Sexual Disturbances, Rorschach Sexual Responses, and Mediating Factors

Transcription

1 Pychological Aement 1992, Vol.4, No. 4, opyright 1992 by the American Pychological Aociation, Inc. 1590/92/$3.00 Sexual Diturbance, Rorchach Sexual Repone, and Mediating Factor Lelie Morgan and Donald J. Viglione, Jr. alifornia School of Profeional Pychology, San Diego The reearcher developed and demontrated reliability for a lit of Rorchach exual repone. Sexual offender (n = ) and child abuer («= ) took the Rorchach to invetigate difference in thee repone. Thee adult male ubject were randomly aigned to either a permiive or neutral intructional et, and hypotheized difference between group were found to exit only within the exually permiive intruction et. Pot hoc analyi ugget that ubtle and gender-confuion Rorchach repone, rather than thoe that are obviouly exual, dicriminate bet between group. Reult upport a 2-tep model of exual repone on the tet. Gender of the examiner wa not related to the reult. There have been few ytematic empirical tudie of Rorchach exual repone (Bergmann, 1945; Due & Wright, 1945; Gottfried, 1975; Keltikanba, 194; Murray, 195; Tuber & oate, 195; Wheeler, 1949), and mot of the reearch i flawed in one way or another (Exner, 1991; Weiner, 1966). Until now, the omprehenive Sytem (Exner, 196) ha provided mot of the reliable normative data, and it ex repone core reflect only thoe overt ex repone involving percept of ex organ or activitie related to ex function. Exner' normative data reveal that only about 4% of nonpatient adult give the narrowly denned omprehenive Sytem ex repone. Depite thi limited empirical grounding, it appear that Rorchach practitioner routinely ue the tet to addre many apect of exual adjutment and management of exual impule. Thi tudy i an attempt to provide a ytematic empirical bae to the theorie regarding exual repone on the Rorchach. Mot author agree that the preoccupation with exuality on the Rorchach ugget exual diturbance (Exner, 196; Holt & Havel, 1960; Rappaport, Gill, & Schafer, 196; Schafer, 1954). According to pychoanalytic theorit, crude or primitive exual theme hould not break into concioune under normal circumtance. Exner (196) ha demontrated that concern for ocial approval filter out exual reference and that ubject can manipulate content more eaily than tructure on the Rorchach. External ocial taboo alo inhibit the verbalization of exual material. Implicit in thee previou account of Rorchach exual repone i a two-tep model. The firt tep i defenive and intrapychic, keeping exual repone out of awarene; the econd i ocial and external, preventing the verbalization of exual repone that are in one' awarene. On the bai of a review of the literature, we formulated four interrelated reearch quetion regarding exual diturbance and Rorchach exual repone. Schafer' (1954) writing con- Example of cored repone are available from Donald 1 Viglione, Jr. A preliminary verion of thi article wa delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Peronality Aement in orrepondence concerning thi article hould be addreed to Donald J. Viglione, Jr., 6212 Ferri Square, San Diego, alifornia cerning general defenive failure and the preence of exual repone on the Rorchach gave rie to thi reearch quetion: Are exual diturbance accompanied by a general defenive failure in controlling exual content, o that Rorchach repone would contain an exceive number of general exual reference? Rapaport et al. (196), Exner (196), and other have noted that the content of an individual' repone reflect the breadth of interet of that individual. Thi notion gave rie to a econd reearch quetion: Are exual diturbance accompanied by pecific interet in exual deviation? In other word, do exual diturbance reult in Rorchach repone that incorporate reference to exual deviation? A number of author have identified gender confuion and atypical type of exuality a implicated in exual diturbance (Bah, 1973; Due & Wright, 1945; Goldfried, 1975; Klatkin & Eron, 1970; Rapaport et al., 196; Schafer, 1954; Tuber & oate, 195; Wyocki & Wyocki, 1977). Thi uppoition led to a third quetion: Are exual diturbance accompanied by gender confuion and other atypical type of exuality, o that the Rorchach repone would contain uch reference? Pychoanalytic ego pychology ugget that in exual diturbance primitive exual content impinge on concioune, and it dirupt ego functioning (Exner, 196; Schafer, 1954). By definition, ex offene reflect poor judgment and reality diturbance in addreing exuality. Thee conideration led to a fourth quetion: Are exual diturbance accompanied by difficultie with judgment, cognition, and reality teting, o that Rorchach exual repone would be accompanied by indicator of dirupted ego functioning? According to the two-tep model, one mut take into conideration the ubject' concern for ocial approval and external circumtance. It ha been demontrated in the Rorchach literature that intructional et can influence repone, particularly the content of repone (Exner, 196). Furthermore, in an evaluation of one' exual adjutment, one' undertanding of why one i being teted may influence the record. We alo peculated that gender of the examiner may be another external circumtance that may affect ocial approval procee and ubject' willingne to expre exual repone. However, data on the effect of the examiner' gender on exual

