A THEORY OF MCCOLLOUGH EFFECT AND. CHUN CHIANG Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica
|
|
- Kristina Joseph
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A THEORY OF MCCOLLOUGH EFFECT AND CONTINGENT AFTER-EFFECT CHUN CHIANG Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica A model is advanced to explain the McCollough effect and the contingent motion after-effect. This model is based on coupling of two units at the inspection stage, each of which is sensitive to a particular feature of the stimuli. In the testing stage, the input of one feature in the stimulus not only excites this particular feature detector, but also induces the excitation of the other feature detector through the coupling to the state compatible to the previous inspection stimulus, and the other newly incomming feature in the stimuli compared with this state produces the after-effect. Comparisons with other theories are discussed. The McCollough effect (McCollough, 1965) is the effect that when viewing alternatively the red/horizontal and green/ vertical grids for some time, the achromatic vertical lined grid appears pinkish coloration and the achromatic horizontal lined grid appears greenish coloration. Even though a lot of experimental data on this effect have been obtained, the theoretical explanation is still in question (Skowbo, Timney, Gentry, & Morant, 1975). Of the many theories, two classes of theories may be classified. The first class of theory, originally proposed by Mc- Collough (1965) and extended by many others, assumes that the effect arises due to chromatic adaptation of color coded edge-detectors. With the inspection of red/horizontal lines, the chromatic component of the horizontal units for red is adapted, thus the achromatic test pattern presented later will appear tinged green by the unadapted horizontal detectors. The same reasoning applies to the appearance of pinkish coloration of achromatic vertical lines. However, this model has been criticized that too many properties have to be assigned to this colorcoded edge-detector (Murch, 1976). For example, if a high degree of retinal area specificity is found (Stromeyer, 1972), this is interpreted to mean that the color-coded edge-detectors have narrow receptive fields. Also, Murch (1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1979) has reported some other data which are not compatible with this model. The second class of theories attributes the McCollough effect to " a learning process by which the pairing of a color with a specific grid orientation produces an association in which the grid orientation comes to evoke the response of the visual system to the color " (Murch, 1979). Furthermore, the lined grid in inspection was viewed as the conditioned stimulus and the color functions as the unconditioned stimulus. However, as remarked by Mayhew and Anstis (1972), if it is due to learning, then the effect should be able to be contingent on shape such as triangles or disks. This seems not be the case. Also, Favreau (1979) rejects the classical conditioning explanation on the basis that either member of the contingency can evoke the perception of the negative of the other, and this is not the characteristic of classical conditioning. In the following, a new model is presented which seems to be able to alleviate the above mentioned defects. THEORY Visual system consists of many individual
2 feature detectors or sensors, which normally detect each in-comming features. However, this is the passive response of our visual system. In order to perceive the in-comming signals through the detector, the visual system also consists of active response, this active response consists of subjective controller and follower (or filter) as shown in Fig. 1. The subjective controller represents the system in which a subjective efforts for the visual system to perceive the signals can be excerted and the subject can direct a mental control over the components of the visual system to match the signals. This subjective efforts and mental control are the meaning of" active response " which represents the autonomous response of the subject. The matched components for the signals are termed the follower or the filter, since the matched components try to follow the incomming signals (for more detail, see Chiang's paper, 1978). The perceived signals in the perception space is the detected signals in the detector filtered through this filter, namely, the color, intensity or the motion in the incomming signals minus the color, intensity or the motion in the matched signals in the filter. Chiang (1978) has used this model to explain the motion after-effect and quantitative equation can be derived to predict the extent of the motion aftereffect. For the present situation, when two different features, feature A and feature B, in the signals are repeatedly presented in the " inspection stage "; the matched filter for feature A, namely the filter A, and the matched filter for feature B, namely the filter B, are coupled together through some physiological processes. Also, the controller for feature A and the controller for feature B are coupled together as well. The coupling is due to the establishment of the correlation of simultaneous firing of neurons for two different features. In the testing stage, with the in-comming signal containing both feature A and a neutral feature, the filter A and controller for feature A are rapidly activated and thus feature A is perceived in the perception space. However, due to the coupling process, the firing of neurons for filter A will induce the firing of neurons for filter B even though feature B is not presented in the signals. Consequently, the perceived " neutral feature" of the in-comruing signals will be the "neutral feature" minus the" feature B" and this gives rise the contingent after-effect. Some experimental evidences can sup- FIG. 1. A block diagram showing the perception and coupling of the units in the visual system sensitive for two different features of the stimuli. The sign -9 indicates the direction of flow and the signindicates the coupling of two units.
