References. Carter, D.E., & Werner, T.J. (1978). Complex learning and information processing by

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1 References Carter, D.E., & Werner, T.J. (1978). Complex learning and information processing by pigeons: a critical analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, Cook, R.G., Katz, J.S., & Cavoto, B.R. (1997). Pigeon same-different concept learning with multiple stimulus classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Animal Behavior Processes, 23 (4), Cumming, W.W., & Berryman, R. (1961). Some data on matching behavior in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, Cumming, W.W., & Berryman, R. (1965). The complex discriminated operant: studies of matching-to-sample and related problems. Stimulus Generalization. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Mostofsky, D.I. (Ed.), D'Amato, M.R., Salmon, D.P., & Colombo, M. (1985). Extent and limits of the matching concept in monkeys. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 11 (1), da Silva Barros, R., de Faria Galvão, O., McIlvane, W.J. (2002). Generalized identity matching-to-sample in cebus apella. The Psychological Record, 52, Dube, W.V., McIlvane, W.J., & Green, G. (1992). An analysis of generalized matchingto-sample test procedures. The Psychological Record, 42, Eichenbaum, H. (1998). Using olfaction to study memory. In C. Murphy (Ed.), Olfaction and Taste XII an International Symposium. New York: Academy of Sciences.

2 Herman, L.M., & Gordon, J.A. (1974). Auditory delayed matching in the bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21 (1), Iversen, I. (1997). Matching-to-sample performance in rats: a case of mistaken identity? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68 (1), Iversen, I. (1993). Acquisition of Matching-to-Sample Performances in Rats Using Visual Stimuli on Nose Keys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, Jackson, W.J., & Pegram, G.V. (1970). Acquisition, transfer, and retention of matching by rhesus monkeys. Psychological Reports, 27, Kastak, D., & Schusterman, R. (1994). Transfer of visual identity matching-to-sample in two California sea lions (Zalophus califonianus). Animal Learning &Behavior, 22, Lu, X.M., Slotnik, B.M., Silberberg, A.M. (1993). Odor matching and odor memory in the rat. Psychology and Behavior, 53, Mackay, H.A. (1991). Conditional stimulus control. Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Part I, Mishkin, M., & Delacour, J. (1975). An analysis of short-term visual memory in the monkey. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1 (4), Nakagawa, E. (2000). Transfer of learning between matching (or non-matching)-tosample and same-different discriminations in rats. The Psychological Record, 50,

3 Nissen, H.W., Blum, J.S., Blum, R.A. (1948). Analysis of matching behavior in chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 41, Overman, W.H., & Doty, R. W. (1980). Prolonged visual memory in macaques and man. Neuroscience, 5, Oden, D.L., Thompson, R.K.R., & Premack, D. (1988). Spontaneous transfer of matching by infant chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14 (2), Schwartz, B., Wasserman, E.A., & Robbins, S.J. (2002). Behavior and Conceptualization. In D. Wasserman (Ed.), Psychology of Learning and Behavior. (pp ). Norton, New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Slotnik, B.M., & Nigrosh, B.J. (1974). Olfactory stimulus control evaluated in a small animal olfactometer. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 39, Slotnik, B., Hanford, L., & Hodos, W. (2000). Can rats acquire an olfactory learning set? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 26, Thompson, R.K.R., Oden, D.L., & Boysen, S.T. (1997). Language-naïve chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) judge relations between relations in a conceptual matching-tosample task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 23 (1), Wilson, B, Mackintosh, N.J., & Boakes, R.A. (1985). Transfer of relational rules in matching and oddity learning by pigeons and corvids. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37, (B),

4 Wright, A.A., Cook, R.G., Rivera, J.J., Sands, S.F., & Delius, J.D. (1988). Concept learning by pigeons: matching-to-sample with trial unique video picture stimuli. Animal Learning and Behavior, 16, Young, M. E., Wasserman, E. A., & Garner, K. L. (1997). Effects of number of items on the pigeon's discrimination of same from different visual displays. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 23, Zentall, T., & Hogan, D. (1974). Abstract concept learning in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102 (3),