2 RORSHAH SEXUAL RESPONSES 531 repone are mixed. Goodman (1979) found no relationhip, but Milner and Moe (1974) found that male examiner produced the mot exual repone with male ubject and the fewet with female ubject. In the Milner and Moe tudy, female examiner produced an intermediate number of exual repone. Finally, the literature ha revealed that a number of pecific Rorchach variable reflect defenivene or guardedne and often function to conceal pychological iue and concern. Thu, overall contriction or guardedne in the record may ugget increaed concern for ocial approval and erve to creen out exual repone. The mot commonly cited indice of guardedne in the omprehenive Sytem (Exner, 196, 1991) are the number of repone (K) and lambda (L, proportion of pure F repone to all other repone). Other that have been identified include percentage of animal content repone (M; Rapaport et al., 196), perervation (PSV; Exner, 196), developmental quality vague repone (DQy; Exner, 196), and rejection (Prandon, Jenen, Matranga, & Waton, 1973). There i reaon to believe thee variable would indicate guardedne and either conciou or unconciou attempt to filter out exual repone. The goal of thi tudy were (a) to derive a reliable method of coring obviou and ubtle exual content on the Rorchach, (b) to validate thee core on a clearly exually diturbed ample, (c) to tet the four interrelated undertanding about exually diturbed individual and Rorchach exual repone, and (d) to explore the effect of the poible mediating factor of guardedne, intructional et, and gender of the examiner on the exual repone. It wa expected that ex offender, particularly under permiive teting intruction, would produce more Rorchach exual repone. It wa hoped that the reult of thi tudy might be applicable to the aement of exual crime perpetrator. Method There were three independent variable: (a) group exual diturbed or control, (b) intructional et exual or neutral intruction, and (c) gender of examiner. Main effect for group and intructional et were expected. Becaue of inconitent previou reult, no hypothee were offered for gender of the examiner. Guardedne wa included a a covariate for exploratory, pot hoc analyi. Subject There were 0 men were court-identified exual offender (largely pedophile); were control ubject (i.e., court-identified phyical child abuer without hitorie of exual offene and without deviant exual experience). Including a group of known exual offender wa conidered an improvement over pat reearch. Men were ued becaue they contitute the large majority of ex offender. Thi control group of phyical child abuer wa elected becaue it reembled the target group in impulivity and court intervention. All ubject were in court-ordered treatment. They were olicited from variou community agencie pecializing in treating thee population. A brief decription of the tudy wa preented to potential ubject, and all ubject ubequently volunteered. The group did not differ in year of education (12.9 year, exually diturbed group; 13.0 year, control group; J(7) =.37, n), marital tatu (67% of exually diturbed group and 7% of control group were married and living with poue), or income (55% of exually diturbed group and 53% of the control group earned $,000 or le). There wa no difference in racial background between group, and approximately a quarter of the ubject were non-white. The exually diturbed group wa ignificantly older with a mean age of 36 year compared with the control group' mean of 32 year, f(7) = 2., p <.02. The effect of thi difference wa felt to be trivial a an effect on the Rorchach (Exner, 196). Group were equivalent alo in the amount of pychopathology preent a meaured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogati & Meliarato, 193). The General Symptom Index mean core were 42.2 for exually diturbed ubject and 41. for the control group, and the difference between the two wa not ignificant, f(7) =.52, n. To enure internal validity, a quetionnaire wa developed to identify child-abuing ubject who alo had exual diturbance. Of the original 47 propective control ubject, 7 who admitted to atypical exual experience were excluded from the tudy. Subject in each group were randomly aigned to one of two intructional et and to either male or female examiner. Meaure There were two Rorchach meaure: exual repone and the guardedne index. On the bai of the literature and four explanation of exual diturbance, 15 overlapping exual repone feature were identified and are preented in Table 1. The lit of exual repone derived for thi tudy went beyond the obviou omprehenive Sytem ex core. A ingle repone might be cored in a number of categorie. The um of core of all 15 categorie for a given ubject' Rorchach i the main dependent variable: total exual feature. Four ubcategorie of the 15 categorie correponding to the four aforementioned explanation