3 Theory of McCollough Effect port the above coupling induction process. For example, Hebb (1949) found that the firing of neurons in a " cell assembly" can affect the probability that other cells will fire. Also, Leppmann and Allen (1973) have reported that when test patterns are presented for brief periods, the exposure time required to identify the form of the pattern is less than that required for subjects to identify the contingent color after-effect; this fact supports the view that filter A (for viewing the form of the pattern) is activated first, and the coupled filter B (for viewing the color) is activated latter by the coupling and induction process. For other examples in which there exists the evidence of the coupling process, we may cite the classical conditioning and the biofeedback process. In both these cases, repeated exposure of two simultaneous stimuli establishes the coupling process. However, it should be noted that even though the contingent effect, classical conditioning and the biofeedback process all rely on the coupling process, it is erroneous to say that the contingent effect can be explained in terms of conditioning process, because one complicated process cannot be explaining in terms of another complicated process, even though they may both have some thing in common. For a more direct experimental evidence of coupling process, we have to rely on the further research in anatomy and physiology. However, the successes of the above model may be judged by the cases for which this model can explain. Case (a): McCollough effect, the orientation contingent color after-effect. In this effect, the inspection stimuli are the vertically orientated red and black stripes alternating with horizontally orientated green and black stripes. Thus the feature follower for vertical black stripes is coupled with the feature follower for red color and the feature follower for horizontal black stripes is coupled with feature follower for green color in the visual system (see Fig. 1). In test stage, with the viewing of vertical black stripes and white color, the vertical black stripes induce the feature follower for red color through the previous feature coupling mechanism, thus the white color goes through this red color filter (or the white color in reference to this red color) gives the green sensation. Similar explanation applies to the red sensation for viewing the horizontal black stripes and white color. Case (b): Color contingent motion after-effect (rotating spirals). The inspection stimuli are black spirals rotating clockwise in red background alternating with black spirals rotating counter clockwise in yellow background (Mayhew & Anstis, 1972). According to Chiang's theory of motion after-effect (1978), the follower for the motion in the visual system should be a transient. In the inspection stage, the follower follows the rotating stimulus starting from motionless in the beginning to full rotation and to abrupt stopping and then rotates in reverse direction. The coupling features are: Red color (or yellow color) in follower A is coupled to transient clockwise rotation (or transient counterclockwise rotation) in follower B. Furthermore, the switching of color from one color to the other (or from clockwise rotation to counter-clockwise rotation) in stimuli requires great mental effort in the subjective controller to cope with; thus in the present situation, the act of switching to red color (or yellow color) in the subjective controller A is also coupled to the act of initiating the clockwise rotation (or the counterclockwise rotation) in the subjective controller B. In the test stage, with the presentation of stationary spirals in red light, the stimulus of red light sets the follower A to conform to the red light, and since the red color in follower A was coupled to clockwise rotation in follower B, thus the stationary spirals will appear to rotate counterclockwise in reference to this clockwise rotation of follower B. However, the
4 coupled follower B is transient and will disappear gradually, thus the apparent rotation of the stationary stimulus will also be a transient and disappear gradually. Since the "switching" of color is also coupled to the " initiating " of the rotation in the subjective controller, thus even though the apparent counter-clockwise rotation will gradually disappear in the background of red light, the act of new switching of color to red light in subcequent test can again initiated the clockwise rotation of follower B and the stationary stimulus can appear to rotate counterclockwisely again. With the similar argument, the stationary spirals will appear to rotate clockwisely in yellow light. Thus, these coupling of color with motion and the coupling of switching of color with the initiating of rotation together may explain the observed facts (Mayhew & Anstis, 1972), namely, the color dependence of the direction of the apparent rotation, the gradual disappearance of the apparent rotation and the renewed apparent rotation with the switching of the color. Case (c): Space contingent motion aftereffect (moving stripes). The inspection stimuli are narrow spaced stripes moving downward and medium spaced stripes moving upward (Mayhew & Anstis, 1972). The coupling features are: Narrow stripes are coupled to the downward motion and medium stripes are coupled to the upward motion. Thus in testing, the stationary narrow stripes should appear to move upward according to the above theory and the stationary medium stripes should appear to move downward. This is observed. Mayhew and Anstis (1972) also reported that for some subjects, with the inspection of medium space stripes and broad spaced stripes (instead of narrow space stripes and medium space stripes), the stationary " medium " spaced stripes will appear to move upward (instead of downward) and " broad " spaced stripes (which have not been presented in the inspection) will appear to move downward; and in general, this kind of transposed space or color contingent motion after-effect occurred only if a rest period of about 20 min was given between the inspection and test procedures. No explanation was given to this phenomenon. It is postulated here that in the inspection stage, not only the actual physical and physiological space of stripes was coupled to the motion, but the impression of "broad " or "narrow " of the space was also coupled to the motion. Thus in the inspection stage, both the space of the narrow stripes and the impression of being relative narrow are coupled to the downward motion and the space of the medium stripes and the impression of being relative broad are coupled to the upward motion. Consequently, with the stimuli of stationary medium stripes and broad stripes in the test stage, the medium stripes (the impression of being relative narrower) will appear to move upward and the broad stripes (the impression of being relative broader) will appear to move downward. However, this kind of coupling takes time to develop, since the impression of the stripes being broad or narrow requires the brain to interprete, and process of interpretation and its subsequent coupling with motion take time. Whereas the coupling of the actual sensed space with the motion does not require interpretation, thus does not need time to develop. Also, since attention was concentrated in perceiving the motion in the inspection stage and there is not enough time for the brain to interprete the stripes being broad or medium and to make strong coupling in the inspection stage. For these two reasons, the transposed space contingent motion after-effect can not show up right after the inspection stage and have to wait for 20 min to show up. Thus the usual after-effect can appear right away and the motion after-effect with transposition will take about 20 min to develop. The above theory of con-
5 Theory of McCollough Effect tingent after-effect may not only explain the examples given above, it may also explain many other experimental findings. DISCUSSION While there are many theories advanced in the past (see review by Skowbo et al., 1975), it might be appropriate to compare some of those theories with the present one. For the edge-detection model and the single-unit model (McCollough, 1965; Fide11, 1970; Tell & Clark, 1968; Hepler, 1968), it was postulated that there is a single neural unit sensitive to two stimuli. In the present theory, it is the coupling of two units sensitive to each stimulus that leads to the after-effect, in stead of one unit sensitive to two stimuli. Murch (1972) proposed that " color adaptation in conjunction with a specific line orientation " might be an appropriate way to describe the physiological correlates of the McCollough effect, the fatigued opponent-process color receptors in the lateral geniculate nucleus would " feed into " cortical units having orientation sensitivity; achromatic spatial patterns would appear colored because the lines were processed through fatigued color units on their way to the orientation detectors. Murch (1972) also suggest that the Mc- Collough effect involves only the adaptation and fatiguing of rolor, but probably does not involve a fatiguing of orientationsensitive units. Skowbo et al. (1975) however questioned that why exposure to chromatic gratings could produce no longlasting fatigue of the orientation-detecting mechanism and yet, at the same time, would fatigue color units for a period of weeks. In the present theory, while it also proposes that the orientation elicites the after-effect, similar to Murch's model, however, it does not use the notion of adaptation and fatiguing. The elicitation of after-effect is due to the coupling, which is induced by the simultaneous firing of some neurons by other neurons. This coupling is at a more basic stage and does not necessarily involve the retrieval of the information from the memory. Therefore, this theory is also different from the pure learning or conditioning theory. REFERENCES CHIANG, C.1978 A theory of motion aftereffect. Japanese Psychological Research, 20, FAVREAU, O. E Persistence of simple and contingent motion after-effects. Perception and Psychophysics, 26 (3), FIDELL, L.K.S Orientation specificity in chromatic adaptation of human " edge detectors ". Perception and Psychophysics, 8, HEBB, D. O The organization of behavior. New York : Wiley. HEPLER, N Color: A motion contingent after-effect. Science, 162, LEPPMANN, P. K., & ALLEN, D. B Further Studies of form-specific chromatic aftereffects. Paper presented at the meeting of the Optical Society of America, Rochester, New York, October. MAYHEW, J. E. W., & ANSTIS, S. M Movement after-effects contingent on color, intensity, and pattern. Perception and Psychophysics, 12, McCoLLOUCH, C Color adaptation of edge detectors in the human visual system. Science, 149, MURCH, G. M Size judgments of Mc- Collough afterimages. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, MURCH, G. M Binocular relationships in a size and color orientation specific aftereffect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 93, MURCH, G. M Color contingent motion after-effects: Single or multiple levels of processing. Vision Research, 14, MURCH, G. M Orientation specific colored after-effects are classically conditioned responses. Paper presented at association for research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, Florida. MURCH, G. M Classical conditioning of the McCollough effect: temporal parameters. Vision Research, 16, MURCH, G. M The role of test pattern background hue in the McCollough effect. Vision Research, 19, SKOWBO, D., TIMNEY, B. N., GENTRY, T. A., &
