CHAPTER EIGHT. CATTELL AND THE BIG FIVE: Factor Analytic Trait Theories 9/30/08. Personality Psychology. Chapter Overview
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1 Personality Psychology Psychology 370 Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge CHAPTER EIGHT CATTELL AND THE BIG FIVE: Factor Analytic Trait Theories Chapter Overview Illustrative Biography: Albert Einstein Factor Analysis THE 16 FACTOR THEORY: CATTELL Personality Measurement and the Prediction Of Behavior Personality Tests Beyond Personality Tests Because Personality Is Complex: A Multivariate Approach Surface Traits and Source Traits Measurement of Source Traits: The 16PF Five Second-Order Factors Psychological Adjustment 1
2 Chapter Overview Three Types of Traits Ability Traits Temperament Traits Dynamic Traits Predicting Behavior The Specification Equation Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches: R-Technique and P-Technique Syntality Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment The Role of Theory in Cattell s Empirical Approach THE FIVE FACTOR THEORY: MCCRAE AND COSTA Preview of Factor Analytic Trait Theories Illustrative Biography: Albert Einstein Development Description Adjustment 2
3 Illustrative Biography: Albert Einstein Cognition Society Biology Factor Analysis Correlation Coefficient: a measure of the association between two variables, in which 0 indicates no association, and +1 or 1 a strong association (positive or negative) Examples: correlation of +.68 between extraversion test score and number of times a person talks in class correlation of.25 between anxiety and self-rated confidence Scatter plots Illustrating Positive and Negative Correlations 3
4 Born in England, 1905 Raymond Cattell Science major at the University of London, Doctorate in Psychology at 23 from King s College Professorship at Clark and Harvard University University of Illinois in 1945 Wrote 55 books and about 500 journal articles Retired to Hawaii Died in 1998 Personality Measurement and the Prediction of Behavior Because Personality Is Complex: A Multivariate Approach Surface Traits & Source Traits Measurement of Source Traits: The 16PF Five Second-Order Factors 4
5 Surface Traits and Source Traits surface traits: traits as defined simply at the level of observable behavior source traits: basic, underlying personality traits Measurement of Source Traits: The 16PF multiple choice derived from factor analysis profile: the pattern of a person s scores on several parts of a personality test (such as the 16 scales of the 16PF, as diagrammed on page 230 of the text) 16 Source Traits Measured by the 16PF 5
6 Five Second-Order Factors extraversion anxiety tough-mindedness independence self-control Psychological Adjustment Neurosis psychosis Three Types Of Traits Ability Traits Temperament Traits Dynamic Traits 6
7 Ability Traits Fluid intelligence: use alternative tests to assess different types of learning Crystallized intelligence: includes effects of education Temperament Traits style and tempo of behavior biological influence Dynamic Traits ergs dynamic, constitutional source traits anger, fear, sex, etc. metaergs environmental-mold (learned) dynamic source traits sentiments & attitudes subsidiation the dynamic lattice confluence learning 7
8 the dynamic lattice Predicting Behavior The Specification Equation P = s 1f t 1i + s 2f t 2i +... S Nf t Ni + s j t ji Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches R-technique Nomothetic, studies groups P-technique Idiographic, studies individuals Syntality group differences in personality Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment constitutional traits environmental-mold traits multiple abstract variance analysis (MAVA) Heritability extent to which a trait is influenced by genetics 8
9 The Role of Theory in Cattell s Empirical Approach Many of Cattell s concepts are similar to those of other theories (ego strength, ergic tension, and others). I have always felt justifiably suspicious of theory built too much ahead of data. - Cattell The Five Factor Theory: McCrae and Costa The BIG Five O PENNESS C ONSCIENTIOUSNESS E XTRAVERSION A GREEABLENESS N EUROTICISM 9
10 The BIG Five More About These Five Factors Each of the 5 factors has 6 "facets" More About These Five Factors 10
11 More About These Five Factors Heritability of the 5 factors.36 extraversion.28 agreeableness.31 neuroticism.28 conscientiousness.46 openness (Loehlin, 1992, p. 67) Chapter Review Factor Analysis THE 16 FACTOR THEORY: CATTELL Personality Measurement and the Prediction of Behavior Because Personality Is Complex: A Multivariate Approach Psychological Adjustment Three Types of Traits Predicting Behavior Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment The Role of Theory in Cattell s Empirical Approach THE FIVE FACTOR THEORY: MCCRAE AND COSTA 11
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