for exual diturbance were alo identified: (a) general exual reference, (b) exual deviation repone, (c) atypical exual repone, and (d) exual repone with dirupted ego function. The ource of each of thee four overlapping categorie i alo noted in Table 1. We hoped that the analyi would elucidate which of the 4 and poibly which of the 15 exual repone accounted for the mot variance between exual and control group. A pilot tudy wa undertaken to etablih intercorer reliability and to enure feaibility. Eleven graduate tudent were given 30 Rorchach repone to core for the 15 categorie. Thee judge agreed with the criterion more than 95%, a criterion that had been etablihed by Lelie Morgan before the judge reviewed the repone. A econd pilot tudy wa deigned to develop objective criteria for coring Item G, negative or derogatory female percept. The Adjective hecklit (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965) and Exner' (196) Form Quality Table were ued to develop an objective lit of Rorchach repone decriptor. Three clinical pychologit reviewed thee lit and were aked to identify derogatory or negative decriptor of women. If all three independently agreed, then a given decriptor wa included in the lit of derogatory decriptor for tudy. The Guardedne index conited of ix variable previouly aociated with defenivene. They are R.L.Afo, DQv, PSV, and rejection (Exner, 196). For each ubject, each of thee ix variable wa tranformed to a z core and then ummed (R wa multiplied by 1 o that high core indicated more guardedne). To minimize the effect of extreme core on any one variable, a maximum abolute value of 2.5 wa ued for any individual variable within the index. Procedure ommunity clinic provided volunteer. All ubject gave informed conent. After ubject completed the demographic quetionnaire, the experimenter randomly aigned the ubject in each group to the ex-

3 532 LESLIE MORGAN AND DONALD J. VIGLIONE, JR. Table 1 Total Sexual Repone A. Sexual anatomy repone that include genitalia, breat/but (Rapaport et al., 196) and/or human or animal anatomy and/or x-ray repone concerned with body part in the wait area that included hip, buttock, pelvic region, private part, and internal reproductive organ (Rapaport et al., 196). B. Autoerotic behavior of human or animal, uch a maturbation, playing with genitalia, breat, or buttock (Schafer, 1954).. onfuion of exual identification of either human or animal having phyical feature of both exe or clothing, grooming, or decribed a a hermaphrodite or a androgynou (Due & Wright, 1945; Goldfried, 1975; Tuber & oate, 195). D. Human or animal that, if male, include at leat two characteritic of maculine clothing, grooming, or body proportion or, if female, at leat two feminine clothing article, grooming, or body proportion. Thee include uch thing a dree, clothe, jewelry, mucle, hair tyle, facial hair, and body proportion and exclude characteritic animal feature uch a head, eye, or leg. If the percept i female, only feminine characteritic are to be counted; if male, only male characteritic are counted (Murray, 195; Schafer, 1954; Wheeler, 1949). E. Reference to exual deviation: betiality, ex with children, aditic and/or maochitic ex act, ex with nonhuman object, ex with nonconenting partner, cro-dreing, exhibitionim, voyeurim, and pornographic material (American Pychiatric Aociation, 197; Bergmann, 1945). F. Difference between oppoite-ex human content and ame-ex human content (Bah, 193; Klatkin & Eron, 1970; Wyocki & Wyocki, 1977). Thi core wa calculated for the whole record by ubtracting the number of ame-ex human content from the number of oppoite-ex human content. G. Negative or derogatory name or adjective aociated with a female human or animal percept* (Schafer, 1954). H. Repone that include uggetive clothing that reflect uch thing a lingerie, underwear, ee-through clothing, dirobing, or partial nudity (Holt & Havel, 1960). I. Heteroexual behavior involving ex act between two oppoite-ex people or animal (Rapaport et al., 196). J. Homoexual behavior involving ex act with ame-ex people or animal (Rapaport et al., 196). K. Romantic interaction or exual foreplay involving, for example, any reference to kiing, love, holding hand, troking, playing with hair, couple dancing, flirting, maaging, dating, or otherwie demontrating romantic or exual interet in one another (Holt & Havel, 1960). L. Reproductive organ or activitie in plant or cellular life form uch a tamen and pitil, pollination, cell plitting, and permatozoa (Holt & Havel, 1960). M. All repone that meet the criteria for A to E or G to L are accompanied by a cognitive pecial core indicative of cognitive problem (Exner, 196). N. All repone that meet the criteria for A to E or G to L and are cored a FQ-, indicative of perceptual ditortion (Exner, 196). O. Any repone that meet the criteria for A to E or G to L and are accompanied by a pecial core or MOR and/or AG, ignifying timulation or poor control of aggreive drive and feeling of being damaged (Exner, 196; Weiner, 1966). Note. General Sexual Repone include item A, B,, D, E, H, I, J, K, L; Sexual Deviant Repone