Variables in Research. What We Will Cover in This Section. What Does Variable Mean? Any object or event that can take on more than one form or value.
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1 Variables in Research 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 1 What We Will Cover in This Section Nature of variables. Measuring variables. Reliability. Validity. Measurement Modes. Issues. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 2 What Does Variable Mean? Any object or event that can take on more than one form or value. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 3
2 Bewildering Use of Variable Experimental Research Independent V. Dependent V. Confounding V. Correlational Research Criterion V. Predictor V. Intervening V Measurement Manifest V. Hypothetical V. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 4 Suppose you were asked to design a study to evaluate the impact of sleep deprivation on recall. How would you assess recall? Question? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 5 Operational Definition Defining a variable in terms of the techniques the researcher will use to measure or manipulate it. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 6
3 Operationalizing Benefits Removes vagueness Aids in communication Helps replication. Issues. Rarely one way to define a variable. Needs to be conceptually consistent with the underlying construct. Leads to plethora of dissimilar research. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 7 Psychological Measurement 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 8 Subjective vs. Objective Subjective Person-specific judgments of the degree or amount of something. Objective Impartial judgment of the degree or amount of something. Why would objective measurement be better? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 9
4 Reliability Definition. The consistency or stability in a behavioral measure. Measured by a correlation coefficient. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research Test-Retest Reliability Index of the consistency of scores over time. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research Alternate Forms Reliability Designed to assess the stability of the content of two forms of the same test. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 12
5 3. Interrater Reliability Index of the consistency between ratings given by two or more raters. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research Internal Consistency Index of how homogeneous (consistent) the individual items of a measure are. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 14 Sweeney s Kool Kritical Konsepts Test 1. Demonstrate how to change the treads on a tank. 2. Recite two dramatic soliloquies from one of Shakespeare s historical dramas. 3. Play Mozart s piano concerto # List and tell the purpose of the ten cranial nerves. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 15
6 Why Stability is Important 1. Compromises the conclusions that can be reached. 2. Compromises statistical analyses. 3. Sets limits on the validity. - Of the measure. - Of the study. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 16 Validity The extent to which the operational definition of a variable reflects the true meaning of the underlying construct. Are we measuring what we say we are measuring? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research Face Validity Does the measure look like it is measuring what you say it is measuring? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 18
7 2. Content Validity Does the measure adequately sample the relevant content of the domain being evaluated? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 19 Model Content Domain Test Content Content Validity 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 20 What Good is It? Does the measure cover a representative sample of the skills, abilities, knowledge, and/or behaviors relevant to the construct being measured? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 21
8 Criterion-Related Validity Demonstrating that there is a relationship between a test (PREDICTOR) and some other measure (CRITERION). 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 22 Construct Validity Demonstration that the test is measuring the hypothetical construct or trait that one claims it is measuring. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 23 Measurement Modes 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 24
9 Self-Report Advantages Direct. Easy. Issues. Accuracy. Reactivity. Expertise. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 25 Behavioral Measures Advantages. People may not be aware. Automatic or unpremeditated behaviors. Issues. Underlying causes. Behavior may be situation specific. Ethics. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 26 Physiological Measures Advantages Best for biological variables. Precision. Non-reactive. Issues Obtrusive. Is there a relationship between physiological state and psychological state? 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 27
10 General Measurement Issues 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 28 Manipulating Variables Effective Range Ceiling Effect Measure is so easy that everyone does well. Floor Effect Measure is so difficult that everyone does poorly. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 29 Manipulating Variables How Many Levels? Performance Stress Level 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 30
11 Key Learning Points #1 1. Multiple operational definitions lead to diversity problems. 2. Understanding how variables are operationally defined is critical to understanding published research. 3. Assessing the reliability and validity of variables is important to assessing research. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 31 Key Learning Points #2 4. It is better to have multiple measures of a variable from multiple modalities. 5. Understanding the potential for either subject or researcher reactivity is important for assessing the validity of research. 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 32 6/27/2005 P360 Variables in Research 33
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