Psychology (3 credits) The purpose of this course is to introduce fundamental concepts and theories in psychology
More informationTTI Success Insights Emotional Quotient Version
TTI Success Insights Emotional Quotient Version 2-2-2011 Scottsdale, Arizona INTRODUCTION The Emotional Quotient report looks at a person's emotional intelligence, which is the ability to sense, understand
More informationA TEST OF SHARKEY AND SINGELIS (1995) MODEL OF SELF-CONSTRUAL AND EMBARRASSABILITY: SITUATIONAL VERSUS DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS 1
A TEST OF SHARKEY AND SINGELIS (1995) MODEL / G. H. J. KRUGER A TEST OF SHARKEY AND SINGELIS (1995) MODEL OF SELF-CONSTRUAL AND EMBARRASSABILITY: SITUATIONAL VERSUS DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS 1 GERT H. J. KRUGER
More informationIntroduction to Psychology Social Psychology Quiz
MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. We usually adapt our behavior to the demands of the social situation, and in ambiguous situations: A) We take our cues from the behavior of others. B) We will do the same thing that
More informationBook Review. Review of Cultural Psychology
The Journal of Social Psychology, 2010, 150(2), 231 234 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Book Review Review of Cultural Psychology VSOC 0022-4545 The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 150, No. 2,
More informationPYSC 333 Psychology of Personality
PYSC 333 Psychology of Personality Session 5 Humanistic Theory of Personality- Part 1 Lecturer:, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information: mamankwah-poku@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationTTI SUCCESS INSIGHTS Personal Interests, Attitudes and Values TM
TTI SUCCESS INSIGHTS Personal Interests, Attitudes and Values TM "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse CATHERINE 2-29-2008 Sculpt your Destiny 4545 Contour blvd. #B San
More informationSOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL VALUES
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL VALUES Definitions Social stratification is the division of population into two or more layers, each of which is relatively homogeneous and between which there are differences
More informationEmotion regulation and well-being among Puerto Ricans and European Americans
Emotion regulation and well-being among Puerto Ricans and European Americans Arielle Riutort, McNair Scholar The Pennsylvania State University McNair Faculty Research Advisor: Jose A. Soto, Ph.D Assistant
More informationUNDERSTANDING YOUR REPORT
UNDERSTANDING YOUR REPORT Knowledge of an individual's motivators help to tell us WHY they do things. A review of an individual's experiences, references, education and training help to tell us WHAT they
More informationEmotional Quotient. Andrew Doe. Test Job Acme Acme Test Slogan Acme Company N. Pacesetter Way
Emotional Quotient Test Job Acme 2-16-2018 Acme Test Slogan test@reportengine.com Introduction The Emotional Quotient report looks at a person's emotional intelligence, which is the ability to sense, understand
More informationUNDERGRADUATE COURSE. SUBJECT: Psychology. PAPER: Basic Psychological Processes. TOPIC: Personality. LESSON: Humanistic Approach
UNDERGRADUATE COURSE SUBJECT: Psychology PAPER: Basic Psychological Processes TOPIC: Personality LESSON: Humanistic Approach Humanistic Approach Assumptions of Human Nature The present is the most important
More informationANDREA GORDON. Copyright Top Agent Magazine
ANDREA GORDON ANDREA GORDON Andrea is currently with Red Oak Realty, where she has been the top producing agent for the last two years, working all over the Bay Area primarily focusing on Oakland, Berkeley,
More informationEmotional Acculturation. topic of this chapter. We conceive of emotional acculturation as the process by which
1 Emotional Acculturation Jozefien De Leersnyder, Batja Mesquita, & Heejung Kim Do emotions acculturate when people move from one culture to the next? That is the topic of this chapter. We conceive of
More informationReferences. Note: Image credits are in the slide notes
References Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Tomkins, S. S. (1970) Affect as the primary motivational system. In M. B. Arnold (ed.), Feelings and s (pp. 101-110).