include item E, O; Atypical Sexual Repone include item, E G, J; Sex Repone w/ego Diturbance include item M, N. ' A lit of derogatory female percept i available from Donald J. Viglione, Jr. ual tudy intructional et or neutral intructional et by reading one of the two introduction. The experimenter told the exual intructional et ubject that the tudy concerned exuality and the neutral intructional et ubject that it addreed the Rorchach examiner' ability to adminiter the tet. Subject were aured that their Rorchach repone and all information in the tudy would remain confidential and that no one in the treatment agencie would become aware of their repone. Immediately thereafter, Rorchach were adminitered by one of the qualified examiner. Finally, a exual diturbance quetionnaire and the BSI were adminitered, and ubject were debriefed. Rorchach Scoring Rorchach examiner were unaware of the nature and purpoe of the reearch, a well a the type of ubject being teted. There were 5 female and 5 male examiner, and each teted ubject and cored the record. Each examiner had performed above average in a emeterlong coure in projective teting, and ome had further courework experience in projective teting. A a preliminary check, all coded a record from Exner' text (196) and agreed with the original coring more than 0% of the time. Mot of the error were in the ditinction between unuual (FQu) and ditorted (FQ-) form qualitie and among the cognitive pecial core. Becaue of thee minor dicrepancie and their potential conequence for categorie M and N (ee Table 1), a conervative, multitep procedure wa adopted to minimize error. Firt, all exual content core were recored for form quality and pecial core by other imilarly qualified graduate tudent. Thee are the only omprehenive Sytem core required for the exual content coring in thi tudy. Total agreement with thi econd group of core wa calculated for each examiner. Two of the 10 examiner did not reach 0% agreement with thi econd et of rater. Donald J. Viglione, Jr., who wa unaware of the group aignment of the ubject, recored form quality and pecial core. He ha taught omprehenive Sytem coding ince 1977 and i currently employed a an intructor for Rorchach Workhop. From the reultant, reliably cored protocol, four imilarly qualified graduate tudent cored the repone for the 15 exual repone categorie. Again, thee judge were unaware of the nature and purpoe of the tudy A repone wa counted for a given category only when all four judge independently aigned h to that category. Reult Analyi of variance (ANAA) wa ued for the tatitical analye of the data for the 0 ubject. A in much Rorchach reearch, the ditribution of the dependent variable were kewed with many zero value. In cae of ANOVA, thi non-

4 RORSHAH SEXUAL RESPONSES 533 normality reult in worriome violation of the homogeneity of variance aumption. Becaue of the heterogeneity of variance problem, the data for total exual feature were tranformed uing a quare root. A expected, the exually diturbed group gave more total exual feature than did the control group, F(l, 72) = 30.5, p <.001. Thi main effect wa large and accounted for approximately 27% of the variance (a; 2 =.27). Main effect for intructional et, F(\, 72) = 1.72, n, and gender, F(l, 72) = 1.97, n, were not ignificant. Decriptive data regarding thee comparion are included in Table 2. Data for the analyi of general exual reference were alo tranformed by ue of the quare root. Again, the group effect wa ignificant, F(\, 72) = 26., p <.0001, a 2 =.23. Intructional et wa ignificant, F(l, 72) = 4.2, p =.04, o> 2 =.03. Again, the effect for gender wa not ignificant, F(l, 72) =, n. However, the interaction between group and intructional et wa ignificant, F(l, 72) = 5.1, p =.03, <o 2 =.05. The ignificant interaction neceitated the further analyi of cell mean to determine under which intructional et condition exually diturbed ubject differed from control ubject. In the exual tudy intructional et, the exually diturbed group produced many more general exual reference than did the control group, F(l, 3) = 33.04, p <.001, =.44. The ame Table 2 Decriptive Statitic (N = 0) Total exual feature (all categorie) Variable Group Frequency M SD Range Mdn General Sexual (A, B,, D, E, H, I, J, K, L) Sexual Deviance (E & O) Atypical Sexuality (, F, G, J) Sex Repone w/ego Diturbance (M, N) A. Sexual Anatomy b. Sexual Identity onfuion D. Sex-Typed Percept F. Oppoite-Sex v. Same Sex G. Negative Female Percept H. Suggetive lothing K. Romantic Interaction L. Reproductive Activitie of Lower Life Form M. Sex Repone w/special Score N. Sex Repone v//fq- O. Sex Repone w/mor, AG Guardedne Total number of repone per protocol Total number of repone w/ex, A-O Exner Sex ontent S S S ontrol variable 3 30 Rorchach variable (+7) -6-(+9) Note. S = exually diturbed group (n = ); = control group (n - ). ategorie B, Auterotic Behavior; E, Sexual Deviation; I, Heteroexual Behavior; and J, Homoexual Behavior, were omitted becaue each had only two or fewer uch repone among all 0 ubject. FQ- = ditorted form qualitie; MOR = morbid repone; AG = aggreive repone.

