Foundations of experimental research
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1 Foundations of experimental research : Evaluation Methodology Winter 2014/15 Eduardo Veas
2 THEOC, the scientific method Theory Hypothesis Experiment Observation Conclusion 2
3 Source of variability Source: Card et al
4 Curiosity foundation of experimental research Human behaviour 4
5 Ideas, Theories and Hypothesis Curiosity in motion 5
6 Experimental research Establish relationships between circumstances and behaviors Fit these relationships into an orderly body of knowledge 6
7 FEAR OF IDEAS 7
8 Fear your ideas Anyone doing research is a genius, I don t come even close GENIEPHOBIA 8
9 Fear your ideas I am having a hard time coming with original ideas IMITATOPHOBIA 9
10 Fear your ideas Having to use complex hardware I got a headache PARAPHERNALIO-PHOBIA If there is complex equipment involved, it must be good research MANUPHOBIA 10
11 Fear your ideas If it is simple it can t be science FEAR OF SIMPLICITY 11
12 Fear your ideas numbers! numbers! FEAR OF STATISTICS 12
13 Fear your ideas Something is missing here, I just know it IMPERFECTAPHOBIA 13
14 Fear your ideas Lorem ipsum FEAR OF NOT SOUNDING SCIENTIFIC 14
15 Fear your ideas FEAR OF WORK 15
16 Fear your own ideas Geniephobia Imitatophobia Paraphernalio-phobia / Manuphobia Fear of simplicity Fear of math Imperfectaphobia Fear of not sounding scientific Fear of work 16
17 Generating ideas Systematic reduction of idea-phobia 17
18 Experimental research Establish relationships between circumstances and behaviors Fit these relationships into an orderly body of knowledge 18
19 Observation Sit in your computer and stare at your keyboard until your eyes start to bleed 19
20 Observation Sit in your computer and stare at your keyboard until your eyes start to bleed We are interested in human, rather than keyboard behavior 20
21 Public observation write up ideas that come up as you stroll through campus. 21
22 Public observation write up ideas that come up as you stroll through campus. you got 7 minutes. statements in the form circumstance => behavior 22
23 ROT test Experimental ideas must be: R epeatable O bservable T estable 23
24 Correlational or observational? Label your ideas now 24
25 Theories Title Text 25
26 induction Theory choose one idea and convert it into a theory deduction use that theory to make predictions each prediction forms a hypothesis 26
27 Relationship Theory-Hypothesis-Experiment Observation induction Theory deduction Predicted Observation EXPERIMENT Confirmed Observation induction Theory supported Disconfirmed Observation deduction Theory false 27
28 Expected results of experiment proving a prediction: does not prove but supports a hypothesis, thus the theory. disproving a prediction: not enough evidence was found to prove the hypotheses/theory 28
29 Does theory precede data? OBSERVATION EXPERIMENT THEORY HYPOTHESES 29
30 Experimental Methodology Formal Curiosity 30
31 Experimental research Establish relationships between circumstances and behaviors Fit these relationships into an orderly body of knowledge 31
32 Experimental research Behavior Circumstances 32
33 Experimental research heavy breakfast bad coffee rainy day birthday party last night smelly office hot office bright office increase light intensity loud pitch sound press button grab more coffee read text girlfriend text boyfriend sunny day Circumstances Behavior 33
34 Experimental research bad coffee heavy breakfast rainy day birthday party last night smelly office hot office bright office increase light intensity loud pitch sound press button grab more coffee read text girlfriend text boyfriend sunny day Circumstances Behavior 34
35 Experimental research: causal statements Increase in light intensity press button WHEN DONE CORRECTLY change in measured behavior is due to manipulation of circumstance 35
36 Variables in experimental research Title Text 36
37 Experimental research: variables INDEPENDENT press button increase light intensity Circumstances Behavior 37
38 Experimental research: variables INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT press button increase light intensity Circumstances Behavior 38
39 Experimental research: hypothesis INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT press button increase light intensity the hypothesis is a statement about the expected outcome Circumstances Behavior 39
40 Experimental research: hypothesis INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT press button increase light intensity H1: Participants will be significantly faster in pressing a button in the 100 Lux condition. Circumstances Behavior 40
41 Experimental research: variables bad coffee INDEPENDENT heavy breakfast rainy day birthday party last night smelly office hot office bright office increase light intensity loud pitch sound sunny day -?- DEPENDENT press button Circumstances Behavior 41