More informationChapter 13. Social Psychology
Social Psychology Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne What s It For? Social Psychology Interpreting the Behavior of Others Behaving in the Presence of Others Establishing Relations With Others Social
More information2/27/2011 MODULE - WHO AM I? WHO ARE YOU? HOW TO NAVIGATE TUTORIAL DEFINING WORLDVIEW. How we interpret the world
MODULE - WHO AM I? WHO ARE YOU? Lesson 4 - Oh baby, baby it s a wide world! HOW TO NAVIGATE TUTORIAL 1. Click on hyperlinks within each slide first. 2. Click on to move to the next slide. 3. Click on to
More informationHandout: Instructions for 1-page proposal (including a sample)
15.301/310, Managerial Psychology Prof. Dan Ariely Recitation 1 (Given by Head TA) Handout: Instructions for 1-page proposal (including a sample) Contact info given: email, phone, office Self description
More informationModule Who am I? Who are you? Lesson 4 Tutorial
Slide - Defining Worldview How we interpret the world individual experiences cultural experiences Beliefs Values Attitudes Slide Table of Contents Emic and Etic perspectives Individualism and Collectivism
More informationDr Jacqui Gore. Consultant Psychiatrist Private Practice Auckland
Dr Jacqui Gore Consultant Psychiatrist Private Practice Auckland 8:30-9:25 WS #193: Thriving in Medicine - Wellness Plans and Scripts for Doctors 9:35-10:30 WS #205: Thriving in Medicine - Wellness Plans
More informationPsychological needs. Motivation & Emotion. Psychological needs & implicit motives. Reading: Reeve (2015) Ch 6
Motivation & Emotion Psychological needs & implicit motives Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2016 Image source 1 Psychological needs Reading: Reeve (2015) Ch 6 3 Psychological
More informationWHAT IS SELF? MODULE-IV OBJECTIVES 16.1 CONCEPT OF SELF. What is Self? Self and Personality. Notes
What is Self? MODULE-IV 16 WHAT IS SELF? Self is focus of our everyday behaviour and all of us do have a set of perceptions and beliefs about ourselves. This kind of self concept plays important role in
More informationMANAGING FOR SUCCESS. Margaret Moore. Personal Interests, Attitudes and Values Information = Choices
MANAGING FOR SUCCESS Personal Interests, Attitudes and Values "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse Margaret Moore 7-20-2004 Information = Choices UNDERSTANDING YOUR REPORT
More informationABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE JUDGMENTS IN RELATION TO STRENGTH OF BELIEF IN GOOD LUCK
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY, 2014, 42(7), 1105-1116 Society for Personality Research http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.7.1105 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE JUDGMENTS IN RELATION TO STRENGTH OF BELIEF IN
More informationMotivational Affordances: Fundamental Reasons for ICT Design and Use
ACM, forthcoming. This is the author s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version will be published soon. Citation:
More informationEffects of Self-Construal Differences on Cognitive Dissonance Examined by Priming the Independent and Interdependent Self
521434SGOXXX10.1177/2158244014521434SAGE OpenLee and Jeyaraj research-article2014 Article Effects of Self-Construal Differences on Cognitive Dissonance Examined by Priming the Independent and Interdependent
More informationEditorial Manager(tm) for Behavioral and Brain Sciences Manuscript Draft
Editorial Manager(tm) for Behavioral and Brain Sciences Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: It's Not WEIRD, It's WRONG: When Researchers Overlook undelrying Genotypes, They will not Detect Universal
More informationMediating Effects of Growth Mindset in the Relationship between Employment Stress and Happiness of University Students in Korea
Volume 118 No. 24 2018 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Mediating Effects of Growth Mindset in the Relationship between Employment Stress and
More informationEffective Communication Across Culture
Effective Communication Across Culture Homeownership Advisors Network Conference Paula O Loughlin May 3, 2018 Welcome & Introductions Equity Alliance MN: We are an educational equity service collaborative
More informationUNESTAHL MENTAL TRAINING An online course in personal development
UNESTAHL MENTAL TRAINING An online course in personal development Scandinavian International University Unestahl Mental Training UMT UMT is a competence and life-quality improving distance education for
More informationProblem with Cross-Cultural Comparison of User-Generated Ratings on Mechanical Turk
Problem with Cross-Cultural Comparison of User-Generated Ratings on Mechanical Turk Hao-Chuan Wang, Tau-Heng Yeo National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan haochuan@cs.nthu.edu.tw, yeosblue@gmail.com
More informationWhy Personality Tests?