5 534 LESLIE MORGAN AND DONALD J. VIGLIONE, JR. wa not true in the teting tudy intruction, F(l, 72) = 3.6, n. (Decriptive data regarding thi interaction are preented in Table 3.) Although the interaction for total exual feature wa not ignificant, total exual feature and general exual reference are correlated at.92. The mean for total exual feature i twice a great. Thi large correlation could only occur if the um of the remaining categorie (Sexual Deviation + Atypical Sex + Sex with Ego Diturbance) differed greatly for group but not for intructional et or for the interaction. To tet thi notion, an exploratory ANOVA wa calculated for thi variable, after it wa tranformed by quare root. Thi analyi produced the expected reult: Group, F(l, 72) = 27.75, p < 001, a; 2 =.35; intructional Set, F(l, 72) =.24, n; interaction, F(\, 72) = 1.94, n. Accordingly, data for total exual feature and for the um of the remaining categorie are alo preented in Table 3. Sexual deviation repone were quite rare and tatitical aumption were violated. Accordingly, data were categorized a preent or abent (ee Table 1 under Freq.) and analyzed by chi-quare with Yate correction. Reult were negative (group, X 2 (l,n= 0) = 7 n; intructional et, x(l,n= 0) =, n). Atypical exual repone were alo tranformed to categorical data (ee Table 4 for frequency data). The analyi wa ignificant for group, x 2 (1, N = 0) = 11.51, p =.001, but not for intructional et, x(l, #= 0) = 0.51, n. Sexual repone aociated with dirupted ego functioning were tranformed uing the quared root and revealed a ignificant effect for group, F(l, 72) = 9.2, p < 01, <o =.09. The main effect for intructional et wa not ignificant, F(l, 72) = 5, n), and gender wa not ignificant, F(l, 72) = 0.6, n. With 10 planned ignificance tet of the hypothee conducted at p =.05, le than 1 ignificant difference would be Table 3 Decriptive Data: Group X Intructional Set Decription M SD Range Sexual group-exual intructional et (n = ) Total exual feature General exual reference Sex dev + Atyp + Ego diturbance Sexual group-control intructional et (n = ) Total exual feature General exual reference Sex dev + Atyp + Ego diturbance ontrol group-exual intructional et (n = ) Total exual feature General exual reference Sex dev + Atyp + Ego diturbance ontrol group-control intructional et (n = ) Total exual feature General exual reference Sex dev + Atyp + Ego diturbance Note. Sex dev = exual deviation repone; Atyp = atypical exual repone; Ego diturbance = exual repone with dirupted ego function. Table 4 Frequency Data for Atypical Sex Repone Group Sexual ontrol Both Intructional et Sexual Teting Total Sexual Teting Total Total Atypical ex repone Preent Abent expected by chance. The derived pattern of reult ugget coniderable faith in the group reult and more tentative interpretation of the intructional et interaction reult. In the pot hoc analye of covariance (ANOVA) of total exual feature and general exual reference, the covariate, Guardedne, wa ignificant. Becaue of earlier nonignificant reult for gender of examiner, it wa omitted from thee analye. The reult are preented in Table 5 and reveal the ame pattern a in the ANOVA. Guardedne correlated ignificantly with total exual feature at.33 and.31 with general exual reference. A number of additional analye were conducted to explore important feature of the exual repone. A tepwie multiple regreion analyi wa performed to identify which of the exual repone ubcategorie dicriminated bet between exually diturbed ubject and the control. The reult of thi analyi identified five categorie and are preented in Table 6. To compare thi group of five to the total of exual categorie and the omprehenive Sytem ex content core, two point-bierial correlation were conducted. It wa found that the group correlated at.53 with total of exual feature but only at.29 with the omprehenive Sytem ex core. Thee correlation clearly reveal that thee new ubtle exual contact core account for a coniderable amount of variance beyond that aociated with the more obviou omprehenive Sytem ex content core. Dicuion A ignificant contribution of thi tudy i the development of a reliable, objective lit of exual repone incorporating both Table 5 Exploratory Guardedne ovariance Analye (N = 0) Source HI, 75) Total of exual feature Guardedne Group Intructional et Group x Intructional et General exual repone Guardedne Group Intructional et Group X Intructional et p<.q5. **p<.00l. 4.9* 25.5* * 22.1** 4.6* 4.2* n 0

