Chapters 3, 4, 10, 13, & 15

Transcription

1 false PSY 200 Study Guide for Final Exam Chapters 3, 4, 10, 13, & 15 A mutation: is always harmful to the organism sometimes confers a survival advantage is never spontaneous cannot occur in the genotype A neurologist believes that Derik may have epilepsy. To confirm this diagnosis, the neurologist needs to record the overall electrical activity in Derik s brain. The best way for the neurologist to obtain this information would be to use: an electroencephalogram (EEG) a computerized tomography scan (CT scan) positron emission tomography (PET) brain lesioning A neuron s electrical potential becomes less negative in response to: an excitatory message an inhibitory message hyperpolarization the firing of the axon

2 A patient objects to the test the doctor has recommended because it requires ingesting a radioactive chemical, even though the chemical is harmless. The doctor is recommending which test? an electroencephalogram (EEG) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a computerized tomography scan (CT scan) positron emission tomography (PET) A possible long-term side-effect of the drug L-Dopa is: symptoms of Parkinson s disease depression symptoms of schizophrenia Tourette s syndrome A resting potential is: an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron the small gap that exists between adjacent neurons an electrical signal that travels along the dendrites of a neuron the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information A trait that has been selected for because it increases the reproductive fitness of the organism is a(n): phenotype transmission gene

3 adaptation A neuron s electrical potential becomes more negative in response to: an inhibitory message an excitatory message depolarization the firing of the dendrites Action potentials: are stronger when the incoming stimulation is more intense are seldom strong enough to reach the terminal buttons travel more slowly if the incoming stimulation is less intense are generated in an all-or-none fashion Afferent nerve pathways: carry information toward the brain and spinal cord activate the nervous system carry information toward muscles and glands inhibit the nervous system

4 After four hours of running in a marathon, Hyacinth was completely exhausted and every muscle in her legs ached. She didn t think she could continue, but then she felt a sudden rush of relief as all her muscle aches seemed to disappear. This runner s high that Hyacinth experienced was most likely the result of her brain triggering the release of: dopamine endorphins GABA acetylcholine Agonists are drugs that: block the action of neurotransmitters increase the number of excitatory synapses in the brain increase the number of inhibitory synapses in the brain mimic the action of neurotransmitters All babies vocalize with cries and coos in the first few months. Some psychologists believe that these vocalizations promote survival because they ensure infants maintain contact with caregivers. Based on this, evolutionary psychologists would likely classify infant cries and coos as: universal and adaptive economical and adaptive universal and economical economical and random

5 A strenuous daily exercise program: can lead to the early onset of puberty in females has no effect on the onset of puberty in females can delay the onset of puberty in females can prolong the length of puberty in females A teratogen is: a genetic defect that occurs when two recessive genes are paired at conception any environmental agent that can do damage to the developing baby a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division any physical defect in an unborn child A twenty-five year old man refuses to visit his grandmother who is seriously ill and near death. Which theory best explains his reluctance to visit? the stage theory of death psychosocial theory dying trajectory theory terror management theory Aaron proudly tells you that he is a big, strong boy, but when you offer to put ribbons in his hair and let him wear a party dress, he becomes upset. He tells you he wants to stay a boy and that if he wears those things he will change into a little girl. Based on this information, Aaron is most likely: less than 1 year old approximately 2 or 3 years of age about 5 or 6 years old

6 growing up in a family where there are no male role models 1 About what percentage of people over age 65 are afflicted with dementia? About what percentage of people over age 80 are afflicted with dementia? According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, an individual who faces his or her own impending death would experience which of the following stages first? anger stage depression stage denial stage acceptance stage

7 According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, an individual who faces his or her own impending death would experience the stages in which of the following orders? denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, depression anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, depression denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance According to Erikson the psychosocial crisis of autonomy versus doubt occurs: during the first year of life between the ages of 6 and 12 during the middle adult years between the ages of 1 and 3 According to Erikson, between the ages of 1 and 3, toddlers must resolve the psychosocial crisis of: intimacy versus isolation industry versus inferiority integrity versus despair autonomy versus doubt A major contribution of Charles Spearman was the development of the mathematical technique: analysis of variance

8 analysis of covariance factor analysis psychometric analysis A mathematician has just purchased a book by Charles Spearman. The book is probably about: analysis of variance analysis of covariance factor analysis psychometric analysis A mathematician has just purchased a set of the first papers explaining factor analysis. The papers are probably by: Howard Gardner Francis Galton Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg A person with Down s syndrome is likely to have which of the following? an IQ in the normal range an IQ that is above the normal range an IQ that is below the normal range It is impossible to say; IQ scores among those with Down s syndrome can be normal, higher than average, and lower than average