Why Personality Tests? A personality test is completed to yield a description of an individual s distinct personality traits. In most instances, your personality will influence relationships with your
More informationThe Mediating Role of Parental Expectations in Culture and Well-Being
The Mediating Role of Parental Expectations in Culture and Well-Being Shigehiro Oishi University of Virginia Helen W. Sullivan University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus ABSTRACT In two studies, we examined
More informationA New View on Teaching Motivation Self-determination Theory. MA Wen-ying, LIU Xi. Changchun University, Changchun, China.
Sino-US English Teaching, January 2016, Vol. 13, No. 1, 33-39 doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2016.01.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING A New View on Teaching Motivation Self-determination Theory MA Wen-ying, LIU Xi Changchun
More informationEvaluation of Women and Men Professors: How Gender Scripts Affect Students' Assessments
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs ADVANCE-Purdue Gender and STEM Research Symposium 2013 ADVANCE-Purdue Gender and STEM Research Symposium Evaluation of Women and Men Professors: How Gender Scripts Affect
More informationValue Differences Between Scientists and Practitioners: A Survey of SIOP Members
Value Differences Between Scientists and Practitioners: A Survey of SIOP Members Margaret E. Brooks, Eyal Grauer, Erin E. Thornbury, and Scott Highhouse Bowling Green State University The scientist-practitioner
More informationChanging the Graduate School Experience: Impacts on the Role Identity of Women
Changing the Graduate School Experience: Impacts on the Role Identity of Women Background and Purpose: Although the number of women earning Bachelor s degrees in science, technology, engineering and mathematic
More informationReview of: Shinobu Kitayama and Dov Cohen eds. Handbook of Cultural Psychology, New York: The Guilford Press
Boston University OpenBU Anthropology http://open.bu.edu CAS: Anthropology: Scholarly Papers 2008 Review of: Shinobu Kitayama and Dov Cohen eds. Handbook of Cultural Psychology, New York: The Guilford
More informationRUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS The Origin of Cultural Differences in Cognition: The Social Orientation Hypothesis
RUNNING HEAD: THE SOCIAL ORIENTATION HYPOTHESIS - 1 - The Origin of Cultural Differences in Cognition: The Social Orientation Hypothesis Michael E. W. Varnum, Igor Grossmann, Shinobu Kitayama, and Richard
More informationSELF and CULTURE What type of change?
SELF and CULTURE What type of change? Cigdem Kagitcibasi Koç University Turkish Academy of Sciences Panel on The New Emerging Markets (Beyond BRIC): Managing Global Brands and Consumers Koc University,
More informationHow Self-Construal Shapes Emotion: Cultural Differences in the Feeling of Pride
NEUMANN ET AL. HOW SELF-CONSTRUAL SHAPES EMOTION Social Cognition, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2009, pp. 327 337 How Self-Construal Shapes Emotion: Cultural Differences in the Feeling of Pride Roland Neumann Universität
More informationPsychology Departmental Mission Statement: Communicating Plus - Psychology: Requirements for a major in psychology:
Psychology Professor Joe W. Hatcher (on leave spring 2017; Associate Professor Kristine A. Kovack-Lesh (Chair); Visiting Professors Jennifer A. Johnson, Gary Young Departmental Mission Statement: The Department
More informationTHE OECD SOCIAL CAPITAL QUESTION DATABANK USER GUIDE
THE OECD SOCIAL CAPITAL QUESTION DATABANK USER GUIDE 1. Introduction... 1 2. How to Use... 1 Questions... 1 Surveys... 3 General Information... 3 3. Description of Variable Categories... 4 1. Introduction
More informationThe Origin of Cultural Differences in Cognition: The Social Orientation Hypothesis
The Origin of Cultural Differences in Cognition: The Social Orientation Hypothesis Current Directions in Psychological Science 19(1) 9-13 ª The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalspermissions.nav
More informationIdentify and leverage your most powerful influencing skills. Date. Name. Organization Name
Identify and leverage your most powerful influencing skills Name Date Organization Name Introduction ability to influence and persuade others is key to success. People who lack influencing skills tend
More informationProvided by the Down Syndrome Association of Memphis & the Mid-South If you need additional resources on Down syndrome please call our office at
Provided by the Down Syndrome Association of Memphis & the Mid-South If you need additional resources on Down syndrome please call our office at 901-547-7588 or visit our website at www.dsamemphis.org
More informationS.A.F.E.T.Y. TM Profile for Joe Bloggs. Joe Bloggs. Apr / 13