6 RORSHAH SEXUAL RESPONSES 535 Table 6 Multiple Regreion of Bet Predictor of Group Variable F. Oppoite Sex v. Same Sex D. Sex-Typed Percept H. Suggetive lothing G. Negative Female Percept N. Sex Repone v//fq Variable in the model SE * 2.79** 2.71** 2.44* 2.* Note. R =.63 (p <.001); R* =.; Adjuted R 2 =.36. FQ- = ditorted form qualitie. *p<.05. **/>< ubtle and obviou exual reference. Thee repone incorporate meaningful ubtle exuai reference that go beyond the omprehenive Sytem ex repone. Thee repone added ignificant dicriminative power in identifying exual diturbance in thi tudy. The five bet predictor (ee Table 5) are indirect or ubtle, uggeting that they may have been le ubject to conciou manipulation and filtering. Such exual ubtletie may not be fully recognized by the ubject and may inadvertently expre exual iue. Regarding further reearch on thi lit of exual repone, it appear that it may be adviable to collape the categorie of autoerotic behavior, exual deviation, homoexual behavior, and heteroexual behavior into one category becaue each rarely occur. In addition, the methodological rigor ued in thi firt empirical validation of Rorchach exual repone reulted in a rather conervative operational definition for percept of women with negative connotation that now need to be revied. The major reult clearly revealed a large effect for exual diturbance on the total of exual categorie (i.e., the entire lit of exual repone). Thee reult provide crucial empirical validation from a well-controlled tudy that exually diturbed ubject produce more exual repone under certain condition than do cloely matched but nonexually diturbed ubject. General upport i provided for the notion that exual content ecape defene in exual diturbance and can be expreed in Rorchach repone under certain condition. The reult allow ome dicrimination among the four poible explanation of exual diturbance preented in the introduction. ertainly, in thi tudy, exual perpetrator did not produce exually deviant repone (i.e., percept reflecting their behavior). Accordingly, no upport i provided for the notion that exual diturbance are accompanied by interet in exual deviation that i in turn expreed in Rorchach repone. Baically, the Rorchach doe not provide uch a detailed picture of one' inner world a tet limitation that i often forgotten. On the other hand, ome upport wa provided for the notion that exual diturbance are accompanied by atypical exual interet and gender confuion, a meaured by atypical exual repone. The fourth explanation alo wa upported: The reult for ex repone with ego diturbance ugget that exual diturbance are accompanied by diruption in judgment, cognition, and reality teting. The reult of the exploratory regreion analyi alo indicate that gender iue underlie exual behavioral diturbance. Four of the five mot valid ex repone (exual identity confuion, ex-typed percept, oppoite- v. ame-ex percept, and derogatory percept of women) ugget gender iue. Thi notion ha been upported by the reearch of Keltikanba (194), Schleinger and Kutah (191), and Wyocki and Wyocki (1977). The implication for general exual reference are more complicated. A large interaction qualified the effect of group and intructional et. Only with general exual reference wa there an effect for intructional et or an interaction containing it. Analyi of cell mean revealed a very large effect for group in the exual tudy intructional et but not in the control et. Apparently, intructional et influenced the exually diturbed ubject' tendency to articulate general exual reference in their Rorchach repone. onitent with previou literature (Exner, 196; Schafer, 1954), thee finding indicate that exual diturbance i aociated with exual content reference on the Rorchach, but a "permiive" environment or intructional et may be neceary for the expreion of that diturbance in content. To the extent that intructional et influenced conciou inhibition, the reult upport the two-tep proce with both internal pychic procee and ocial approval external taboo influencing the production of exual repone. Previouly, Rorchach ytemetizer (Exner, 196, Rapaport et al, 196; Schafer, 1954) have uggeted that exual content i ubject to uch ocial approval influence. Thi two-tep undertanding of the Rorchach exual reference repone i conitent with