6 MORANT, R. B McCollough effects: Experimental findings and theoretical accounts. Psychological Bulletin, 82, STROMEYER, C. F Contour contingent color aftereffects: retinal area specificity. American Journal of Psychology, 85, TEor, L. W., & CLARK, F. T The effects of stimulus density on orientation specific aftereffects of color adaptation. Psychonomic Science, 11, (Received May 30, 1980)
Decline of the McCollough effect by orientation-specific post-adaptation exposure to achromatic gratings
*Manuscript Click here to view linked References Decline of the McCollough effect by orientation-specific post-adaptation exposure to achromatic gratings J. Bulthé, H. Op de Beeck Laboratory of Biological
More informationM Cells. Why parallel pathways? P Cells. Where from the retina? Cortical visual processing. Announcements. Main visual pathway from retina to V1
Announcements exam 1 this Thursday! review session: Wednesday, 5:00-6:30pm, Meliora 203 Bryce s office hours: Wednesday, 3:30-5:30pm, Gleason https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdw7pvgz0um M Cells M cells
More informationVision. The Eye External View. The Eye in Cross-Section
Vision The Eye External View cornea pupil iris The Eye in Cross-Section Light enters via cornea, Is focused by cornea and lens, Forming image on retina, Which contains photoreceptors. 1 The Retina Photoreceptors
More informationOptical Illusions and Human Visual System: Can we reveal more? CIS Micro-Grant Executive Report and Summary of Results
Optical Illusions and Human Visual System: Can we reveal more? CIS Micro-Grant 2011 Executive Report and Summary of Results Prepared By: Principal Investigator: Siddharth Khullar 1, Ph.D. Candidate (sxk4792@rit.edu)
More informationOPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I
OPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I Monocular Sensory Processes of Vision: Color Vision Mechanisms of Color Processing . Neural Mechanisms of Color Processing A. Parallel processing - M- & P- pathways B. Second
More informationPerception Laboratory: Basic Visual Processing
Name Perception Laboratory: Basic Visual Processing 1. Ganzfeld Tell me approximately how long it took you for the effect to kick in and describe your perceptual experience when it happened. What does
More informationSenses are transducers. Change one form of energy into another Light, sound, pressure, etc. into What?
1 Vision 2 TRANSDUCTION Senses are transducers Change one form of energy into another Light, sound, pressure, etc. into What? Action potentials! Sensory codes Frequency code encodes information about intensity
More informationProf. Greg Francis 7/31/15
s PSY 200 Greg Francis Lecture 06 How do you recognize your grandmother? Action potential With enough excitatory input, a cell produces an action potential that sends a signal down its axon to other cells
More informationSelective changes of sensitivity after adaptation to simple geometrical figures*
Perception & Psychophysics 1973. Vol. 13. So. 2.356-360 Selective changes of sensitivity after adaptation to simple geometrical figures* ANGEL VASSILEV+ Institu te of Physiology. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
More informationWhat do we perceive?
THE VISUAL SYSTEM Aditi Majumder What do we perceive? Example: Switch off the light in room What we perceive Not only the property of the scene But also that of the visual system Our perception is filtered
More informationV1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8. Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017
V1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017 Topography: mapping of objects in space onto the visual cortex contralateral representation
More informationVision Seeing is in the mind
1 Vision Seeing is in the mind Stimulus: Light 2 Light Characteristics 1. Wavelength (hue) 2. Intensity (brightness) 3. Saturation (purity) 3 4 Hue (color): dimension of color determined by wavelength
More informationTheoretical Neuroscience: The Binding Problem Jan Scholz, , University of Osnabrück
The Binding Problem This lecture is based on following articles: Adina L. Roskies: The Binding Problem; Neuron 1999 24: 7 Charles M. Gray: The Temporal Correlation Hypothesis of Visual Feature Integration:
More informationSeeing Color. Muller (1896) The Psychophysical Axioms. Brindley (1960) Psychophysical Linking Hypotheses
Muller (1896) The Psychophysical Axioms The ground of every state of consciousness is a material process, a psychophysical process so-called, to whose occurrence the state of consciousness is joined To
More informationReading Assignments: Lecture 5: Introduction to Vision. None. Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence
Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence Lecture 5:. Reading Assignments: None 1 Projection 2 Projection 3 Convention: Visual Angle Rather than reporting two numbers (size of object and distance to observer),
More informationAuthor. Published. Journal Title DOI. Copyright Statement. Downloaded from. Griffith Research Online
Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine McCollough Effects (Orientation-Contingent Color Aftereffects): Influence of Dissociative Experiences and Age on Illusory Aftereffects Author Grimbeek, Peter,
More informationPsych 333, Winter 2008, Instructor Boynton, Exam 2
Name: ID # ID: A Psych 333, Winter 2008, Instructor Boynton, Exam 2 Multiple Choice (38 questions, 1 point each) Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
More informationImage Processing in the Human Visual System, a Quick Overview
Image Processing in the Human Visual System, a Quick Overview By Orazio Gallo, April 24th, 2008 The Visual System Our most advanced perception system: The optic nerve has 106 fibers, more than all the
More informationDiamond Patterns: Cumulative Cornsweet Effects and Motion-Induced Brightening