5 Appendix Example of Odor Matrix for Subject J6 Tum Co, Cel, Ga, Pa, Mu, N, Va, Ci, Ora, Th, Le, Ma, On, Cel, Gi, Cl, Pi, Cu, Ch, B, Co, RB Cinn Pa, Cel, Ora, Cu, On, Cl, S, Pi, Gi, Va, Mu, N, Tu, Cor, Ore, Le, Co, Ch, Ma, Al, Pa, Cel, Ga Van Cl, Mu, Cu, Th, Ga, Gi, Cor, Co, Gi, On, S, Le, Ma, RB, Tu, Cel, Pa, Cum Tu, Cel, Ga, On, Ma, Mu, S, Cor, S, Co, St, Cl, N, Va, Pa, Or, Al, Ci, Pi, Th, Le, B Cel Le, Ma, Cu, Mu, Co, Ci, Pa, Va, Ga, On, Cu, Cor, Pi, Tu, Gi, S, St, RB, Or, Th, Cl, N, Ch Ga Co, N, S, Or, On, Ci, Mu, Tu, Ma, Th, Cu, Pa, Gi, Va, Cor, Cl, RB, Le, Cel, Cor, Wa, Pi, St On S, Cl, Ma, Tu, Pa, Gi, Mu, Co, N, St, Ci, Cl, Th, Or, Ga, Le, Va, Le, Pi, Ore, Cor, Mu Th, Tu, Cor, Pa, Cl, Ma, S, N, Or, Co, Ci, Va, Gi, Le, Cu, Cel, On, Pi, Ch, St, Ga, Alm, Ore, Wa, Ma Ci, Ci, Or, S, Pa, Cl, Va, Pi, Le, Cor, Ga, Cel, Co, Ore, Mu, Gi, RB, Cu, On, Th, N, Pa Ga, Cl, Gi, Or, Va, Ci, Cu, Th, Or, Le, Ma, S, Alm, On, Co, Cor, N, Mu, B, Wa, Co Mu, Or, Tu, Cel, Th, Ma, Pa, Gi, Cl, N, Ci, Ga, On, Va, S, Cu, Pi, RB, Cor, St, Le, Gi Va, Pi, N, S, Mu, Tu, Th, Cu, Cl, Ma, Cor, Ga, Cel, Or, Pa, Alm, St, Va, On, Ore, S Pa, Co, N, Or, Tu, Va, Pi, Cel, Tu, Th, Ga, Ci, Cu, Mu, Ore, On, St, Gi, Ma, Cl, Alm Th Or, On, Ma, Gi, Ci, Cel, Cu, Co, Cl, Tu, Va, S, Cor, St, N, Ga, Mu, B, Gi, Cor, Th Cl Or, Va, N, Ga, Ma, Cu, Cel, N, Pa, Tu, S, St, Mu, Le, On, Al, Ci, Co, B, Gi, Cor, Th, N Cu, On, Cl, Th, Co, Ma, Pa, Cel, Va, Cor, Or, Gi, St, Al, Mu, Ci, Ga, S, Tu Ora N, Gi, Va, Cel, Cu, Ga, TH, On, S, Cl, Ma, Pi, St, Ore, Tu, Ci,Cor, Mu, Ch, Pa, Co, RB, Gi Pi Cor, Mu, On, Va, Cu, Ga, Pa, Cel, Co, S, N, Cl, Gi, Ore, Ci, S Cor Pi, On, Ci, Pa, Mu, Or, Th, Co, Ma, Ga, Tu, Cu, Va, S, St, Cel, Ch, Cl St Le, Ga, Pa, Co, Tu, On, Ci, Cu, Cl, Cor, Pa, Cel, S, On, Va Le St, N, On, Cl, Cel, Mu, Pa, Th, Co, Ma, Tu, Ci, S, Va, Or, Cu, Alm Pi, Cor, N, Ma, Cel, On, Va, Ci, Ga Ore Cl, St, Pi, Cor, Pa, Th, Ci, Tu, Cu, Mu, Ma Ch Cel, Ci, Th, Cl, Ga, Cu, Tu, On, Root Gi, Th, Ci, Tu, St, Va, Cel B Ma, Or, Gi, Tu, Pi, Th, Mu Wa Pa, Ga, N, Co, Mu, Ci 98

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