9 A psychologist has just purchased the first papers that claim intelligence is made-up of both general and specific factors. The papers are probably by: Howard Gardner Francis Galton Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg A test that actually taps into a particular theoretical construct is said to have: construct validity predictive validity content validity reliability A test that can be used to accurately estimate future performance in a given area is said to have high: predictive validity content validity reliability construct validity According to Raymond Cattell, crystallized intelligence refers to: the ability to solve problems, reason and remember

10 an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions acquired knowledge and ability A statistical procedure that groups together related items on tests by analyzing the correlation among test scores is: analysis of variance analysis of covariance factor analysis psychometric analysis According to Robert Sternberg s triarchic theory of intelligence, someone who is efficient at processing information and who performs well on conventional tests designed to measure reasoning and logical-mathematical abilities, should score high in: creative intelligence practical intelligence all three areas of intelligence analytic intelligence A House of Representatives committee quickly reached a consensus that some generally minor changes needed to be

11 made to the immigration laws. After a lengthy, well-balanced discussion, they produced a quite radical bill that would almost stop immigration completely. Their decision appears to be an example of: groupthink group polarization social facilitation normative social influence A comedian walks on stage, looks very serious, and starts to destroy large melons with a sledgehammer. At first, no one in the audience is sure what to do, and the entire auditorium is quiet. After a few minutes, however, several people at the back of the room start to laugh. Other people soon join in, and soon the entire audience is laughing loudly as the comedian continues to destroy various types of fruit. This is an example of: conformity obedience cognitive dissonance social interference A man always says he has no problem with individuals who are homosexual, but when his son s gay friend comes over for dinner, the man finds some reason to be somewhere else without realizing what he s doing. The man is exhibiting: implicit formation explicit formation implicit prejudice explicit prejudice

12 A person who is in a bad mood is: less likely to show the self-serving bias more likely to make the fundamental attribution error less likely to make the fundamental attribution error less likely to initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy A person who is in a good mood is: less likely to show the self-serving bias more likely to make the fundamental attribution error less likely to make the fundamental attribution error less likely to initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy A person working with others who are close acquaintances is: less likely to show the self-serving bias more likely to show the self-serving bias more likely to make the fundamental attribution error less likely to initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy A person working with others who are strangers is: less likely to show the self-serving bias more likely to show the self-serving bias more likely to make the fundamental attribution error

13 less likely to initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy A positive or negative belief about something is referred to as a(n): prejudice discrimination attitude percept A number of studies have found there is: a strong negative correlation between the amount of empathy the therapist establishes and the overall effectiveness of treatment a strong positive correlation between the amount of empathy the therapist establishes and the overall effectiveness of treatment a weak positive correlation between the amount of empathy the therapist establishes and the overall effectiveness of treatment no correlation between the amount of empathy the therapist establishes and the overall effectiveness of treatment A prefrontal lobotomy involves separation of: the cerebral cortex from the midbrain and hindbrain the two hemispheres of the brain by cutting the corpus

14 callosum the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain A therapist displays empathy in interactions with a client when he or she: understands and accepts what the client is feeling expresses his or her true feelings in an open and honest way is totally accepting and respectful of the client at all times challenges irrational beliefs directly through open confrontation A therapist displays genuineness in interactions with a client when he or she: is totally accepting and respectful of the client at all times understands and accepts what the client is feeling expresses his or her true feelings in an open and honest way challenges irrational beliefs directly through open confrontation A therapist exhibits unconditional positive regard in interactions with a client when he or she: expresses his or her true feelings in an open and honest way is totally accepting and respectful of the client at all times understands and accepts what the client is feeling

15 challenges irrational beliefs directly through open confrontation A therapist who is willing to pick and choose from among a variety of treatment options has: an eclectic approach to psychotherapy a humanistic approach to psychotherapy a rational-emotive approach to psychotherapy a non-motivational approach to psychotherapy A woman has a psychological disorder and is being treated using clozapine. She most likely suffers: bipolar disorder schizophrenia obsessive-compulsive disorder depression Albert Ellis developed: client-centered therapy existential therapy rational-emotive therapy aversive therapy

16 Ali is recovering from a cingulotomy. The outcome that might be expected is a reduction of: the ability to plan and coordinate actions obsessive-compulsive behavior hallucinations and delusions the manic periods in bipolar disorder