Short and Sweet Diamond Patterns: Cumulative Cornsweet Effects and Motion-Induced Brightening i-perception 2018 Vol. 9(4), 1 5! The Author(s) 2018 DOI: 10.1177/2041669518770690 journals.sagepub.com/home/ipe
More informationCOGS 101A: Sensation and Perception
COGS 101A: Sensation and Perception 1 Virginia R. de Sa Department of Cognitive Science UCSD Lecture 5: LGN and V1: Magno and Parvo streams Chapter 3 Course Information 2 Class web page: http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/
More informationLateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) What happens beyond the retina? What happens in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)- 90% flow Visual cortex Information Flow Superior colliculus 10% flow Slide 2 Information
More informationColor perception PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 17. Importance of color
Color perception PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 17 Which cracker do you want to eat? For most people color is an integral part of living It is useful for identifying properties of objects e.g., ripe fruit
More informationGaze direction modulates visual aftereffects in depth and color
Vision Research 45 (2005) 2885 2894 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Gaze direction modulates visual aftereffects in depth and color Dylan R. Nieman a, *, Ryusuke Hayashi a, Richard A. Andersen a, Shinsuke
More informationEarly Stages of Vision Might Explain Data to Information Transformation
Early Stages of Vision Might Explain Data to Information Transformation Baran Çürüklü Department of Computer Science and Engineering Mälardalen University Västerås S-721 23, Sweden Abstract. In this paper
More informationMorton-Style Factorial Coding of Color in Primary Visual Cortex
Morton-Style Factorial Coding of Color in Primary Visual Cortex Javier R. Movellan Institute for Neural Computation University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0515 movellan@inc.ucsd.edu Thomas
More informationNEUROSCIENCE. Barbora Cimrová
NEUROSCIENCE Barbora Cimrová Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (NS) structure, organization, function of its parts and its functioning as a whole unit traditionally: branch of
More informationTHE NECKER CUBE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE.
THE NECKER CUBE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE. K. CHILCOTT DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA. THE NECKER CUBE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE. A thesis submitted as a partial requirement for the Degree of Master
More informationFitting the world to the mind: Transforming images to mimic perceptual adaptation
Fitting the world to the mind: Transforming images to mimic perceptual adaptation Michael A. Webster 1, Kyle McDermott 1, and George Bebis 2 Departments of Psychology 1 and Computer Science and Electrical
More informationVision Research 49 (2009) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Vision Research. journal homepage:
Vision esearch 49 (2009) 202 210 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision esearch journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Psychophysical evidence for a purely binocular color system Koichi
More informationTHE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus
THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus Perceived color of light is determined by 3 characteristics (properties of electromagnetic energy): 1. Hue: the spectrum (wavelength) of light (color)
More informationSupplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials Supplementary Figure S1: Data of all 106 subjects in Experiment 1, with each rectangle corresponding to one subject. Data from each of the two identical sub-sessions are shown separately.
More informationPlasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development
Plasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development Jessica R. Newton and Mriganka Sur Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences Picower Center for Learning & Memory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge,
More informationLISC-322 Neuroscience Cortical Organization
LISC-322 Neuroscience Cortical Organization THE VISUAL SYSTEM Higher Visual Processing Martin Paré Assistant Professor Physiology & Psychology Most of the cortex that covers the cerebral hemispheres is
More informationIllusory colors promote interocular grouping during binocular rivalry
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 07, 14 (2), 356-362 Illusory colors promote interocular grouping during binocular rivalry CHAI-YOUN KIM AND RANDOLPH BLAKE Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee When
More informationID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2004
ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2004 As always, the Skidmore Honor Code is in effect. Read each question carefully and answer it completely. Multiple-choice questions are worth one point each, other questions
More informationSENSES: VISION. Chapter 5: Sensation AP Psychology Fall 2014
SENSES: VISION Chapter 5: Sensation AP Psychology Fall 2014 Sensation versus Perception Top-Down Processing (Perception) Cerebral cortex/ Association Areas Expectations Experiences Memories Schemas Anticipation
More informationHebbian Plasticity for Improving Perceptual Decisions
Hebbian Plasticity for Improving Perceptual Decisions Tsung-Ren Huang Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University trhuang@ntu.edu.tw Abstract Shibata et al. reported that humans could learn to
More informationID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2003
ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2003 Read each question carefully and answer it completely. Pay careful attention to the point value of questions so that you allocate your time appropriately (1 point = 1 minute).
