Personality. What We Will Cover in This Section. Personality Defined
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1 Personality 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 1 What We Will Cover in This Section Overview Psychodynamic Theories Trait Theories Humanistic Theories Social Learning Theories 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 2 Personality Defined Characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define a person's style and influence interactions with the environment. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 3 1
2 Critical Notions Stability over time. State vs. Trait Organized, not random. Seen in behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Resides in the body. Not entirely biological. Not entirely social. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 4 1. Psychodynamic Theories Developed from the notion that our day-to-day behavior is a result of the interaction between conscious and unconscious processes. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 5 Characteristics Personality is based on a set of internal forces that compete and conflict with each other. To understand personality you have to understand these forces. This is a DETERMINISTIC approach. This approach is largely internal. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 6 2
3 Psychodynamic Themes 1. PSYCHO (Mind) DYNAMIC (Moving) 2. Competing pressures. 3. Unconscious vs. Conscious. 4. Focus on basic desires as primary motivators. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 7 Themes 5. Emphasis on the influence of early experiences. 6. Focus on the DEFENSE against pain and threat. 7. Grew out of need to explain abnormal behavior. 8. Psychological health depends on the BALANCE of many forces. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 8 Freud 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 9 3
4 Freud s Basic Structural Model Preconscious Conscious Unconscious 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 10 Basic Instincts Eros. A life impulse or drive to maintain life and reproduce. This is results in a sexual drive (Libido). Thanatos. A death impulse or drive. The source of aggression. Provides the ultimate resolution of all life s tension and conflict. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 11 The ID Present at birth. Resides in the unconscious. Driven by the Pleasure Principle. Does not take reality into account. Immediate gratification. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 12 4
5 The ID: How it operates. PRIMARY PROCESS Thinking. REFLEX ACTION. Automatic response to some action. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 13 The Ego Develops between 2-4 years. Match Id s needs with the real world. In the Conscious. Wants immediate need satisfaction. No moral sense. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 14 The Ego: How it Operates REALITY PRINCIPLE Gratify impulses in a realistic way Get what you want without damage. SECONDARY PROCESS Thinking Match the Id s image to the real world object. Looks for immediate need satisfaction. No moral sense. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 15 5
6 Develops between 4-5 years. Is a super conscience. Perfectionistic. Dictates how we ought to behave. Based on experience. The Superego 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 16 Id, Ego, Superego: Interaction The Ego mediates the competing demands of the Id and Superego. EGO STRENGTH The Ability of the Ego to function effectively despite the demands of the Id and Superego. A weak Ego loses control and one of the other two tends to dominate. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 17 Possible Interaction #1 Id Ego Superego 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 18 6
7 Possible Interaction #2 Id Ego Superego 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 19 Possible Interaction #3 Id Ego Superego 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 20 Psychic Energy A fixed amount of energy that provides the battery to energize us. Is never lost. Powers all of our activities. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 21 7
8 Development 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 22 Psychosexual Stages, Part 1 1. Oral Stage (0 1.5 years). 2. Anal Stage (1.5-3 years). 3. Phallic Stage (3 4 years). - Oedipus/Electra conflict 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 23 Psychosexual Stages: Part 2 4. Latency Period (6 puberty). 5. Genital Period (puberty +) 6. Fixation - Strong conflict. - Locks person in one of these stages. - Ties up Psychic Energy. - Prevents maturation. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 24 8
9 Intense emotional response to the recognition that there is a conflict between the Id and Superego. Sense of fear when there is no objective danger. Anxiety 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 25 Defense Mechanisms, Part 1 1. Repression Pushing unacceptable, anxiety producing thoughts into unconscious. 2. Regression Retreat into an earlier stage or more infantile behavior. 3. Reaction Formation Expression of feelings opposite to those experienced (usually aggression). 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 26 Defense Mechanisms, Part 2 4. Rationalization Self-justifying explanations for certain behavior that normally would be unacceptable. 5. Displacement Diversion of aggressive, hostile, or sexual impulses onto an acceptable object. 6. Sublimation Converting anxiety-producing impulses into socially acceptable ones. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 27 9