Joe Bloggs Apr 14 2016 1 / 13 About the Academy of Brain-based Leadership (ABL) At ABL we consolidate world-leading, thinking, education & products to facilitate change. Serving as a translator, we evaluate
More informationCulture & Psychology Mini Conference University of Kent 16 September 2016 KLT4, Keynes College Talks will be 20 min + 10 min for Q&A
Culture & Psychology Mini Conference University of Kent 16 September 2016 KLT4, Keynes College Talks will be 20 min + 10 min for Q&A 09:30 10:00 Arrival + Coffee/Tea 10:00 11:00 Anat Bardi Biculturals
More informationCo-Cultures co- cultural
Challenges of Diversity in Dealing with Emergency Response Robert C. Chandler, PhD Chair, Communication Division Center for Communication and Business Pepperdine University Robert C. Chandler, Ph.D., 2006
More information10 steps to create more personal relationships and help your clients meet their goals
10 steps to create more personal relationships and help your clients meet their goals Individuals are unique and so too are their retirement journeys. The Science of Happiness is about understanding what
More informationAssessment of Mental Health Status of Middle-Aged Female School Teachers of Varanasi City
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Health Volume 5 Number 1 Assessment of Mental Health Status of Middle-Aged Female School Teachers of Varanasi City M Singh, G Singh Citation M Singh, G Singh. Assessment
More informationMotivation: Internalized Motivation in the Classroom 155
24 Motivation Internalized Motivation in the Classroom Kennon M. Sheldon The motivation that students bring to a classroom setting is critical in determining how much, and how well, they learn. This activity
More informationA critique towards face consideration in high and low context culture
A critique towards face consideration in high and low context culture Proposed by Ting-Toomey Stella in 1985, a communication professor at California State University, Fullerton, face-negotiation is the
More informationSelf-Related and Other-Related Pathways to Subjective Well-Being in Japan and the United States
J Happiness Stud (2014) 15:995 1014 DOI 10.1007/s10902-013-9460-9 RESEARCH PAPER Self-Related and Other-Related Pathways to Subjective Well-Being in Japan and the United States Sheida Novin Ivy F. Tso
More informationUnderstanding the Culture of Stuttering
Understanding the Culture of Stuttering Improving Interactions with People who Stutter Michael Boyle, Ph.D. Oklahoma State University Derek Daniels, Ph.D. Wayne State University Charles Hughes, Ph.D. Eastern
More informationThe Challenges of Interculturalism (31127)
The Challenges of Interculturalism (31127) Degree: Master in Immigration Management Year: 2011/2012 Quarter: 1º or 2º Course: Optional Module: IV Number credits ECTS: 3 Lecture course hours: 18 hours Non-lecture
More informationCounseling Clients With Late-Life Depression
Counseling Clients With Late-Life Depression A review of the video Depression With Older Adults with Peter A. Lichtenberg Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. American Psychological
More informationDampening or Savoring Positive Emotions: A Dialectical Cultural Script Guides Emotion Regulation
Emotion 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 11, No. 6, 1346 1357 1528-3542/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0025135 Dampening or Savoring Positive Emotions: A Dialectical Cultural Script Guides Emotion
More informationRunning head: HEDONISM AND HAPPINESS 1. Individualism as the Moderator of the Relationship between Hedonism and Happiness: A. Study in 19 Nations
Running head: HEDONISM AND HAPPINESS 1 Individualism as the Moderator of the Relationship between Hedonism and Happiness: A Study in 19 Nations Running head: HEDONISM AND HAPPINESS 2 Abstract We hypothesize
More informationTest Code: SCA/SCB (Short Answer Type) 2015
Test Code: SC/SC (Short nswer Type) 2015 Junior Research ellowship in Psychology The candidates for Junior Research ellowship in Psychology are required to take short answer type tests on Research methodology
More informationA Blueprint for Exploring International Differences in Well-Being
A Blueprint for Exploring International Differences in Well-Being A review of International Differences in Well-Being by Ed Diener, John Helliwell, and Daniel Kahneman (Eds.) New York, NY: Oxford University
More informationMotivation & Emotion. Psychological & social needs
Motivation & Emotion Psychological & social needs Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2014 Image source 1 Reeve (2009, pp. 142-143) Psychological need An inherent source
More informationOriginal Papers. Emotional Frankness and Friendship in Polish Culture
Original Papers Polish Psychological Bulletin 2015, vol 46(2), 181-185 DOI - 10.1515/ppb-2015-0024 Piotr Szarota * Katarzyna Cantarero** David Matsumoto *** Abstract: According to Wierzbicka (1999), one