More informationNeural circuits PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 05. Rods and cones
Neural circuits PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 05 Why do you need bright light to read? Rods and cones Photoreceptors are not evenly distributed across the retina 1 Rods and cones Cones are most dense in
More informationAttention and Scene Perception
Theories of attention Techniques for studying scene perception Physiological basis of attention Attention and single cells Disorders of attention Scene recognition attention any of a large set of selection
More informationLight passes through the lens, through the inner layer of ganglion cells and bipolar cells to reach the rods and cones. The retina
The visual system Light passes through the lens, through the inner layer of ganglion cells and bipolar cells to reach the rods and cones. The retina 0.5 mm thick The retina 0.5 mm thick The photosensors
More informationMr. Silimperi Council Rock High School South Chapter 5 Sensation Sensation II
Mr. Silimperi Council Rock High School South AP Psychology Name: Date: Chapter 5 Sensation Sensation II Psychophysics study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological
More informationCOGS 101A: Sensation and Perception
COGS 101A: Sensation and Perception 1 Virginia R. de Sa Department of Cognitive Science UCSD Lecture 7: Color (Chapter 6) Course Information 2 Class web page: http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/ desa/101a/index.html
More informationSubjective Color Perception. An Honors Thesis (10 499) Elisabeth J. Barker Binnig. Thesis Director Dr. Darrell Butler
An Honors Thesis (10 499) by Elisabeth J. Barker Binnig Thesis Director Dr. Darrell Butler (advisor's signature) Ball State University Muncie, Indiana September 1987 - .- 1 When certain black and white
More informationPerceptual Learning of Categorical Colour Constancy, and the Role of Illuminant Familiarity
Perceptual Learning of Categorical Colour Constancy, and the Role of Illuminant Familiarity J. A. Richardson and I. Davies Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, United
More informationConstruction of the Visual Image
Construction of the Visual Image Anne L. van de Ven 8 Sept 2003 BioE 492/592 Sensory Neuroengineering Lecture 3 Visual Perception Light Photoreceptors Interneurons Visual Processing Ganglion Neurons Optic
More informationEDGE DETECTION. Edge Detectors. ICS 280: Visual Perception
EDGE DETECTION Edge Detectors Slide 2 Convolution & Feature Detection Slide 3 Finds the slope First derivative Direction dependent Need many edge detectors for all orientation Second order derivatives
More informationSynaesthesia. Hao Ye
Synaesthesia Hao Ye synaesthesia (synesthesia): a neurological condition in which two or more bodily sense are coupled * * wikipedia Specification inducer - stimulus that triggers synaesthesia concurrent
More informationLighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy. (the part that s visible to us!)
Introduction to Physiological Psychology Vision ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ /~ksweeney/psy260.html Lighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy (the part that s visible to us!)
More informationIIE 269: Cognitive Psychology
IIE 269: Cognitive Psychology Greg Francis, PhD email: gfrancis@purdue.edu http://www.psych.purdue.edu/ gfrancis/classes/iie269/index.html Study Guide for Exam 1 Exam Date: 14 July 2008 The exam will include
More informationPSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Research Report
Research Report PERCEPTION OF THE MCCOLLOUGH EFFECT CORRELATES WITH ACTIVITY IN EXTRASTRIATE CORTEX: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study G. Keith Humphrey, 1 Thomas W. James, 1 Joseph S. Gati,
More informationFundamentals of Psychophysics
Fundamentals of Psychophysics John Greenwood Department of Experimental Psychology!! NEUR3045! Contact: john.greenwood@ucl.ac.uk 1 Visual neuroscience physiology stimulus How do we see the world? neuroimaging
More informationFundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 3e by Ronald T. Kellogg Chapter 2. Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice 1. Which structure is not part of the visual pathway in the brain? a. occipital lobe b. optic chiasm c. lateral geniculate nucleus *d. frontal lobe Answer location: Visual Pathways 2. Which
More information(Visual) Attention. October 3, PSY Visual Attention 1
(Visual) Attention Perception and awareness of a visual object seems to involve attending to the object. Do we have to attend to an object to perceive it? Some tasks seem to proceed with little or no attention
More informationlateral organization: maps
lateral organization Lateral organization & computation cont d Why the organization? The level of abstraction? Keep similar features together for feedforward integration. Lateral computations to group
More informationFramework for Comparative Research on Relational Information Displays
Framework for Comparative Research on Relational Information Displays Sung Park and Richard Catrambone 2 School of Psychology & Graphics, Visualization, and Usability Center (GVU) Georgia Institute of
More informationVision and Action. 10/3/12 Percep,on Ac,on 1
Vision and Action Our ability to move thru our environment is closely tied to visual perception. Simple examples include standing one one foot. It is easier to maintain balance with the eyes open than
More information2012 Course : The Statistician Brain: the Bayesian Revolution in Cognitive Science
2012 Course : The Statistician Brain: the Bayesian Revolution in Cognitive Science Stanislas Dehaene Chair in Experimental Cognitive Psychology Lecture No. 4 Constraints combination and selection of a
More informationThe Perceptual Experience