notion of the repone proce and limitation of the Rorchach. Exner, Armbruter, and Mittman (197) demontrated that ubject can produce about 100 repone on the tet and that ocial deirability and pychopathology affect the total poible number of repone. Thi finding and other on intructional et led Exner (1991) to pecify a phaic repone proce in which many repone are produced but few are delivered. Mot repone are filtered out, and one of the filter, he hypotheized, i a ocial deirability filter. Apparently, in thi tudy exual content wa filtered out for ocial deirability reaon. Exner (196,1991) ha conitently maintained that the trength of the tet i in the tructure rather than in content analyi. The preent reult would indicate that exual content data may be manipulated at a conciou or "near conciou" level. The fact that the intructional et did not influence the atypical exual repone and exual repone with ego diturbance qualify thi interpretation of the general exual reference finding. Apparently, the intructional et wa not pecific enough to influence gender diturbance and ego diruption component of exual repone. Thee may qualify a more ubtle ditinction in component of exual repone, o that they more eaily ecape one' conciou manipulation. Stated in other term, exually diturbed individual may be aware of general exual reference in their potential repone and creen them out. They may be le effective with more ubtle apect, particularly gender iue, a indicated by the regreion analyi. The guardedne variable reult timulate ome intereting peculation. Uing it a a control deerve further conider-

7 536 LESLIE MORGAN AND DONALD J. VIGLIONE, JR. ation. In Rorchach reearch, it i important to demontrate that ignificant finding do not reult from a general increae in productivity. Thu, the demontration of no ignificance for ome variable related to productivity i eential o that finding can be attributed to the hypotheized repone parameter rather than overall productivity on the tet. It entail a methodological control that i too often omitted in Rorchach reearch: dicriminant validity. A expected, Rorchach guardedne wa inverely correlated with exual repone but did not eliminate group difference when it effect wa removed. Practical iue regarding the aement of exual diturbance can alo be offered. Mot important, one mut conider the ubject' undertanding of the context of the evaluation. Subject who are motivated to conceal exual diturbance may be able to do o. On the other hand, ubject trying to conceal obviou exual content (uch a exual crime perpetrator being evaluated) who reveal a large number of ubtle exual repone, particularly around gender iue, may uffer from ome type of exual diturbance. A limitation of the current reearch i relevant in thi context. Sexually diturbed ubject volunteering to take the Rorchach may not generalize to evaluation of upected exually diturbed individual. Under threat of cenure, exually diturbed individual may be more motivated to cenor exual repone and be more ucceful in removing thee reference. ertainly, thee exual repone deerve further tudy. The lit of repone need to be cro-validated with ample that are le overtly exually diturbed and alo with women. Thi procedure would enable one to addre the quetion of whether the finding are applicable to general exual diturbance, even neurotic conflict, or only to ex offender. It i premature to retrict the lit to the five bet ex repone predictor at thi point, but further teting of the gender iue and ubtle alluion i appropriate. Nonpatient norm would alo be quite helpful. More work on the effect of incorporating ome negative conequence i critical to our generalizing tightly controlled empirical finding to clinical and forenic evaluation. From the point of view of undertanding the Rorchach itelf, more work in the interplay between intructional et, content, and tructure i important. A particularly ueful but difficult focu might be the ubject' own pontaneou "elf-intructional et." Finally, the interaction between thee exual reference and other Rorchach variable, particularly the Ego Impairment Index (Perry & Viglione, 1991) in variou level and type of diturbance would prove quite intereting. Reference American Pychiatric Aociation. (197). Diagnotic and tatitical manual of mental diorder (3rd ed., rev). Wahington, D: Author. Bah, K. W (193). 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