Sustaining Behavioural Change in Community Safety: challenges and techniques Part 1: Barriers to Change

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1 Sustaining Behavioural Change in Community Safety: challenges and techniques Part 1: Barriers to Change Dr Neil Preston Organisational Psychologist The Challenges to Behaviour Change 1

2 Confirmation bias the lens through which we see the world? We tend to look for confirmatory evidence to confirm our preconceived ideas about a person, situation or system independent of whether it is true. Example have you noticed how many more cars there are on the road of a brand you suddenly become interested in? Confirmation bias a brief introduction Hindsight bias I knew it all along Representative bias Stereotypical thinking Anchoring bias Caught in detail: not seeing the forest from the trees Availability bias Using the first thing that comes to mind Confirmation bias Seeking confirmatory evidence for preconceived schema Self serving bias Protect ego inflation Expectancy bias Remember what one expected something to be Self consistency bias Maintenance of sense of self 2

3 The Dragons of Inaction Dragons of inaction 3

4 Dragon 1 Limited Cognition Ancient Brain 4

5 Ignorance Optimism Bias 5

6 Self efficacy / perceived behavioural control Dragon 2 Ideologies 6

7 World views Technosalvation 7

8 System justification Dragon 3 Comparison with others 8

9 Social Comparison Social Networks 9

10 Dragon 4 Sunk costs Financial investment 10

11 Behavioural Momentum Conflicting values, goals and aspirations 11

12 (Lack of) place attachment Dragon 5 Discredence 12

13 Mistrust Denial 13

14 Scapegoating Reactance 14

15 Dragon 6 Perceived risks Risk Functional Physical Risk Social Financial Risk Risk Psychological Risk Temporal Risk 15

16 Dragon 7 Limited Behaviour Tokenism 16

17 The rebound effect Dragons of inaction 17

18 Sustaining Behavioural Change in Community Safety: challenges and techniques Part 2: Models for Change Dr Neil Preston Organisational Psychologist L;kjf Model 1 Theory of Planned Behaviour 18

19 Model 1 Theory of Planned Behaviour Attitude Behavioral belief: an individual's belief about consequences of particular behavior Attitude toward behavior: an individual's positive or negative evaluation of selfperformance of the particular behavior Subjective Norm Subjective norm: an individual's perception about the particular behavior, which is influenced by the judgment of significant others Perceived Behavioural Control An individual's perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behavior Behavioural intention and behavior An indication of an individual's readiness to perform a given behavior Individual's observable response in a given situation with respect to a given target Model 2 DO RITE Model D Define the target behaviour O Observe the target behavior R Record the rate or occurrence I Intervene with a program that changes consequences of behavior T Test the impact through pre and post testing E Evaluate the program 19

20 Model 3 VAEP Model V Values What values should be fostered? A Awareness What do we need to be aware of? E Emotions What emotions do we want to promote / discourage? P Perceived Control How do we arrest control back to the citizen? Model 4 5 Stage Bystander Model Step 1 Awareness of the Problem How do we make people aware of our problem? Step 2 View the Situation as an Emergency How do we raise the emotional alarm to act? Step 3 Feel Responsible How do we make people feel responsible to act? Step 4 Know what to do How do inform/influence people on what best to do? Step 5 Act and Intervene How do we create conditions that encourage pro social behaviour? 20

21 Model 5 Prototype Project Program Model Management Type Program Problem Type Practice Type Certainty Type Intervention Scale Simple Best Practice Predictable Large Coded Single Project Complicated Good Practice Partially Predictable Medium Structured Few Prototype Complex Emergent Practice Probabilistic Small Agile Many Select an intervention model Select a community safety problem Use the model on the problem Record your response Feedback your response Activity 21

22 Further Reading Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, Geller, E. S. (1992). Solving environmental problems: A behaviour change perspective. In S. Staub & P. Green (Eds.), Psychology and social responsibility: Facing global challenges (pp ). New York, NY: New York University Press. Gifford, R. (2011). The Dragons of Inaction: psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. American Psychologist, 66, Grob, A. (1995). A structural model of environmental attitudes and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn t he help? New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts. Pelletier, L. G., Dion, S., Tuson, K., & Green Demers, I. (1999). Why do people fail to adopt environmental protective behaviours? Toward a taxonomy of environmental amotivation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56,