Dikran J. Martin Introduction to Psychology Name: Date: Lecture Series: Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception Pages: 35 TEXT: Lefton, Lester A. and Brannon, Linda (2003). PSYCHOLOGY. (Eighth Edition.) Needham
More informationA Conditioning Model for the McCollough Effect
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1975 A Conditioning Model for the McCollough Effect Andreas D. Lord Portland State University Let us know how access
More informationObject recognition and hierarchical computation
Object recognition and hierarchical computation Challenges in object recognition. Fukushima s Neocognitron View-based representations of objects Poggio s HMAX Forward and Feedback in visual hierarchy Hierarchical
More informationVision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, Motion perception and pursuit eye movements
Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, 2013 Motion perception and pursuit eye movements 1 Topics: 1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions. 2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective
More informationParallel streams of visual processing
Parallel streams of visual processing RETINAL GANGLION CELL AXONS: OPTIC TRACT Optic nerve Optic tract Optic chiasm Lateral geniculate nucleus Hypothalamus: regulation of circadian rhythms Pretectum: reflex
More informationOpponent theory PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 18. Trichromatic theory
PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 18 Reach that last 1%. Trichromatic theory Different colors are represented as a pattern across the three basic colors Nicely predicted the existence of the three cone types
More informationA MULTI-STAGE COLOR MODEL REVISITED: IMPLICATIONS FOR A GENE THERAPY CURE FOR RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS
Abstract for Chapter A MULTI-STAGE COLOR MODEL REVISITED: IMPLICATIONS FOR A GENE THERAPY CURE FOR RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS Katherine Mancuso 1, Matthew C. Mauck 2, James A. Kuchenbecker 1, Maureen Neitz
More informationOrganization of Binocular Pathways: Modeling and Data Related to Rivalry
Communicated by Oliver Braddick : Modeling and Data Related to Rivalry Sidney R. Lehky Laboratory of Neuropsychlogy, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 9, Room IN-107, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
More informationNeuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing
Neuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing Question No. 1 of 10 needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed. 1. Which of the following statements
More information7. Sharp perception or vision 8. The process of transferring genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
1. A particular shade of a given color 2. How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time 3. Process in which the sense organs' receptor cells are stimulated and relay initial information to higher
More informationNeurological Basis for Placbeo effect*
Placebo Effect* Occurs if patients given a placebo treatment will have a perceived or actual improvement in a medical condition a wide variety of things can be placebos and exhibit a placebo effect. Pharmacological
More informationFrank Tong. Department of Psychology Green Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544
Frank Tong Department of Psychology Green Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 Office: Room 3-N-2B Telephone: 609-258-2652 Fax: 609-258-1113 Email: ftong@princeton.edu Graduate School Applicants
More informationChapter 5 Test Review. Try the practice questions in the Study Guide and on line
Chapter 5 Test Review Try the practice questions in the Study Guide and on line Printing game plan Put six slides on a page Select pure black and white as the printing option Okay, now wade into the answers>>>>
More informationFoundations. 1. Introduction 2. Gross Anatomy of the Eye 3. Simple Anatomy of the Retina
Foundations 2. Gross Anatomy of the Eye 3. Simple Anatomy of the Retina Overview Central and peripheral retina compared Muller Glial Cells Foveal Structure Macula Lutea Blood supply to the retina Degenerative
More informationAuditory Scene Analysis
1 Auditory Scene Analysis Albert S. Bregman Department of Psychology McGill University 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue Montreal, QC Canada H3A 1B1 E-mail: bregman@hebb.psych.mcgill.ca To appear in N.J. Smelzer
More information2/3/17. Visual System I. I. Eye, color space, adaptation II. Receptive fields and lateral inhibition III. Thalamus and primary visual cortex
1 Visual System I I. Eye, color space, adaptation II. Receptive fields and lateral inhibition III. Thalamus and primary visual cortex 2 1 2/3/17 Window of the Soul 3 Information Flow: From Photoreceptors
More informationThe lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect. absolute threshold. Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information.
absolute threshold The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect accommodation Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information. acuity Sharp perception or vision audition
More informationVisual Selection and Attention
Visual Selection and Attention Retrieve Information Select what to observe No time to focus on every object Overt Selections Performed by eye movements Covert Selections Performed by visual attention 2
More informationMotion parallel to line orientation: Disambiguation of motion percepts
ion, 1999, volume 28, pages 1243 ^ 1255 DOI:.68/p298 Motion parallel to line orientation: Disambiguation of motion percepts Gregory Francis, Hyungjun Kim Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University,
More informationSensation & Perception PSYC420 Thomas E. Van Cantfort, Ph.D.