10 Defense Mechanisms, Part 3 7. Denial Person does not acknowledge an anxiety producing situation. 8. Identification Person affiliates psychologically with a person, group, or situation seen as being illustrious. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 28 Psychodynamics in Daily Life 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 29 Daily Life Everything happens in the Unconscious. Ego manages day-to-day living so Ego and Superego s desires are met but we don t get hurt. Ego represses thoughts that lead to neurotic or moral anxiety. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 30 10
11 2. Trait & Type Theories 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 31 Type Attempts to categorize people into a a limited set of distinct personality categories. Examples: Calm, Aggressive, Nerd. All-or-nine. Issues. Overly simplistic. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 32 Trait Enduring personality quality or characteristic that influence behavior over time. Examples: Friendly, Aggressive, Worrisome. Can exist in degrees of levels. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 33 11
12 Trait Theories: Overview Normal behavior can be characterized in a set of simple categories. Traits may either be learned (food preference) or genetically determined (bonding with a parent). People vary in terms of the strength of these traits. Traits are basically descriptive. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 34 History: Lexical Hypothesis (1936) Allport and Odbert. 17,953 trait terms in English. Divided these into groups. Identified 4,500 stable trait terms. (1943) Cattell Reduced the list to 171 clusters. Later refined it to 35 groups of personality traits. (1949) Fiske Through factor analysis identified five factors. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 35 Big Five History, Continued Current. Same five factors identified in many languages and cultures. May heritable. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 36 12
13 The Five Factors Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 37 Openness to Experience Down-to-earth - Imaginative Creative - Uncreative. Conventional - Unconventional Routine Preference - Prefer variety. Uncurious - Curious. Conservative Liberal 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 38 Conscientiousness Negligent Conscientious Lazy Hardworking Disorganized Organized Late Punctual Aimless Ambitious Quitting - Persevering 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 39 13
14 Extraversion Reserved Affectionate Loner Joiner Quiet Talkative Passive Active Sober Fun-loving Unfeeling - Passionate 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 40 Agreeableness Ruthless Soft-hearted Suspicious Trusting Stingy Generous Antagonistic Acquiescent Critical Lenient Irritable Good-natured 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 41 Neuroticism Calm Worrying Even-tempered Temperamental Self-satisfied Self-pitying Comfortable Self-conscious Unemotional Emotional Hardy - Vulnerable 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 42 14
15 Trait Theories: Pros & Cons Pros Good at describing people. Good research support. Cons Where do traits come from. How do situations influence traits? 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 43 Learning Approaches 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 44 Learning Overview Behavioral patterns largely determined by our personal experiences. Behavior and personality are malleable (acquisition and extinction). This approach is largely external. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 45 15
16 Classical Conditioning Emotional responses can be learned. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 46 Reinforced behavioral patterns will be learned. Examples. Prejudice. Politeness. Operant Conditioning 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt Social Learning 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 48 16
17 Fundamental Model Behavior Reciprocal Determinism Person Environment 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 49 Cognitive Social::Person Variables 1. How do we see things (Encoding). What do we look at (Attention)? How do we evaluate what we see (Evaluation)? 2. What do we think will happen (Expectancy)? Behavior-Outcome Expectancy Stimulus-Outcome Expectancy Self Expectancy - Self-Efficacy 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 50 Cognitive Social::Person Variables 3. Is it worth it to behave this way? Subjective evaluation. 4. Do I get rewarded? Extrinsic rewards Intrinsic rewards. 5. Can I do it? (Competency) Skill Ability 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 51 17
18 Observational Learning: Bandura We learn by watching models. How attractive? How powerful? Vicarious Reinforcement. Comes from seeing the positive consequences for the model. Vicarious Punishment. Comes from seeing the negative consequences for the model. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 52 Existential:Humanistic Approaches 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 53 Existential-Humanistic Overview Focus on the the present and subjective experience. People are naturally inclined to seek self-perfection. We have free will and the ability to choose what we will do. The focus is on free will. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 54 18
19 Principles Each person has a potential for growth and development. No person is bad, incapable, or unworthy. People are motivated to grow and use their potential. People are individuals and cannot be treated as common elements. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 55 Key Principles Actual Self One s self as one presently views him/herself. Ideal Self The personal values to which one aspires. Self Actualization Process of growing in ways that maintain or enhance the SELF. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 56 Self Esteem A generalized evaluation of oneself that influences mood and behavior. 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 57 19
20 11/5/2002 Psy100 Personality.ppt 58 20
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