42 Experimental research: variables bad coffee INDEPENDENT heavy breakfast rainy day birthday party last night smelly office hot office bright office increase light intensity loud pitch sound sunny day -control variables- DEPENDENT press button Circumstances Behavior 42
43 Experimental research: external validity validity of experimental method: is drawing conclusions about cause justifiable? the more highly controlled the experiment, the less generalizable its results. 43
44 Experimental research: variables bad coffee INDEPENDENT heavy breakfast rainy day birthday party last night smelly office hot office bright office increase light intensity loud pitch sound sunny day -control variableslearning DEPENDENT press button Circumstances Behavior 44
45 Experimental research: variables INDEPENDENT heavy breakfast DEPENDENT bad coffee rainy day birthday party last night smelly office hot office bright office increase light intensity loud pitch sound sunny day -control variableslearning -random variables- press button Circumstances Behavior 45
46 Experimental research: random variables random selection of participants. random assignment of circumstances to levels of the independent variable 46
47 Experimental research: variables generalizable CONTROL RANDOM WITHIN CONSTRAINTS RANDOM 47
48 Experimental research: variables circumstance that changes systematically as the experimenter manipulates the independent variable CONFOUNDING VARIABLES 48
49 VALIDITY Where we see it all fail 49
50 Experimental Method: validity External: is it justifiable to generalize causation from the results Internal: are there confounding variables which have not been taken into account? are there unconsidered threats? 50
51 Threats to internal validity History Maturation Selection Differential mortality Testing Statistical regression Interactions with selection 51
52 Experimental Design Blueprint of a proof 52
53 Experimental design questions HOW MANY INDEPENDENT VARIABLES? HOW MANY DIFFERENT VALUES DOES EACH VARIABLE HAVE? 53
54 Experimental design: Decision Design study Number of independent variables >1? NO YES Basic design Number of values per independent variable Factorial design Between groups Within groups Between groups Within groups Split plot 54
55 Between participant design Each participant is exposed to one level only Divide participants in groups (one per condition) Compare measurements between groups 55
56 Between participants design: advantages Rules out learning effects. Cannot contaminate behavior in other levels Can collect more data per level / more participant time per level. 56
57 Between participant design: disadvantages differences between groups of participants = differences between conditions 57
58 Within participants design Each participant is exposed to every condition 58
59 Within participant design: advantages requires fewer participants minimizes individual differences between levels of the independent variable 59
60 Within participant design: disadvantages Needs to account for learning effects Needs to account for ordering effects Combinatorial explosion limits number of conditions 60
61 Number of participants Depends on effect size study design Calculated through power analysis (statistical power) 61
62 Experimental design: overview Trial: independent unit of measurement Measurement: quantitative: measurable indicators (task completing time, error rates, mouse movement) qualitative: subjective feedback (satisfaction, preference) observations 62
63 Experimental design: am I ready? Ethical constraints? Number of participants? How long will it take? Should I set participant restrictions? Should I set criteria for eliminating participants? Can I operationally define all my variables? Have I organized equipment? Do I know how I will analyze my data? 63 How will I interpret results?
64 Experimental design: Pilot test rule out planning errors get acquainted with methodology test analysis tools (if pilot big enough) 64
65 Experiment execution Repeat: all participants in a group are expected to receive the same stimuli for each participant repeat instructions exactly respect execution plan breaks DO NOT CHANGE THE RULES!!! 65
66 Reporting 101 if you live to tell the story 66
67 Assignment: Experimental protocol Introduction: observation statement of purpose hypotheses Method procedure: design (within-between) combinations of conditions 67 one experiment session
68 Introduction: statement of purpose hypotheses Method participants apparatus/materials procedure Results descriptive statistics statistical tests used results in standard way 68 Discussion Outline of report
69 R Title Text 69
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72 Readings Doing Psychological Experiments (Martin): Ch2- Ch3-Ch8 72
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