Sensation & Perception PSYC420 Thomas E. Van Cantfort, Ph.D. Objects & Forms When we look out into the world we are able to see things as trees, cars, people, books, etc. A wide variety of objects and
More informationScotopic and photopic thresholds : a dependent variable for the McCollough effect
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1985 Scotopic and photopic thresholds : a dependent variable for the McCollough effect Marilyn Murphy Portland State
More informationToward the neural causes of human visual perception and behavior
Toward the neural causes of human visual perception and behavior Kaoru Amano Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet) National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Graduate
More informationTHE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus
THE VISUAL WORLD! Visual (Electromagnetic) Stimulus Perceived color of light is determined by 3 characteristics (properties of electromagnetic energy): 1. : the spectrum (wavelength) of light (color) 2.
More informationThe Color Between Two Others
The Color Between Two Others Ethan D. Montag Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York Abstract A psychophysical
More informationPractice Test Questions
Practice Test Questions Multiple Choice 1. Which term is most descriptive of the process of sensation? a. transportation c. selection b. interpretation d. transduction 2. Which terms are most descriptive
More informationNeural modelling of the McCollough Effect in color vision. Giacomo Spigler (s )
Neural modelling of the McCollough Effect in color vision Giacomo Spigler (s1360784) Master of Science Cognitive Science (Neural Computation & Neuroinformatics) School of Informatics University of Edinburgh
More informationVision II. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Vision II Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Ganglion Cells The axons of the retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve and carry visual information into the brain. 2 Optic
More informationComputational Models of Visual Attention: Bottom-Up and Top-Down. By: Soheil Borhani
Computational Models of Visual Attention: Bottom-Up and Top-Down By: Soheil Borhani Neural Mechanisms for Visual Attention 1. Visual information enter the primary visual cortex via lateral geniculate nucleus
More informationResponse latencies to chromatic. and achromatic visual stimuli
Response latencies to chromatic and achromatic visual stimuli Adam Kane School of Psychology University of Adelaide 2014 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy 1 Acknowledgements I
More informationObject vision (Chapter 4)
Object vision (Chapter 4) Lecture 8 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Spring 2015 1 Outline for today: Chap 3: adaptation Chap 4: intro to object vision gestalt
More informationOverview of Questions
Overview of Questions What are the sensors in the skin, what do they respond to and how is this transmitted to the brain? How does the brain represent touch information? What is the system for sensing
More informationAttention Response Functions: Characterizing Brain Areas Using fmri Activation during Parametric Variations of Attentional Load
Attention Response Functions: Characterizing Brain Areas Using fmri Activation during Parametric Variations of Attentional Load Intro Examine attention response functions Compare an attention-demanding
More informationCompeting Frameworks in Perception
Competing Frameworks in Perception Lesson II: Perception module 08 Perception.08. 1 Views on perception Perception as a cascade of information processing stages From sensation to percept Template vs. feature
More informationCompeting Frameworks in Perception
Competing Frameworks in Perception Lesson II: Perception module 08 Perception.08. 1 Views on perception Perception as a cascade of information processing stages From sensation to percept Template vs. feature
More informationLatency differences and the flash-lag effect
Vision Research 43 (2003) 1829 1835 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Latency differences and the flash-lag effect Derek H. Arnold a,b, *, Szonya Durant a,c, Alan Johnston a,b,c a Department of Psychology,
More informationSynaptic plasticityhippocampus. Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity. Outline. Synaptic plasticity hypothesis
Synaptic plasticityhippocampus Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity Outline Synaptic plasticity hypothesis Long term potentiation in the hippocampus How it s measured What it looks like Mechanisms
More informationCh 5. Perception and Encoding
Ch 5. Perception and Encoding Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by Y.-J. Park, M.-H. Kim, and B.-T. Zhang
More informationIndependent coding of object motion and position revealed by distinct contingent afterevects
Vision Research 47 (2007) 810 817 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Independent coding of object motion and position revealed by distinct contingent afterevects Paul F. Bulakowski a,c, Kami Koldewyn b,c,
More informationLimits to the Use of Iconic Memory
Limits to Iconic Memory 0 Limits to the Use of Iconic Memory Ronald A. Rensink Departments of Psychology and Computer Science University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Running Head: Limits
More informationContrast sensitivity and retinal ganglion cell responses in the primate
PSYCHOLOGY NEUROSCIENCE Psychology & Neuroscience, 2011, 4, 1, 11-18 DOI: 10.3922/j.psns.2011.1.003 Contrast sensitivity and retinal ganglion cell responses in the primate Barry B. Lee 1,2 and Hao Sun
More informationEvidence That Luminant and Equiluminant Motion Signals Are Integrated by Directionally Selective Mechanisms
The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library Geschke Center Psychology College of Arts and Sciences 1995 Evidence That Luminant and Equiluminant Motion Signals
More informationClassical Conditioning II. Generalization and Discrimination. Generalization Example. Generalization/Discrimination; Time and the Order of Events
Classical Conditioning II Generalization/Discrimination; Time and the Order of Events Generalization and Discrimination Generalization responding to a stimulus because of its similarity to the CS. Discrimination
More information