More informationDepartment of Family and Consumer Sciences
Department of Family and Consumer FACULTY Professor Collins (chair); Associate Professors Choi, Davidson; Assistant Professor Devlin; Instructor Church. The Department of Family and Consumer offers majors
More informationA Career in Geriatric Medicine
A Career in Geriatric Medicine About Geriatric Medicine Geriatric medicine is an exciting and rapidly growing specialty in which the UK is a world leader. It is currently one of the largest specialties
More informationSATIR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
SATIR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Satir Around the Globe Application of the Satir Model to College Student Education in China Shaoyi Wu, Director, Psychological Health Education and Counselling Center, ShanDong
More informationPACE Orientation: COURSE OFFERINGS
1 PACE Orientation: PACE COURSE OFFERINGS and DEFINITIONS: The program divides a 16-week semester into two 8 week sessions. Classes meet Tuesdays or Wednesdays and every other Saturday. Fall Foundational
More informationPACE Course Offering Sequence:
1 PACE Course Offering Sequence: PACE COURSE OFFERINGS and DEFINITIONS: Fall 18- first two courses: In Sequence 1 st 8 Weeks 1. COUNSEL 20: Post-Secondary Education: the Scope of Career Planning 3 units,
More informationCulture, Self-construal and Social Cognition: Evidence from Cross-Cultural and Priming Studies
Culture, Self-construal and Social Cognition: Evidence from Cross-Cultural and Priming Studies Ulrich Kühnen, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany, u.kuehnen@jacobs-university.de Members of different cultures
More informationUA Student Well-Being: Gallup Survey Results
UA Student Well-Being: Gallup Survey Results College student well-being is a critical component to a student s personal and academic success (Anderson, 2016). A survey was administered in partnership with
More informationGender Differences Associated With Memory Recall. By Lee Morgan Gunn. Oxford May 2014
Gender Differences Associated With Memory Recall By Lee Morgan Gunn A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell
More information12 The biology of love
The biology of love Motivation Neurological origins of passionate love begin in infancy when infants attach to mother. Certain neurotransmitters and hormones involved in pleasure and reward are activated
More informationInternational Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online), Volume 2, Issue 2, May- July (2011), pp.
International Journal of Management (IJM) ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online) Volume IAEME, http://www.iaeme.com/ijm.html I J M International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print),
More informationPsychological needs. Motivation & Emotion. Psychological & social needs. Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 6
Motivation & Emotion Psychological & social needs Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2014 Image source 1 Psychological needs Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 6 when people find
More informationIT S A WONDER WE UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER AT ALL!
It s a Wonder we Understand Each Other at All! Pre-Reading 1 Discuss the following questions before reading the text. 1. Do you think people from different cultures have different communication styles?
More informationAaron C. Weidman West Mall Phone: Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4
Aaron C. Weidman University of British Columbia acweidman@psych.ubc.ca 2136 West Mall Phone: 604-822-3995 Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Education Ph.D. candidate, University of British Columbia, Social-Personality
More informationTapping World Summit 2009
Copyright 2009, Try It On Everything, LLC. DISCLAIMER The information presented in this book is educational in nature and is provided only as general information. As part of the information contained in
More informationPsychological needs. Motivation & Emotion. Psychological & social needs. Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 6
Motivation & Emotion Psychological & social needs Dr James Neill Centre for Applied Psychology University of Canberra 2013 Image source 1 Psychological needs Reading: Reeve (2009) Ch 6 3 Psychological
More informationC O N T E N T S ... v vi. Job Tasks 38 Job Satisfaction 39. Group Development 6. Leisure Activities 41. Values 44. Instructions 9.
C O N T E N T S LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES v vi INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRO-B INSTRUMENT 1 Overview of Uses 1 THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL NEEDS 3 The Interpersonal Needs 3 Expressed and Wanted Needs 4 The
More information